1
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Wang B, Wang L, Cen W, Lyu T, Jarvis P, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Han Y, Wang L, Pan G, Zhang K, Fan W. Exploring a chemical input free advanced oxidation process based on nanobubble technology to treat organic micropollutants. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 340:122877. [PMID: 37931673 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are increasingly applied in water and wastewater treatment, but their energy consumption and chemical use may hinder their further implementation in a changing world. This study investigated the feasibility and mechanisms involved in a chemical-free nanobubble-based AOP for treating organic micropollutants in both synthetic and real water matrices. The removal efficiency of the model micropollutant Rhodamine B (RhB) by oxygen nanobubble AOP (98%) was significantly higher than for air (73%) and nitrogen nanobubbles (69%). The treatment performance was not significantly affected by pH (3-10) and the presence of ions (Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO3-, and Cl-). Although a higher initial concentration of RhB (10 mg/L) led to a slower treatment process when compared to lower initial concentrations (0.1 and 1 mg/L), the final removal performance reached a similar level (∼98%) between 100 and 500 min. The coexistence of organic matter (humic acid, HA) resulted in a much lower reduction (70%) in the RhB removal rate. Both qualitative and quantitative analysis of reactive oxygen species (ROSs) using fluorescent probe, electron spin resonance, and quenching experiments demonstrated that the contributions of ROSs in RhB degradation followed the order: hydroxyl radical (•OH) > superoxide radical (•O2-) > singlet oxygen (1O2). The cascade degradation reactions for RhB were identified which involve N-de-ethylation, hydroxylation, chromophore cleavage, opening-ring and final mineralisation processes. Moreover, the treatment of real water samples spiked with RhB, including natural lake water and secondary effluent from a sewage works, still showed considerable removals of the dye (75.3%-90.8%), supporting its practical feasibility. Overall, the results benefit future research and application of chemical free nanobubble-based AOP for water and wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bangguo Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Lijing Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China.
| | - Wenxi Cen
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Tao Lyu
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, College Road, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Jarvis
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, College Road, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, United Kingdom
| | - Yang Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Yuanxun Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China; Yanshan Earth Critical Zone and Surface Fluxes Research Station, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Yinghui Han
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Research Centre for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Gang Pan
- School of Humanities, York St John University, Lord Mayor's Walk, York, North Yorkshire, YO31 7EX, United Kingdom; School of Chemical and Environmental Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Kaili Zhang
- Binzhou Institute of Technology, 8 Huanghe Road, Binzhou, 256606, China
| | - Wei Fan
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, 2555 Jingyue Street, Changchun, 130117, China
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2
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You CS, Lee H, Park J, Kim SJ, Park YK, Kim SC, Jung SC. Removal of oxytetracycline from water by liquid-phase plasma process with an iron precipitated TiO 2 photocatalyst. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 308:136163. [PMID: 36030939 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study developed a new water treatment method using liquid-phase plasma (LPP) process that can decompose oxytetracycline (OTC) remaining in the aquatic environment. Relatedly, the OTC causes damage to the human body and cannot be removed by traditional water treatment methods. The study also prepared Fe/TiO2 photocatalyst responding to visible light using the LPP process. In particular, the OTC decomposition efficiency of the LPP process improved by more than 10% with the use of the Fe/TiO2 photocatalyst as compared to that of the one with the use of bare TiO2 photocatalyst. Further, the optimal LPP process parameters and Fe/TiO2 photocatalyst amount in the LPP process for OTC decomposition were established in the study. Finally, the degradation pathway of the OTC in the LPP process was found based on the five intermediates of the LPP reaction that were detected by the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. In particular, the decomposition pathway was estimated to be involving the mineralization of the OTC through demethylation, deamination, dehydration, and ring cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan-Seo You
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Sunchon, Jeonnam, 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Heon Lee
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Sunchon, Jeonnam, 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaegu Park
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Sunchon, Jeonnam, 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Jae Kim
- Faculty of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Engineering, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Kwon Park
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, 163 Seoulsiripdaero, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Chai Kim
- Department of Environmental Education, Mokpo National University, Muan, Jeonnam, 58554, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Chul Jung
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Sunchon, Jeonnam, 57922, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Jung SC, Lee H, Ki SJ, Kim SJ, Park YK. Rapid decomposition of chloroform by a liquid phase plasma reaction with titanium dioxide and hydrogen peroxide. Catal Today 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2019.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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4
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Sadjadi S, Koohestani F, Atai M.
