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Silva de Araujo BE, Velleuer E, Dietrich R, Pomjanski N, de Santana Almeida Araujo IK, Schlensog M, Wells SI, Dorsman JC, Schramm M. Detection of cytogenetic changes and chromosomal aneuploidy with fluorescent in situ hybridization in cytological specimens of oral cancers in Fanconi anemia-Proof of concept. Clin Exp Dent Res 2021; 8:108-116. [PMID: 34854575 PMCID: PMC8874072 DOI: 10.1002/cre2.519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare inherited DNA instability disorder with a remarkably elevated risk of neoplasia compared with the general population, mainly leukemia and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Two thirds of the SCCs arise in the oral cavity and are typically preceded by visible lesions. These lesions can be classified with brush biopsy-based cytological methods regarding their risk of a malignant transformation. As a proof of concept, this study aims to investigate genetic changes and chromosomal aneuploidy using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) on oral squamous cells derived from FA affected individuals. MATERIAL AND METHODS Five FA oral SCC (OSCC) tumor cell lines, one FA OSCC cervical lymph node metastasis as well as tumor-negative and atypical smears from oral brush biopsies were analyzed with FISH probes covering 5p15.2, MYC, EGFR, TERC, 9q34.1, CCND1, 9p21 and centromeres of chromosomes 3, 6, 7, 9, 11, and 17. RESULTS OSCC specimens showed gains of all analyzed chromosomal regions. Chromosomal aneuploidy was observed in five of the six OSCC specimens in two multicolor FISH assays with panels of four probes each. Five out of six OSCC specimens displayed a relative deletion of 9p21. Applied on atypical brush biopsy-based smears, chromosomal aneuploidy was detected in malignant lesions but not in the smear derived from a severe parodontitis. CONCLUSIONS As proof of concept, FISH was able to detect genetic changes and chromosomal aneuploidy discriminating oral cancer from noncancerous lesions in individuals with FA. This supports its application on oral brush biopsy-based cytology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eunike Velleuer
- Department of Cytopathology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Centre for Child and Adolescent Health, HELIOS Klinikum, Krefeld, Germany
| | - Ralf Dietrich
- German Fanconi Anemia Support Group, Eschau, Germany
| | - Natalia Pomjanski
- Department of Cytopathology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Martin Schlensog
- Institute of Pathology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Susanne Irmtraud Wells
- Division of Oncology, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Josephine Christine Dorsman
- Department of Clinical Genetics and Human Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Schramm
- Department of Cytopathology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Ghazaghi F, Saffar H, Yazdani F, Etebarian A. Clinical Significance and Prognostic Value of SOX2 Protein Expression in Patients With Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2021; 29:700-705. [PMID: 33973888 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cancer stem cells are a small group of highly tumorigenic cells with the trend of self-renewal, tumor progression, metastasis, recurrence, and therapeutic resistance. SOX2 is an important cancer stem cell marker that is involved in tumorigenesis and correlated with aggressive features in various types of malignancies. The present study was aimed to investigate the expression of this biomarker in neoplastic tissues of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) to determine whether it has the potential to predict the outcomes and survival of the affected patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS The medical records of 73 patients diagnosed with OSCC were retrospectively studied. Clinical and pathologic features included age, sex, tumor size, histologic grade, lymph node involvement, recurrence, metastasis, and follow up. Immunohistochemical analysis for SOX2 protein expression was performed, and its correlations with clinicopathologic features were evaluated. RESULTS SOX2 was significantly associated with tumor size, lymph node metastasis, and patients' survival. We found no apparent correlation between SOX2 and tumor recurrence, distant metastasis, or differentiation. The multivariate analysis identifies patients' age, sex, and SOX2 expression as independent prognostic factors for overall survival. CONCLUSION SOX2 may worsen the prognosis and be a progressive malignant factor, which can help clinicians investigate OSCC patients' survival and plan the appropriate treatment accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Ghazaghi
- Department of Periodontology, School of dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
| | - Hana Saffar
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Institute, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex
| | - Farzad Yazdani
- Department of Pathology, Amir Alam Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences
| | - Arghavan Etebarian
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
