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Carbon nanotube filler enhances incinerated thermoplastics-induced cytotoxicity and metabolic disruption in vitro. Part Fibre Toxicol 2020; 17:40. [PMID: 32787867 PMCID: PMC7424660 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-020-00371-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Engineered nanomaterials are increasingly being incorporated into synthetic materials as fillers and additives. The potential pathological effects of end-of-lifecycle recycling and disposal of virgin and nano-enabled composites have not been adequately addressed, particularly following incineration. The current investigation aims to characterize the cytotoxicity of incinerated virgin thermoplastics vs. incinerated nano-enabled thermoplastic composites on two in vitro pulmonary models. Ultrafine particles released from thermally decomposed virgin polycarbonate or polyurethane, and their carbon nanotube (CNT)-enabled composites were collected and used for acute in vitro exposure to primary human small airway epithelial cell (pSAEC) and human bronchial epithelial cell (Beas-2B) models. Post-exposure, both cell lines were assessed for cytotoxicity, proliferative capacity, intracellular ROS generation, genotoxicity, and mitochondrial membrane potential. Results The treated Beas-2B cells demonstrated significant dose-dependent cellular responses, as well as parent matrix-dependent and CNT-dependent sensitivity. Cytotoxicity, enhancement in reactive oxygen species, and dissipation of ΔΨm caused by incinerated polycarbonate were significantly more potent than polyurethane analogues, and CNT filler enhanced the cellular responses compared to the incinerated parent particles. Such effects observed in Beas-2B were generally higher in magnitude compared to pSAEC at treatments examined, which was likely attributable to differences in respective lung cell types. Conclusions Whilst the effect of the treatments on the distal respiratory airway epithelia remains limited in interpretation, the current in vitro respiratory bronchial epithelia model demonstrated profound sensitivity to the test particles at depositional doses relevant for occupational cohorts.
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Aloperine Protects Mice against Bleomycin-induced Pulmonary Fibrosis by Attenuating Fibroblast Proliferation and Differentiation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6265. [PMID: 29674691 PMCID: PMC5908909 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24565-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aloperine is a quinolizidine alkaloid extracted from Sophora alopecuroides. It has been proven to alleviate oxidative stress and effectively promote tumor cell apoptosis in mice. Herein, we investigated whether aloperine could also mediate its protective effects on bleomycin (BLM)-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Pathological staining, western blot, RT-PCR and flow cytometry were used to evaluate the impact of aloperine on the development of pulmonary fibrosis. The effect of aloperine on fibroblast proliferation, differentiation and related signaling pathways were next investigated to demonstrate the underlying mechanisms. In the present report, we showed that aloperine provided protection for mice against BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis as manifested by the attenuated lung injury and reduced fibrosis along with alleviated fibroblast proliferation and differentiation. Additionally, we provided in vitro evidence revealing that aloperine inhibited cellular proliferation in PDGF-BB-stimulated mouse lung fibroblasts by repressed PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling and fibroblast to myofibroblast differentiation by repressed TGF-β/Smad signaling. Overall, our data showed that aloperine could protect the mice against BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis by attenuated fibroblast proliferation and differentiation, which indicated that aloperine may be therapeutically beneficial for IPF patients.
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Ishii S, Torii M, Son AI, Rajendraprasad M, Morozov YM, Kawasawa YI, Salzberg AC, Fujimoto M, Brennand K, Nakai A, Mezger V, Gage FH, Rakic P, Hashimoto-Torii K. Variations in brain defects result from cellular mosaicism in the activation of heat shock signalling. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15157. [PMID: 28462912 PMCID: PMC5418582 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Repetitive prenatal exposure to identical or similar doses of harmful agents results in highly variable and unpredictable negative effects on fetal brain development ranging in severity from high to little or none. However, the molecular and cellular basis of this variability is not well understood. This study reports that exposure of mouse and human embryonic brain tissues to equal doses of harmful chemicals, such as ethanol, activates the primary stress response transcription factor heat shock factor 1 (Hsf1) in a highly variable and stochastic manner. While Hsf1 is essential for protecting the embryonic brain from environmental stress, excessive activation impairs critical developmental events such as neuronal migration. Our results suggest that mosaic activation of Hsf1 within the embryonic brain in response to prenatal environmental stress exposure may contribute to the resulting generation of phenotypic variations observed in complex congenital brain disorders. Prenatal exposure to environmental stressors is known to impair cortical development. Here the authors show that upon exposure to stressors, the activation of Hsf1-Hsp signalling is highly variable among cells in the embryonic cortex of mice, and either too much or too little activation can result in defects in cortical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Ishii
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia 20010, USA
| | - Masaaki Torii
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia 20010, USA.,Department of Neurobiology and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia 20052, USA
| | - Alexander I Son
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia 20010, USA
| | - Meenu Rajendraprasad
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia 20010, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia 20052, USA
| | - Yury M Morozov
- Department of Neurobiology and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
| | - Yuka Imamura Kawasawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Dr., Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Dr., Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA.,Institute for Personalized Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Dr., Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA
