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O'Brien EM, Selfe JL, Martins AS, Walters ZS, Shipley JM. The long non-coding RNA MYCNOS-01 regulates MYCN protein levels and affects growth of MYCN-amplified rhabdomyosarcoma and neuroblastoma cells. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:217. [PMID: 29466962 PMCID: PMC5822637 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4129-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background MYCN is amplified in small cell lung cancers and several pediatric tumors, including alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas and neuroblastomas. MYCN protein is known to play a key oncogenic role in both alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas and neuroblastomas. MYCN opposite strand (MYCNOS) is a gene located on the antisense strand to MYCN that encodes alternatively spliced transcripts, two of which (MYCNOS-01 and MYCNOS-02) are known to be expressed in neuroblastoma and small cell lung cancer with reciprocal regulation between MYCNOS-02 and MYCN reported for neuroblastomas. We sought to determine a functional role for MYCNOS-01 in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma and neuroblastoma cells and identify any associated regulatory effects between MYCN and MYCNOS-01. Methods MYCNOS-01, MYCNOS-02 and MYCN expression levels were assessed in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma and neuroblastoma cell lines and tumor samples from patients using Affymetrix microarray data and quantitative RT-PCR. Following MYCNOS-01 or MYCN siRNA knockdown and MYCNOS-01 overexpression, transcript levels were assayed by quantitative RT-PCR and MYCN protein expression assessed by Western blot and immunofluorescence. Additionally, effects on cell growth, apoptosis and cell cycle profiles were determined by a metabolic assay, caspase activity and flow cytometry, respectively. Results MYCNOS-01 transcript levels were generally higher in NB and RMS tumor samples and cell lines with MYCN genomic amplification. RNA interference of MYCNOS-01 expression did not alter MYCN transcript levels but decreased MYCN protein levels. Conversely, MYCN reduction increased MYCNOS-01 transcript levels, creating a negative feedback loop on MYCN protein levels. Reduction of MYCNOS-01 or MYCN expression decreased cell growth in MYCN-amplified alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma and neuroblastoma cell lines. This is consistent with MYCNOS-01-mediated regulation of MYCN contributing to the phenotype observed. Conclusions An alternative transcript of MYCNOS, MYCNOS-01, post-transcriptionally regulates MYCN levels and affects growth in MYCN-amplified rhabdomyosarcoma and neuroblastoma cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-018-4129-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor M O'Brien
- Sarcoma Molecular Pathology Team, Divisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, Surrey, Sutton, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Joanna L Selfe
- Sarcoma Molecular Pathology Team, Divisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, Surrey, Sutton, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Ana Sofia Martins
- Sarcoma Molecular Pathology Team, Divisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, Surrey, Sutton, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Zoë S Walters
- Sarcoma Molecular Pathology Team, Divisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, Surrey, Sutton, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Janet M Shipley
- Sarcoma Molecular Pathology Team, Divisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, Surrey, Sutton, SM2 5NG, UK.