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Paparella ML, Ferri DM, Villegas KM, Raimondi AR. Quantitative analysis of KLF4 and SOX2 expression in oral carcinomas reveals independent association with oral tongue subsite location and histological grade. Cancer Biomark 2021; 32:37-48. [PMID: 34092609 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-203086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stemness factors associated with tumorigenesis in different types of cancers have not been specifically studied in oral tongue SCC (OTSSC). Here, we aimed to quantify expression levels and distribution of KLF4 and SOX2, two relevant stemness factors, in oral SCC including OTSCC samples from different subsites. METHODS AND RESULTS We determined KLF4 and SOX2 expression levels by immunostaining 35 biopsies of OSCC. Stained wholeslide images were digitized and subjected to automatic cell detection and unbiased quantification using Qupath software. We found statistically significant reduction in KLF4 positive cells density (p= 0.024), and fraction (p= 0.022) in OTSCC from tongue borders compared with other tongue subsites. Instead, quantitative SOX2 analysis did not show differences in expression levels between OTSCC from the borders versus OTSCC developed in others subsites. Notably SOX2 expression was revealed increased in moderately and poorly differentiated OSCC compared with well differentiated ones (positive cells density p= 0.025, fraction p= 0.006). No significant correlation between KLF4 and SOX2 expression was observed, neither in OSCC nor in OTSCC. CONCLUSIONS KLF4 and SOX2 exhibit opposite expression profiles regarding subsite localization and differentiation level in OSCC. Our study prompts future OTSCC prospective studies looking for clinical prognosis to incorporate detailed subsite information in the analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Luisa Paparella
- School of Dentistry, Oral Pathology Department, Surgical Pathology Laboratory, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Dario Martin Ferri
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE-UBACONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires y Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Krissya María Villegas
- School of Dentistry, Oral Pathology Department, Surgical Pathology Laboratory, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Rosa Raimondi
- School of Dentistry, Oral Pathology Department, Surgical Pathology Laboratory, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE-UBACONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires y Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Qiu X, Jiang S, Xiao Y, He Y, Ren T, Jiang L, Liu R, Chen Q. SOX2-dependent expression of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase regulates oral squamous cell carcinoma cell proliferation. Int J Oral Sci 2021; 13:3. [PMID: 33510132 PMCID: PMC7844284 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-020-00109-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) become a heavy burden of public health, with approximately 300 000 newly diagnosed cases and 145 000 deaths worldwide per year. Nucleotide metabolism fuel DNA replication and RNA synthesis, which is indispensable for cell proliferation. But how tumor cells orchestrate nucleotide metabolic enzymes to support their rapid growth is largely unknown. Here we show that expression of pyrimidine metabolic enzyme dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) is upregulated in OSCC tissues, compared to non-cancerous adjacent tissues. Enhanced expression of DHODH is correlated with a shortened patient survival time. Inhibition of DHODH by either shRNA or selective inhibitors impairs proliferation of OSCC cells and growth of tumor xenograft. Further, loss of functional DHODH imped de novo pyrimidine synthesis, and disrupt mitochondrial respiration probably through destabilizing the MICOS complex. Mechanistic study shows that transcriptional factor SOX2 plays an important role in the upregulation of DHODH in OSCC. Our findings add to the knowledge of how cancer cells co-opt nucleotide metabolism to support their rapid growth, and thereby highlight DHODH as a potential prognostic and therapeutic target for OSCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sheng Jiang
- Ministry of science and technology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College (China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital), Chengdu, China
| | - Yanxuan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yumin He
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Ren
- Oncology Department, Clinical Medical College and The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China.
| | - Lu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Rui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Qianming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Gala K, Khattar E. Long non-coding RNAs at work on telomeres: Functions and implications in cancer therapy. Cancer Lett 2021; 502:120-132. [PMID: 33450357 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are known to regulate various biological processes including cancer. Cancer cells possess limitless replicative potential which is attained by telomere length maintenance while normal somatic cells have a limited lifespan because their telomeres shorten with every cell division ultimately triggering replicative senescence. Two lncRNAs have been observed to play a key role in telomere length maintenance. First is the lncRNA TERC (telomerase RNA component) which functions as a template for telomeric DNA synthesis in association with telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) which serves as the catalytic component. Together they constitute the telomerase complex which functions as a reverse transcriptase to elongate telomeres. Second lncRNA that helps in regulating telomere length is the telomeric repeat-containing RNA (TERRA) which is transcribed from the subtelomeric region and extends to the telomeric region. TERC and TERRA exhibit important functions in cancer with implications in precision oncology. In this review, we discuss various aspects of these important lncRNAs in humans and their role in cancer along with recent advancements in their anticancer therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Gala
- Sunandan Divatia School of Science, SVKM's NMIMS (Deemed to be) University, Mumbai, 400056, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ekta Khattar
- Sunandan Divatia School of Science, SVKM's NMIMS (Deemed to be) University, Mumbai, 400056, Maharashtra, India.