| | - Anna C Salzberg
- Institute for Personalized Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Dr., Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA
| | - Mitsuaki Fujimoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Ube 755-8505, Japan
| | - Kristen Brennand
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York 10029, USA.,Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Laboratory of Genetics, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Akira Nakai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Ube 755-8505, Japan
| | - Valerie Mezger
- CNRS, UMR7216 Epigenetics and Cell Fate, Paris 75205, France.,University Paris Diderot, 75205 Paris, France.,Département Hospitalo-Universitaire DHU PROTECT, Paris 75019, France
| | - Fred H Gage
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Laboratory of Genetics, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Pasko Rakic
- Department of Neurobiology and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
| | - Kazue Hashimoto-Torii
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia 20010, USA.,Department of Neurobiology and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia 20052, USA
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Laminin differentially regulates the stemness of type I and type II pericytes. Stem Cell Res Ther 2017; 8:28. [PMID: 28173861 PMCID: PMC5297126 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-017-0479-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Laminin, a major basement membrane component that has direct contact with pericytes under physiological conditions, actively regulates the proliferation and differentiation/fate determination of pericytes. Recently, two types of pericytes (type I and type II) with different molecular markers and functions have been identified in skeletal muscles. Whether laminin differentially regulates the proliferation and differentiation of these two subpopulations remains unclear. Methods Wild-type and pericytic laminin-deficient mice under Nestin-GFP background were used to determine if laminin differentially regulates the proliferation and differentiation of type I and type II pericytes. Specifically, type I and type II pericytes were isolated from these mice, and their proliferation and differentiation were examined in vitro. Moreover, in vivo studies were also performed. Results We demonstrate that, although laminin inhibits the proliferation of both type I and type II pericytes in vitro, loss of laminin predominantly induces proliferation of type II pericytes in vivo. In addition, laminin negatively regulates the adipogenic differentiation of type I pericytes and positively regulates the myogenic differentiation of type II pericytes in vitro. Conclusions Laminin differentially regulates the proliferation and differentiation of type I and type II pericytes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-017-0479-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Solovjeva L, Firsanov D, Pleskach N, Svetlova M. Immunofluorescence Analysis of γ-H2AX Foci in Mammalian Fibroblasts at Different Phases of the Cell Cycle. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1644:187-194. [PMID: 28710765 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7187-9_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
H2AX phosphorylation at Ser139 (formation of γ-H2AX) is an indicator of double-strand breaks in DNA (DSBs) after the action of different genotoxic stresses, including ionizing radiation, environmental agents, and chemotherapy drugs. The sites of DSBs can be visualized as focal sites of γ-H2AX using antibodies and immunofluorescence microscopy. The microscopy technique is the most sensitive method of DSB detection in individual cells. It is useful for experimental research, radiation biodosimetry, and clinical practice. In this chapter, we provide an immunochemical protocol for γ-H2AX labeling and analysis by confocal microscopy. The advantage of the assay is that it enables the quantitation of γ-H2AX foci in individual cells in different phases of the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liudmila Solovjeva
- Institute of Cytology RAS, 4 Tikhoretski Ave., Saint-Petersburg, 194064, Russia
| | - Denis Firsanov
- Institute of Cytology RAS, 4 Tikhoretski Ave., Saint-Petersburg, 194064, Russia
| | - Nadezhda Pleskach
- Institute of Cytology RAS, 4 Tikhoretski Ave., Saint-Petersburg, 194064, Russia
| | - Maria Svetlova
- Institute of Cytology RAS, 4 Tikhoretski Ave., Saint-Petersburg, 194064, Russia.
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Solovjeva L, Firsanov D, Vasilishina A, Chagin V, Pleskach N, Kropotov A, Svetlova M. DNA double-strand break repair is impaired in presenescent Syrian hamster fibroblasts. BMC Mol Biol 2015; 16:18. [PMID: 26458748 PMCID: PMC4601148 DOI: 10.1186/s12867-015-0046-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Studies of DNA damage response are critical for the comprehensive understanding of age-related changes in cells, tissues and organisms. Syrian hamster cells halt proliferation and become presenescent after several passages in standard conditions of cultivation due to what is known as «culture stress». Using proliferating young and non-dividing presenescent cells in primary cultures of Syrian hamster fibroblasts, we defined their response to the action of radiomimetic drug bleomycin (BL) that induces DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Results The effect of the drug was estimated by immunoblotting and immunofluorescence microscopy using the antibody to phosphorylated histone H2AX (gH2AX), which is generally accepted as a DSB marker. At all stages of the cell cycle, both presenescent and young cells demonstrated variability of the number of gH2AX foci per nucleus. gH2AX focus induction was found to be independent from BL-hydrolase expression. Some differences in DSB repair process between BL-treated young and presenescent Syrian hamster cells were observed: (1) the kinetics of gH2AX focus loss in G0 fibroblasts of young culture was faster than in cells that prematurely stopped dividing; (2) presenescent cells were characterized by a slower recruitment of DSB repair proteins 53BP1, phospho-DNA-PK and phospho-ATM to gH2AX focal sites, while the rate of phosphorylated ATM/ATR substrate accumulation was the same as that in young cells. Conclusions Our results demonstrate an impairment of DSB repair in prematurely aged Syrian hamster fibroblasts in comparison with young fibroblasts, suggesting age-related differences in response to BL therapy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12867-015-0046-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ljudmila Solovjeva
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Tikhoretski ave., Saint Petersburg, 194064, Russia.