Echinops bannaticus
plant and
Zinnia grandiflora
extract as char biosource and reducing agent for the biosynthesis of Ag on magnetic char‐polymer: An efficient catalyst for water treatment. Appl Organomet Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.5799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samahe Sadjadi
- Gas Conversion Department, Faculty of PetrochemicalsIran Polymer and Petrochemicals Institute PO Box 14975‐112 Tehran Iran
| | - Fatemeh Koohestani
- Gas Conversion Department, Faculty of PetrochemicalsIran Polymer and Petrochemicals Institute PO Box 14975‐112 Tehran Iran
| | - Mohammad Atai
- Polymer Science DepartmentIran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute PO Box 14975‐112 Tehran Iran
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5
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Assessment of Degradation Behavior for Acetylsalicylic Acid Using a Plasma in Liquid Process. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9110965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) is a pharmacologically active compound. In this study, ASA was decomposed effectively using a plasma in liquid phase process with hydrogen peroxide and TiO2 photocatalyst. Increasing the electrical power conditions (frequency, applied voltage, and pulse width) promoted plasma generation, which increased the rate of ASA decomposition. The added hydrogen peroxide increased the rate of ASA degradation, but injecting an excess decreased the degradation rate due to a scavenger effect. Although there was an initial increase in the decomposition efficiency by the addition of TiO2 powder, the addition of an excessive amount inhibited the generation of plasma and decreased the degradation rate. The simultaneous addition of H2O2 and TiO2 powder resulted in the highest degradation efficiency. We suggest that ASA is converted to salicylic acid through demethylation by hydroxyl radicals and is finally mineralized to carbon dioxide and water via 2,4-dihydroxy benzoic acid and low molecular acids.
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6
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Fang Y, Hariu D, Yamamoto T, Komarov S. Acoustic cavitation assisted plasma for wastewater treatment: Degradation of Rhodamine B in aqueous solution. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2019; 52:318-325. [PMID: 30559079 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A novel wastewater treatment process, acoustic cavitation assisted plasma (ACAP) is proposed in this study aiming at expanding the treatable range of water pollutants due to a synergetic effect of ultrasound irradiation and high voltage plasma discharge. In this process, the role of acoustic cavitation is not only to provide generation of chemically active OH radicals, as for example in conventional ultrasonic wastewater treatment techniques, but also to ensure conditions for stable plasma generation in wastewater and, thus, to extend the treatable range of water pollutants. Rhodamine B (RhB) was used as a model pollutant in experiments examining effects of ultrasound amplitude, RhB initial concentration, output voltage, solution pH and electrical conductivity on the RhB degradation efficiency. The results revealed that the ultrasound-assisted plasma generation requires lower output voltages and allows to increase the acceptable range of electrical conductivity of treatable solutions up to 1000 μS/cm, that is about 24 times higher than in the case of conventional plasma discharge treatment. The alkaline and acid medium were found to be favorable for higher degradation efficiency. Additional measurements and results of recent investigations concerning underwater plasma showed that microbubbles presented in cavitation zone could serve as "bridges" making the pulse discharge propagation between the electrodes easier than in the conventional case. Besides, acoustic cavitation assists a faster transition of plasma discharge from ineffective streamer type to more effective spark type that further contributes to the improvement of the treatment performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fang
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-02 Aza Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan.