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Prognostic Implication of SOX2 Expression Associated with p16 in Oropharyngeal Cancer: A Study of Consecutive Tissue Microarrays and TCGA. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9110387. [PMID: 33182283 PMCID: PMC7695281 DOI: 10.3390/biology9110387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The role of human papillomavirus (HPV) in oropharyngeal cancer (OPSCC) as a cause agent has been reported in much of the literature. As a surrogate marker, p16 immunohistochemical staining is used as the standard for classifying OPSCC, and the prognosis of p16+ OPSCC has been reported to be better than p16− OPSCC. However, it was necessary to study what is the next biomarker that could predict the prognosis after classification by p16. We assumed that SOX2 may be a potential biomarker. For each p16+ and p16− OPSCC, SOX2 was used to analyze whether the degree of expression level differed in survival and recurrence rates. The results showed that both immunohistochemical staining and mRNA expression level of SOX2 significantly affected the survival and recurrence rates of p16+ OPSCC patients in two different datasets which were constructed in differently ways. Our study presented the clinical applicability of SOX2 as a biomarker. Abstract For oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC), there are not enough additional robust biomarkers for subgrouping after the distinct classification using p16. As SOX2 is an emerging biomarker for cancer treatment, its clinical implication in OPSCC was evaluated using a consecutive tissue microarray (TMA) cohort consisting of 111 patients who underwent surgery as an initial treatment from May 2002 to December 2016 and 79 patients in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset. In both datasets, p16+/SOX2High (HPV+/SOX2High in TCGA) showed the best prognosis among the four groups classified by SOX2 and p16 for 5-year overall survival (OS) and recurrence (all p < 0.05), but SOX2 did not make a significant difference in the prognosis of the p16− group. In the TMA cohort, SOX2High was significantly correlated with response to radiotherapy and lower pathologic T classification in the p16+ group (p = 0.001). In TCGA, correlations between SOX2 and tumor stage classification or radiotherapy were not observed; however, HPV+/SOX2High had a significantly low tumor mutation burden among the four groups (all p < 0.05). In summary, SOX2 was proven to be a potential marker to predict overall survival and recurrence in p16+ OPSCC. However, the role of SOX2 has not yet been confirmed in p16− OPSCC patients.
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7
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Pedregal-Mallo D, Hermida-Prado F, Granda-Díaz R, Montoro-Jiménez I, Allonca E, Pozo-Agundo E, Álvarez-Fernández M, Álvarez-Marcos C, García-Pedrero JM, Rodrigo JP. Prognostic Significance of the Pluripotency Factors NANOG, SOX2, and OCT4 in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12071794. [PMID: 32635524 PMCID: PMC7408284 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) play major roles in tumor initiation, progression, and resistance to cancer therapy. Several CSC markers have been studied in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC), including the pluripotency factors NANOG, SOX2, and OCT4; however, their clinical significance is still unclear. NANOG, SOX2, and OCT4 expression was evaluated by immunochemistry in 348 surgically-treated HNSCC, and correlated with clinicopathological parameters and patient outcomes. mRNA expression was further analyzed in 530 The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) HNSCC. NANOG protein expression was detected in 250 (72%) cases, more frequently in patients with lymph node metastasis (p = 0.003), and was an independent predictor of better survival in multivariate analysis. While OCT4 expression was undetectable, SOX2 expression was observed in 105 (30%) cases, and strongly correlated with NANOG expression. Combined expression of both proteins showed the highest survival rates, and double-negative cases the worst survival. Strikingly, the impact of NANOG and SOX2 on outcome varied depending on tumor site and lymph node infiltration, specifically showing prognostic significance in pharyngeal tumors. Correlation between NANOG and SOX2 at mRNA and protein was specifically observed in node positive (N+) patients, and consistently correlated with better survival rates. According to our findings, NANOG protein expression is frequent in HNSCC, thereby emerging as an independent predictor of better prognosis in pharyngeal tumors. Moreover, this study uncovers a differential impact of NANOG and SOX2 expression on HNSCC prognosis, depending on tumor site and lymph node infiltration, which could facilitate high-risk patient stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pedregal-Mallo
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, 33011 Oviedo, Spain; (D.P.-M.); (C.Á.-M.)
- Department of Head and Neck Cancer, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain; (F.H.-P.); (R.G.-D.); (I.M.-J.); (E.A.); (E.P.-A.); (M.Á.-F.)
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Francisco Hermida-Prado
- Department of Head and Neck Cancer, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain; (F.H.-P.); (R.G.-D.); (I.M.-J.); (E.A.); (E.P.-A.); (M.Á.-F.)
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Rocío Granda-Díaz
- Department of Head and Neck Cancer, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain; (F.H.-P.); (R.G.-D.); (I.M.-J.); (E.A.); (E.P.-A.); (M.Á.-F.)