| | - Denis Firsanov
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Tikhoretski ave., Saint Petersburg, 194064, Russia. .,Saint-Petersburg's State Pediatric Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, 2 Litovskaya st., Saint Petersburg, 194100, Russia.
| | - Anastasia Vasilishina
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Tikhoretski ave., Saint Petersburg, 194064, Russia.
| | - Vadim Chagin
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Tikhoretski ave., Saint Petersburg, 194064, Russia.
| | - Nadezhda Pleskach
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Tikhoretski ave., Saint Petersburg, 194064, Russia.
| | - Andrey Kropotov
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Tikhoretski ave., Saint Petersburg, 194064, Russia.
| | - Maria Svetlova
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Tikhoretski ave., Saint Petersburg, 194064, Russia.
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Alternative lengthening of telomeres: recurrent cytogenetic aberrations and chromosome stability under extreme telomere dysfunction. Neoplasia 2014; 15:1301-13. [PMID: 24339742 DOI: 10.1593/neo.131574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human tumors using the alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) exert high rates of telomere dysfunction. Numerical chromosomal aberrations are very frequent, and structural rearrangements are widely scattered among the genome. This challenging context allows the study of telomere dysfunction-driven chromosomal instability in neoplasia (CIN) in a massive scale. We used molecular cytogenetics to achieve detailed karyotyping in 10 human ALT neoplastic cell lines. We identified 518 clonal recombinant chromosomes affected by 649 structural rearrangements. While all human chromosomes were involved in random or clonal, terminal, or pericentromeric rearrangements and were capable to undergo telomere healing at broken ends, a differential recombinatorial propensity of specific genomic regions was noted. We show that ALT cells undergo epigenetic modifications rendering polycentric chromosomes functionally monocentric, and because of increased terminal recombinogenicity, they generate clonal recombinant chromosomes with interstitial telomeric repeats. Losses of chromosomes 13, X, and 22, gains of 2, 3, 5, and 20, and translocation/deletion events involving several common chromosomal fragile sites (CFSs) were recurrent. Long-term reconstitution of telomerase activity in ALT cells reduced significantly the rates of random ongoing telomeric and pericentromeric CIN. However, the contribution of CFS in overall CIN remained unaffected, suggesting that in ALT cells whole-genome replication stress is not suppressed by telomerase activation. Our results provide novel insights into ALT-driven CIN, unveiling in parallel specific genomic sites that may harbor genes critical for ALT cancerous cell growth.
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Podgornaya O, Gavrilova E, Stephanova V, Demin S, Komissarov A. Large tandem repeats make up the chromosome bar code: a hypothesis. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2013; 90:1-30. [PMID: 23582200 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-410523-2.00001-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Much of tandem repeats' functional nature in any genome remains enigmatic because there are only few tools available for dissecting and elucidating the functions of repeated DNA. The large tandem repeat arrays (satellite DNA) found in two mouse whole-genome shotgun assemblies were classified into 4 superfamilies, 8 families, and 62 subfamilies. With the simplified variant of chromosome positioning of different tandem repeats, we noticed the nonuniform distribution instead of the positions reported for mouse major and minor satellites. It is visible that each chromosome possesses a kind of unique code made up of different large tandem repeats. The reference genomes allow marking only internal tandem repeats, and even with such a limited data, the colored "bar code" made up of tandem repeats is visible. We suppose that tandem repeats bare the mechanism for chromosomes to recognize the regions to be associated. The associations, initially established via RNA, become fixed by histone modifications (the histone or chromatin code) and specific proteins. In such a way, associations, being at the beginning flexible and regulated, that is, adjustable, appear as irreversible and inheritable in cell generations. Tandem repeat multiformity tunes the developed nuclei 3D pattern by sequential steps of associations. Tandem repeats-based chromosome bar code could be the carrier of the genome structural information; that is, the order of precise tandem repeat association is the DNA morphogenetic program. Tandem repeats are the cores of the distinct 3D structures postulated in "gene gating" hypothesis.
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