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Fırat O, Çakan M, Demirkan K, Dericioğlu N. Seizure control and complications in patients switching from clobazam to clonazepam due to drug shortage. Epilepsy Behav 2024; 153:109690. [PMID: 38382407 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2024.109690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antiseizure medication (ASM) shortages are a global problem that have a negative impact on outcomes such as seizure control in patients with epilepsy (PWE). In the case of clobazam (CLB) shortage, there is no study regarding the management strategy. This study aims to investigate the alteration in seizure frequency and the occurrence of side effects in PWE undergoing an abrupt switch from clobazam (CLB) to clonazepam (CLZ), during CLB shortage. MATERIAL AND METHODS A retrospective study was conducted from electronic health records at our neurology outpatient clinic from January to July 2022. Change in seizure frequency and percentage of CLZ-associated side effects were determined as primary and secondary outcomes, respectively. Potential drug-drug interactions (Level C and above) were evaluated by using Lexicomp Drug Interaction Checker. RESULTS The analysis included a total of 29 adult patients (15F, median age: 29). The switching ratio was 10 mg CLB for every 1 mg CLZ (10:1). Seizure frequency was higher during the CLZ period compared to the CLB period (p < 0.05), but no status epilepticus cases were observed. All patients exhibited potential drug-drug interactions, leading to reduced CLZ levels in 12 cases. A total of 36 CLZ-associated side effects were identified, with fatigue (19.4 %), drowsiness (16.6 %), and somnolence (13.8 %) being the most prevalent. A positive and strong correlation was found between CLZ dose and the number of side effects (r: 0.556; p: 0.002). CONCLUSION The abrupt switch from CLB to CLZ was observed to increase seizure frequency without leading to status epilepticus in PWE. CLZ-associated side effects were found to be tolerable despite the abrupt switch. Future studies may explore the effect of alternative switching ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oğuzhan Fırat
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Melike Çakan
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kutay Demirkan
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Neşe Dericioğlu
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Ankara, Turkey
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Borrelli S, El Tahry R. Therapeutic approach to Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: a systematic review. Acta Neurol Belg 2019; 119:315-324. [PMID: 31286465 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-019-01185-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS) is a rare, age-related syndrome, characterized by multiple seizure types, mental regression, and specific EEG abnormalities. It is one of the most challenging epilepsy: treatment is rarely effective and the final prognosis remains poor, despite the availability of several antiepileptic drugs, validated through well-designed, randomized, controlled trials. However, it is reasonable to consider non-medical treatments, such as surgery, after failure of two-to-three drugs. This review has as goal to describe systematically the different therapeutic options for LGS, including, not only recognized antiepileptic drugs, but also new oral drugs, immune therapy, diet, surgery, and neurostimulation techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Borrelli
- Department of Neurology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Av. Hippocrate 10, 1200, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Riem El Tahry
- Department of Neurology, Center for Refractory Epilepsy, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Av. Hippocrate 10, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
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Besag FMC, Vasey MJ. An evaluation of clobazam tablets and film (AQST-120) for the treatment of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2019; 20:1563-1574. [PMID: 31373526 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2019.1642872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS) is a chronic, epileptic encephalopathy, characterized by multiple seizure types, distinctive slow spike-wave patterns in the electroencephalogram (EEG), and severe cognitive and behavioral comorbidities. Seizures are typically refractory and long-term prognosis is poor. No antiseizure drug (ASD) is fully effective as a monotherapy. Clobazam (CLB) was licensed in the United States in 2011 as an adjunctive therapy for seizures in LGS. In 2018, a new formulation, CLB oral soluble film (COSF) (AQST-120), was approved by the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) for the same indication. Areas covered: The authors summarize current pharmacological options and guidelines for the management of seizures in LGS and efficacy and safety findings from phase II and III randomized controlled trials of adjunctive CLB in patients with LGS. An open-label extension trial is also considered. A pharmacokinetic comparison of COSF and CLB tablets is also undertaken. Expert opinion: CLB is partly effective as an add-on therapy in treating seizures in LGS. Adverse effects, pharmacokinetic interactions and the potential for tolerance with long-term treatment should be weighed against the clinical benefit when considering the introduction of CLB in this population. COSF has a similar pharmacokinetic profile to CLB tablets and may help to improve adherence to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank M C Besag
- East London Foundation NHS Trust , Bedford , UK.,University College London , London , UK.,King's College London , London , UK
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Al-Okbi SY, Mohamed DA, Hamed TES, Abd El-Alim SH, Kassem AA, Mostafa DM. Application of liquisolid technology for promoting the renoprotective efficacy of walnut extracts in chronic renal failure rat model. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2018; 45:32-42. [PMID: 30132727 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2018.1515219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Chronic renal failure (CRF) is among the major health problems that could lead to increased morbidity and mortality among population. 