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
- Ciber de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Montoro-Jiménez
- Department of Head and Neck Cancer, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain; (F.H.-P.); (R.G.-D.); (I.M.-J.); (E.A.); (E.P.-A.); (M.Á.-F.)
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Eva Allonca
- Department of Head and Neck Cancer, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain; (F.H.-P.); (R.G.-D.); (I.M.-J.); (E.A.); (E.P.-A.); (M.Á.-F.)
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
- Ciber de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Esperanza Pozo-Agundo
- Department of Head and Neck Cancer, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain; (F.H.-P.); (R.G.-D.); (I.M.-J.); (E.A.); (E.P.-A.); (M.Á.-F.)
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Mónica Álvarez-Fernández
- Department of Head and Neck Cancer, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain; (F.H.-P.); (R.G.-D.); (I.M.-J.); (E.A.); (E.P.-A.); (M.Á.-F.)
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - César Álvarez-Marcos
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, 33011 Oviedo, Spain; (D.P.-M.); (C.Á.-M.)
- Department of Head and Neck Cancer, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain; (F.H.-P.); (R.G.-D.); (I.M.-J.); (E.A.); (E.P.-A.); (M.Á.-F.)
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Juana M. García-Pedrero
- Department of Head and Neck Cancer, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain; (F.H.-P.); (R.G.-D.); (I.M.-J.); (E.A.); (E.P.-A.); (M.Á.-F.)
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
- Ciber de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.M.G.-P.); (J.P.R.)
| | - Juan Pablo Rodrigo
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, 33011 Oviedo, Spain; (D.P.-M.); (C.Á.-M.)
- Department of Head and Neck Cancer, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain; (F.H.-P.); (R.G.-D.); (I.M.-J.); (E.A.); (E.P.-A.); (M.Á.-F.)
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
- Ciber de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.M.G.-P.); (J.P.R.)
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Dai H, Shao YW, Tong X, Wu X, Pang J, Feng A, Yang Z. YAP1 amplification as a prognostic factor of definitive chemoradiotherapy in nonsurgical esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Med 2019; 9:1628-1637. [PMID: 31851786 PMCID: PMC7050074 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Definitive chemoradiation therapy (dCRT) is the standard treatment for patients with nonsurgical esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), yet patients have demonstrated great variations in their responses to dCRT and inevitably progressed following treatment. Methods To identify prognostic biomarkers, we performed targeted next‐generation sequencing of 416 cancer‐related genes on primary tumors from 47 nonsurgical ESCC patients prior to dCRT treatment. The association between genetic alterations and patients' local recurrence‐free survival (LRFS), progression‐free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) was analyzed. Results TP53 (78% of patients), NOTCH1 (32%), ARID1A (13%), FAT1 (13%), and CDKN2A (13%) were commonly mutated in ESCC patients, while gene amplifications frequently occurred in MCL1 (36%), FGF19 (34%), MYC (32%), CCND1 (27%), ZNF217 (15%), CDKN2A (13%), and YAP1 (11%). Univariate and multivariate analyses of clinical factors and genetic alterations indicated that sex is an independent prognostic factor, with males tending to have better LRFS (hazard ratio [HR], 0.25; 95%CI, 0.08‐0.77, P = .015) and progression‐free survival (PFS) (HR, 0.35; 95%CI, 0.13‐0.93, P = .030) following dCRT. Meanwhile, YAP1 amplification (n = 7) was an adverse prognostic factor, and patients with this alteration demonstrated a tendency toward worse outcomes with shorter LRFS (HR, 4.06; 95%CI, 1.26‐13.14, P = .019) and OS (HR, 2.78; 95%CI, 0.95‐8.17, P = .062). In a subgroup analysis, while sex and M‐stage were controlled, a much stronger negative effect of YAP1 amplification vs wild‐type in LRFS was observed (log‐rank P = .0067). Conclusion The results suggested that YAP1 amplification is a potentially useful biomarker for predicting treatment outcomes and identifying patients with a high risk of relapse who should be closely monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghai Dai
- Tumor Research and Therapy Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yang W Shao
- Nanjing Geneseeq Technology Inc, Nanjing, China.,School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoling Tong
- Translational Medicine Research Institute, Geneseeq Technology Inc, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xue Wu
- Translational Medicine Research Institute, Geneseeq Technology Inc, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Alei Feng
- Tumor Research and Therapy Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhe Yang
- Tumor Research and Therapy Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
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9