| | - Daiki Hariu
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-02 Aza Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-02 Aza Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Sergey Komarov
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-02 Aza Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
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7
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Lee H, Park YK, Kim JS, Park YH, Jung SC. Degradation of dimethyl phthalate using a liquid phase plasma process with TiO 2 photocatalysts. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 169:256-260. [PMID: 30481601 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The liquid phase plasma (LPP) method with a TiO2 photocatalyst and hydrogen peroxide was used to decompose dimethyl phthalate (DMP). As the applied voltage, pulse width, and frequency were increased, the rate of decomposition was increased and the decomposition rate was 63% for 180 min under plasma optimum conditions. The addition of TiO2 photocatalyst and hydrogen peroxide increased the DMP decomposition reaction rate, but an excess cause a decrease in decomposition rate due to a decrease in conductivity, blocking of ultraviolet light, and scavenger effect. When the TiO2 photocatalyst and hydrogen peroxide were used together, the decomposition reaction rate of DMP was greatly improved by using LPP single process alone. Also, when all the processes were used at the same time, the decomposition reaction rate was improved to about 2.8 times. DMP undergoes bond cleavage and ultimately decomposes into CO2 and H2O via dimethyl 4-hydroxyphthalate and methyl salicylates due to hydroxyl radicals and various active species generated by the LPP reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heon Lee
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Sunchon, Jeonnam 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Kwon Park
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, 163 Seoulsiripdaero, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Sik Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Seoul, 163 Seoulsiripdaero, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung-Hoon Park
- Department of High Polymer Engineering, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Sunchon, Jeonnam 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Chul Jung
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Sunchon, Jeonnam 57922, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Vijayan R, Joseph S, Mathew B. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Nervalia zeylanica leaf extract and evaluation of their antioxidant, catalytic, and antimicrobial potentials. PARTICULATE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/02726351.2018.1450312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Remya Vijayan
- School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India
| | - Siby Joseph
- Department of Chemistry, St. George’s College, Aruvithura, Kottayam, Kerala, India
| | - Beena Mathew
- School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India
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9
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Bhargava A, Jain N, Khan MA, Pareek V, Dilip RV, Panwar J. Utilizing metal tolerance potential of soil fungus for efficient synthesis of gold nanoparticles with superior catalytic activity for degradation of rhodamine B. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2016; 183:22-32. [PMID: 27567934 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the surging demand of nanomaterials has boosted unprecedented expansion of research for the development of high yielding and sustainable synthesis methods which can deliver nanomaterials with desired characteristics. Unlike the well-established physico-chemical methods which have various limitations, biological methods inspired by mimicking natural biomineralization processes have great potential for nanoparticle synthesis. An eco-friendly and sustainable biological method that deliver particles with well-defined shape, size and compositions can be developed by selecting a proficient organism followed by fine tuning of various process parameter. The present study revealed high metal tolerance ability of a soil fungus Cladosporium oxysporum AJP03 and its potential for extracellular synthesis of gold nanoparticles. The morphology, composition and crystallinity of nanoparticles were confirmed using standard techniques. The synthesized particles were quasi-spherical in shape with fcc packing and an average particle size of 72.32 ± 21.80 nm. A series of experiments were conducted to study the effect of different process parameters on particle size and yield. Biomass: water ratio of 1:5 and 1 mM precursor salt concentration at physiological pH (7.0) favoured the synthesis of well-defined gold nanoparticles with maximum yield. The as-synthesized nanoparticles showed excellent catalytic efficiency towards sodium borohydride mediated reduction of rhodamine B (2.5 × 10(-5) M) within 7 min of reaction time under experimental conditions. Presence of proteins as capping material on the nanoparticle surface was found to be responsible for this remarkable catalytic efficiency. The present approach can be extrapolated to develop controlled and up-scalable process for mycosynthesis of nanoparticles for diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpit Bhargava
- Centre for Biotechnology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, 333031, India
| | - Navin Jain
- Centre for Biotechnology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, 333031, India
| | - Mohd Azeem Khan
- Centre for Biotechnology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, 333031, India
| | - Vikram Pareek
- Centre for Biotechnology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, 333031, India
| | - R Venkataramana Dilip
- Centre for Biotechnology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, 333031, India
| | - Jitendra Panwar
- Centre for Biotechnology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, 333031, India.