'Nutraceuticals' is an emerging field for natural agents from plant foods that could reduce the progression of such disease. Many newly developed drugs are having bioavailability problems owing to their water insolubility. Liquisolid technique is one of the promising technological approaches to increase solubility and hence, drug absorption. The aim of the present research is to prepare and evaluate the renoprotective effect of the walnut extracts liquisolid formulations in CRF rat model. Saturation solubility study claimed PEG 400 and Tween 20 as good solubilizers for walnut extracts, thus chosen for preparation. The angle of slide was determined for the carrier; microcrystalline cellulose and coating material; silicon dioxide and liquid load factor was evaluated. Eight liquisolid systems were prepared employing 25% and 50% of liquid medication. Their flow and compressibility parameters showed good properties. Dissolution study was more in favor of formulations prepared using PEG 400. Of these, formulation F8 comprising carrier/coat ratio (10:1) and 50% liquid medication, showing superior dissolution properties was selected to perform stability and in-vivo evaluations. Two CRF induced rat groups received F8 at two oral doses (50 and 100 mg/kg). Biochemical and nutritional parameters were compared with both normal and CRF control rats. Results showed improvement of renal function, oxidative stress, antioxidant and inflammatory biomarkers as well as increased appetite and body weight gain on administration of both doses of walnut liquisolid formulation, F8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Youssef Al-Okbi
- a Food Sciences and Nutrition Department , National Research Centre , Dokki , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Doha Abdou Mohamed
- a Food Sciences and Nutrition Department , National Research Centre , Dokki , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Thanaa El-Sayed Hamed
- a Food Sciences and Nutrition Department , National Research Centre , Dokki , Cairo , Egypt
| | | | - Ahmed Alaa Kassem
- b Pharmaceutical Technology Department , National Research Centre , Dokki , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Dina Mahmoud Mostafa
- b Pharmaceutical Technology Department , National Research Centre , Dokki , Cairo , Egypt
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Ostendorf AP, Ng YT. Treatment-resistant Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: therapeutic trends, challenges and future directions. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2017; 13:1131-1140. [PMID: 28461749 PMCID: PMC5404809 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s115996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lennox-Gastaut syndrome is a severe, childhood-onset electroclinical syndrome comprised of multiple seizure types, intellectual and behavioral disturbances and characteristic findings on electroencephalogram of slow spike and wave complexes and paroxysmal fast frequency activity. Profound morbidity often accompanies a common and severe seizure type, the drop attack. Seizures often remain refractory, or initial treatment efficacy fades. Few individuals are seizure free despite the development of multiple generations of antiseizure medications over decades and high-level evidence on several choices. Approved medications such as lamotrigine, topiramate, rufinamide, felbamate and clobazam have demonstrated efficacy in reducing seizure burden. Cannabidiol has emerged as a promising investigational therapy with vast social interest yet lacks a standard, approved formulation. Palliative surgical procedures, such as vagal nerve stimulation and corpus callosotomy may provide reduction in total seizures and drop attacks. Emerging evidence suggests that complete callosotomy provides greater improvement in seizures without additional side effects. Etiologies such as dysplasia or hypothalamic hamartoma may be amenable for focal resection and thus offer potential to reverse this devastating epileptic encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam P Ostendorf
- Department of Pediatrics, Neurology Section, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Yu-Tze Ng
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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Brodie MJ, Chung S, Wade A, Quelen C, Guiraud-Diawara A, François C, Verpillat P, Shen V, Isojarvi J. Clobazam and clonazepam use in epilepsy: Results from a UK database incident user cohort study. Epilepsy Res 2016; 123:68-74. [PMID: 27135706 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare patient characteristics and treatment patterns among clobazam (CLB) and clonazepam (CZP)-treated patients with epilepsy in a longitudinal primary care database. METHODS In this pharmacoepidemiological study, real-life usage data from the Clinical Practice Research Database (CPRD) were evaluated. The CPRD collects data from approximately 690 primary care practices throughout the UK. Data included were from patients with ≥1 incident CLB or CZP prescription from 1995 to 2011 and were present in the database for ≥182 days prior to the index date (date patient was first prescribed CLB or CZP within the study period). RESULTS Of 21,099 patients who met inclusion criteria, 18.4% were receiving CLB and 81.6% were receiving CZP. More patients used CLB for epilepsy than CZP (76.1% vs 8.7%). CLB-treated adults (≤18years) were younger than those treated with CZP (41.0 vs 48.2 years; p<0.001), while CLB-treated children (≤18 years) were older than those treated with CZP (8.8 vs 7.3 years, p<0.001). The median CLB dosage did not change from baseline to last follow-up, while median CZP dosage increased 25% in adults and 50% in children. Median treatment duration, as well as retention rate up to 10 years, was similar between CLB and CZP in each age group. CONCLUSIONS Among adult and pediatric patients in the UK, CLB is more often prescribed for epilepsy than CZP. The median CLB dosage used by both adults and children remained stable over the 16-year study period, while the median CZP dosage increased in both adults and children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Brodie
- Epilepsy Unit West Glasgow, ACH-Yorkhill, Glasgow G3 8SJ, Scotland, UK.
| | - Steve Chung
- Neuroscience Institute, Banner University Medical Center, 1111 McDowell Road, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
| | - Alan Wade
- Patients Direct, 3 Todd Campus, Glasgow G20 OXA, Scotland, UK.
| | - Céline Quelen
- Health Economics and Epidemiology and Global Analytics, Lundbeck SAS, Quai du Président Roosevelt 37-45, 92445 Issy-les-Moulineaux, France.
| | - Alice Guiraud-Diawara
- Health Economics and Epidemiology and Global Analytics, Lundbeck SAS, Quai du Président Roosevelt 37-45, 92445 Issy-les-Moulineaux, France.
| | - Clément François
- Health Economics and Outcomes Research, Lundbeck LLC, 4 Parkway North Suite 200, Deerfield, IL 60015, USA.
| | - Patrice Verpillat
- Health Economics and Epidemiology and Global Analytics, Lundbeck SAS, Quai du Président Roosevelt 37-45, 92445 Issy-les-Moulineaux, France.
| | - Vivienne Shen
- Medical Affairs, Lundbeck LLC, 4 Parkway North Suite 200, Deerfield, IL 60015, USA.
| | - Jouko Isojarvi
- Medical Affairs, Lundbeck LLC, 4 Parkway North Suite 200, Deerfield, IL 60015, USA.
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