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Lee KY, Shin E. Application of array comparative genomic hybridization in Korean children under 6 years old with global developmental delay. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS 2017; 60:282-289. [PMID: 29042871 PMCID: PMC5638834 DOI: 10.3345/kjp.2017.60.9.282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Recent advancements in molecular techniques have greatly contributed to the discovery of genetic causes of unexplained developmental delay. Here, we describe the results of array comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) and the clinical features of 27 patients with global developmental delay. Methods We included 27 children who fulfilled the following criteria: Korean children under 6 years with global developmental delay; children who had at least one or more physical or neurological problem other than global developmental delay; and patients in whom both array CGH and G-banded karyotyping tests were performed. Results Fifteen male and 12 female patients with a mean age of 29.3±17.6 months were included. The most common physical and neurological abnormalities were facial dysmorphism (n=16), epilepsy (n=7), and hypotonia (n=7). Pathogenic copy number variation results were observed in 4 patients (14.8%): 18.73 Mb dup(2)(p24.2p25.3) and 1.62 Mb del(20p13) (patient 1); 22.31 Mb dup(2) (p22.3p25.1) and 4.01 Mb dup(2)(p21p22.1) (patient 2); 12.08 Mb del(4)(q22.1q24) (patient 3); and 1.19 Mb del(1)(q21.1) (patient 4). One patient (3.7%) displayed a variant of uncertain significance. Four patients (14.8%) displayed discordance between G-banded karyotyping and array CGH results. Among patients with normal array CGH results, 4 (16%) revealed brain anomalies such as schizencephaly and hydranencephaly. One patient was diagnosed with Rett syndrome and one with Möbius syndrome. Conclusion As chromosomal microarray can elucidate the cause of previously unexplained developmental delay, it should be considered as a first-tier cytogenetic diagnostic test for children with unexplained developmental delay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Yeon Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Eunsim Shin
- Korea Clinical Laboratory, Molecular Diagnostics Team, Seoul, Korea
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Pezzolo A, Sementa AR, Lerone M, Morini M, Ognibene M, Defferrari R, Mazzocco K, Conte M, Gigliotti AR, Garaventa A, Pistoia V, Varesio L. Constitutional 3p26.3 terminal microdeletion in an adolescent with neuroblastoma. Cancer Biol Ther 2017; 18:285-289. [PMID: 28402723 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2017.1312231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroblastoma (NB) is a common and often lethal cancer of early childhood that accounts for 10% of pediatric cancer mortality. Incidence peaks in infancy and then rapidly declines, with less than 5% of cases diagnosed in children and adolescents ≥ 10 y. There is increasing evidence that NB has unique biology and an chronic disease course in older children and adolescents, but ultimately dismal survival. METHODS We describe a rare constitutional 3p26.3 terminal microdeletion which occurred in an adolescent with NB, with apparently normal phenotype without neurocognitive defects. We evaluated the association of expression of genes involved in the microdeletion with NB patient outcomes using R2 platform. We screened NB patient's tumor cells for CHL1 protein expression using immunofluorescence. RESULTS Constitutional and tumor DNA were tested by array-comparative genomic hybridization and single nucleotide-polymorphism-array analyses. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from the patient showed a 2.54 Mb sub-microscopic constitutional terminal 3p deletion that extended to band p26.3. The microdeletion 3p disrupted the CNTN4 gene and the neighboring CNTN6 and CHL1 genes were hemizygously deleted, each of these genes encode neuronal cell adhesion molecules. Low expression of CNTN6 and CNTN4 genes did not stratify NB patients, whereas low CHL1 expression characterized 417 NB patients having worse overall survival. CHL1 protein expression on tumor cells from the patient was weaker than positive control. CONCLUSION This is the first report of a constitutional 3p26.3 deletion in a NB patient. Since larger deletions of 3p, indicative of the presence of one or more tumor suppressor genes in this region, occur frequently in neuroblastoma, our results pave the way to the identification of one putative NB suppressor genes mapping in 3p26.3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Pezzolo
- a Laboratorio di Oncologia , Istituto Giannina Gaslini , Genova , Italy
| | - Angela Rita Sementa
- b Laboratorio di Anatomia Patologica , Istituto Giannina Gaslini , Genova , Italy
| | - Margherita Lerone
- c Laboratorio di Genetica Molecolare , Istituto Giannina Gaslini , Genova , Italy
| | - Martina Morini
- d Laboratorio di Biologia Molecolare , Istituto Giannina Gaslini , Genova , Italy
| | - Marzia Ognibene
- a Laboratorio di Oncologia , Istituto Giannina Gaslini , Genova , Italy
| | - Raffaella Defferrari
- b Laboratorio di Anatomia Patologica , Istituto Giannina Gaslini , Genova , Italy
| | - Katia Mazzocco
- b Laboratorio di Anatomia Patologica , Istituto Giannina Gaslini , Genova , Italy
| | - Massimo Conte
- e Dipartimento di Emato-Oncologia , Istituto Giannina Gaslini , Genova , Italy
| | - Anna Rita Gigliotti
- e Dipartimento di Emato-Oncologia , Istituto Giannina Gaslini , Genova , Italy
| | - Alberto Garaventa
- e Dipartimento di Emato-Oncologia , Istituto Giannina Gaslini , Genova , Italy
| | - Vito Pistoia
- f Area Immunologica Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù , Roma
| | - Luigi Varesio
- d Laboratorio di Biologia Molecolare , Istituto Giannina Gaslini , Genova , Italy