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10
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Vakhrushev AY, Gorbunova VV, Boitsova TB, Stozharov VM. Structure and photocatalytic properties of materials based on titanium dioxide and silver nanoparticles. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363216040058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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11
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Moitra D, Chandel M, Ghosh BK, Jani RK, Patra MK, Vadera SR, Ghosh NN. A simple ‘in situ’ co-precipitation method for the preparation of multifunctional CoFe2O4–reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites: excellent microwave absorber and highly efficient magnetically separable recyclable photocatalyst for dye degradation. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra17384e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, an ‘in situ’ co-precipitation reaction method has been reported for the preparation of CoFe2O4–RGO (CF–RGO) nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debabrata Moitra
- Nanomaterials Lab
- Department of Chemistry
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science
- Zuarinagar
- India
| | - Madhurya Chandel
- Nanomaterials Lab
- Department of Chemistry
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science
- Zuarinagar
- India
| | - Barun Kumar Ghosh
- Nanomaterials Lab
- Department of Chemistry
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science
- Zuarinagar
- India
| | | | | | | | - Narendra Nath Ghosh
- Nanomaterials Lab
- Department of Chemistry
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science
- Zuarinagar
- India
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12
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Moitra D, Ghosh BK, Chandel M, Jani RK, Patra MK, Vadera SR, Ghosh NN. Synthesis of a Ni0.8Zn0.2Fe2O4–RGO nanocomposite: an excellent magnetically separable catalyst for dye degradation and microwave absorber. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra26634c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A Ni0.8Zn0.2Fe2O4 reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite has been synthesized by a simple ‘in situ co-precipitation’ technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Moitra
- Nanomaterials Lab
- Department of Chemistry
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science
- Pilani K. K. Birla Goa Campus
- Zuarinagar
| | - B. K. Ghosh
- Nanomaterials Lab
- Department of Chemistry
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science
- Pilani K. K. Birla Goa Campus
- Zuarinagar
| | - M. Chandel
- Nanomaterials Lab
- Department of Chemistry
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science
- Pilani K. K. Birla Goa Campus
- Zuarinagar
| | | | | | | | - N. N. Ghosh
- Nanomaterials Lab
- Department of Chemistry
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science
- Pilani K. K. Birla Goa Campus
- Zuarinagar
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13
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Naik B, Hazra S, Desagani D, Ghosh BK, Patra MK, Vadera SR, Ghosh NN. Preparation of a magnetically separable CoFe2O4supported Ag nanocatalyst and its catalytic reaction towards the decolorization of a variety of dyes. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra00298b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CoFe2O4supported Ag nanoparticles were investigated as a catalyst for the decolorization of 4-nitrophenol, Congo red, rhodamine B and dye mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhanudas Naik
- Departamento de Química
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria
- Santa Maria
- Brazil
| | - Subhenjit Hazra
- Nanomaterials Lab
- Department of Chemistry
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani
- Goa-403726
- India
| | - Dayananda Desagani
- Nanomaterials Lab
- Department of Chemistry
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani
- Goa-403726
- India
| | - Barun Kumar Ghosh
- Nanomaterials Lab
- Department of Chemistry
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani
- Goa-403726
- India
| | | | | | - Narendra Nath Ghosh
- Nanomaterials Lab
- Department of Chemistry
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani
- Goa-403726
- India
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14
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Chen Y, Li Y, Zhu A, Huang Y, Liu Z, Yan K. Degradation of aqueous Rhodamine B by plasma generated along the water surface and its enhancement using nanocrystalline Fe-, Mn-, and Ce-doped TiO₂ films. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:9948-58. [PMID: 24840355 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-2982-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The degradation of aqueous Rhodamine B (RhB) was examined using a dual-channel spark switch module designed to regulate the steepness of pulsed high voltage with microsecond rise time. Depending on the energy per pulse, a spark along the water surface (SPWS) or streamer along the water surface (STWS) was formed. STWS was found to have a better degradation effect and energy efficiency toward RhB than SPWS at the same power; however, addition of H₂O₂ amounts resulted in increased degradation, the effect being more pronounced using SPWS. The initial concentration of RhB also appeared to influence the rate constant of the degradation reaction. Furthermore, TiO₂ films doped with Fe, Mn, and Ce were found to enhance the degradation performance of plasma. A possible reaction mechanism of plasma formation along the water surface was concluded by determination of the main inorganic products in the liquid and gas phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongduo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Industrial Ecology and Environment Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, People's Republic of China
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