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Feng W, Chakraborty A. Fragility Extraordinaire: Unsolved Mysteries of Chromosome Fragile Sites. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1042:489-526. [PMID: 29357071 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-6955-0_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chromosome fragile sites are a fascinating cytogenetic phenomenon now widely implicated in a slew of human diseases ranging from neurological disorders to cancer. Yet, the paths leading to these revelations were far from direct, and the number of fragile sites that have been molecularly cloned with known disease-associated genes remains modest. Moreover, as more fragile sites were being discovered, research interests in some of the earliest discovered fragile sites ebbed away, leaving a number of unsolved mysteries in chromosome biology. In this review we attempt to recount some of the early discoveries of fragile sites and highlight those phenomena that have eluded intense scrutiny but remain extremely relevant in our understanding of the mechanisms of chromosome fragility. We then survey the literature for disease association for a comprehensive list of fragile sites. We also review recent studies addressing the underlying cause of chromosome fragility while highlighting some ongoing debates. We report an observed enrichment for R-loop forming sequences in fragile site-associated genes than genomic average. Finally, we will leave the reader with some lingering questions to provoke discussion and inspire further scientific inquiries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyi Feng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
| | - Arijita Chakraborty
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
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van Heesch S, Simonis M, van Roosmalen MJ, Pillalamarri V, Brand H, Kuijk EW, de Luca KL, Lansu N, Braat AK, Menelaou A, Hao W, Korving J, Snijder S, van der Veken LT, Hochstenbach R, Knegt AC, Duran K, Renkens I, Alekozai N, Jager M, Vergult S, Menten B, de Bruijn E, Boymans S, Ippel E, van Binsbergen E, Talkowski ME, Lichtenbelt K, Cuppen E, Kloosterman WP. Genomic and functional overlap between somatic and germline chromosomal rearrangements. Cell Rep 2014; 9:2001-10. [PMID: 25497101 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic rearrangements are a common cause of human congenital abnormalities. However, their origin and consequences are poorly understood. We performed molecular analysis of two patients with congenital disease who carried de novo genomic rearrangements. We found that the rearrangements in both patients hit genes that are recurrently rearranged in cancer (ETV1, FOXP1, and microRNA cluster C19MC) and drive formation of fusion genes similar to those described in cancer. Subsequent analysis of a large set of 552 de novo germline genomic rearrangements underlying congenital disorders revealed enrichment for genes rearranged in cancer and overlap with somatic cancer breakpoints. Breakpoints of common (inherited) germline structural variations also overlap with cancer breakpoints but are depleted for cancer genes. We propose that the same genomic positions are prone to genomic rearrangements in germline and soma but that timing and context of breakage determines whether developmental defects or cancer are promoted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiaan van Heesch
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marieke Simonis
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Markus J van Roosmalen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Vamsee Pillalamarri
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Harrison Brand
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ewart W Kuijk
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Kim L de Luca
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Nico Lansu
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - A Koen Braat
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Androniki Menelaou
- Department of Medical Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Wensi Hao
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Korving
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Simone Snijder
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lars T van der Veken
- Department of Medical Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ron Hochstenbach
- Department of Medical Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Alida C Knegt
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Karen Duran
- Department of Medical Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ivo Renkens
- Department of Medical Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Najla Alekozai
- Department of Medical Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Myrthe Jager
- Department of Medical Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sarah Vergult
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Björn Menten
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ewart de Bruijn
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sander Boymans
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Elly Ippel
- Department of Medical Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ellen van Binsbergen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Michael E Talkowski
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Klaske Lichtenbelt
- Department of Medical Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Edwin Cuppen
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Medical Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Wigard P Kloosterman
- Department of Medical Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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