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Zhou YX, Liu Q, Wang H, Ding F, Ma YQ. The expression and prognostic value of SOX2, β-catenin and survivin in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Future Oncol 2019; 15:4181-4195. [PMID: 31789057 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2018-0884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: We mainly explored the effect of SOX2, β-catenin and survivin on prognosis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Materials & methods: Immunohistochemistry was used to examine the expression of SOX2, β-catenin and survivin. χ2 test was used to analyze the relationship between proteins and clinicopathological parameters. Survival analysis was used to investigate the effect of three proteins on prognosis. Results: SOX2 was related to lymph node metastasis (p = 0.004) and vascular invasion (p = 0.041). β-catenin was associated with depth of invasion (p = 0.014), lymph node metastasis (p = 0.032) and postoperative chemoradiotherapy (p < 0.001). Survivin was related to gender (p = 0.022) and nerve invasion (p = 0.014). There was a positive correlation between SOX2 and β-catenin. Patients with SOX2 and β-catenin overexpression had poor prognosis. Survivin-positive patients who received postoperative chemoradiotherapy had a short time. Conclusion: SOX2, β-catenin and survivin can be used as prognostic markers of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Xing Zhou
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, PR China, 830054
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Pathology, Basic Medicine College, Medical University of Xinjiang, Urumqi, PR China, 830054
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, PR China, 830054
| | - Fend Ding
- Department of Pathology, The First People's Hospital of Pingyuan County, Dezhou, Shandong, PR China, 253100
| | - Yu-Qing Ma
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, PR China, 830054
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Wang H, Zhou Y, Liu Q, Xu J, Ma Y. Prognostic value of SOX2, Cyclin D1, P53, and ki-67 in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:5171-5181. [PMID: 30210237 PMCID: PMC6114475 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s160066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated SOX2, Cyclin D1, p53, and ki-67 expression immunohistochemically in 117 samples of surgically resected esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and matched normal tumor adjacent tissues and correlated the expression with clinicopathological finding and patient survival. Lymph node metastasis was observed in 36.8% of patients, and organ metastasis was observed in 17.9%. We detected high expression of SOX2, Cyclin D1, p53, and ki-67 in 46.1%, 70.1%, 54.7%, and 32.5% of ESCC tissues, respectively. SOX2 is localized in the tumor cell nuclei, and its expression was significantly associated with N stage (p=0.034) and differentiation (p=0.003) and ki-67 expression (p=0.001), whereas increased Cyclin D1 expression was correlated with high p53 (p=0.015). With regard to survival, we found that ESCC patients with high SOX2 expression had significantly better survival time than those with low SOX2 expression (p=0.021). A multivariate Cox analysis revealed that therapy and high p53 expression and venous invasion were independent predictors of unfavorable prognosis in overall survival (p=0.039, p=0.004, and p=0.023, respectively). Furthermore, higher T stage, clinical stage (pTNM), venous invasion, and high p53 expression were independent predictors of a worse progression-free survival. Notably, co-overexpression of p53 and Cyclin D1 was significantly correlated with poor overall survival and progression-free survival (p=0.029 and p=0.0227, respectively). Therefore, SOX2 might be considered as a potential prognostic indicator and a potential target for therapeutic targets in ESCC. p53 staining and combined p53 and Cyclin D1 expression had significantly unfavorable prognostic value for patients with ESCC. These findings provide more insight into ESCC; thus, further investigations into molecular mechanisms of drug resistance are essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- The Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang, China,
| | - Yaxing Zhou
- The Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang, China,
| | - Qian Liu
- The Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang, China,
| | - Jiarong Xu
- The Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yuqing Ma
- The Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang, China,
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11
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Liu X, Qiao B, Zhao T, Hu F, Lam AKY, Tao Q. Sox2 promotes tumor aggressiveness and epithelial‑mesenchymal transition in tongue squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:1418-1426. [PMID: 29956740 PMCID: PMC6089783 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) is highly malignant and poorly differentiated, resulting in a high frequency of local recurrence and distant metastases. Sox2 (Sry-box2), an important factor in embryonic development and cell differentiation, has been shown to associate with malignant phenotypes and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) progression in numerous types of human tumors. However, the clinical relevance and molecular mechanisms of Sox2 in TSCC remain unclear. In the present study, the expression levels of Sox2 were assessed in 61 pairs of TSCC samples and corresponding adjacent non-cancerous tissues using immunohistochemical methods. Associations between Sox2 expression and clinicopathological features were evaluated. Furthermore, Sox2 was overexpressed and inhibited using full-length Sox2 cDNA and short hairpin RNA (shRNA) transfection in UM2 and Cal27 cell lines, respectively. The malignant phenotypes were assessed by plate clone formation assays, wound-healing assays and Transwell assays. EMT markers (E-cadherin, vimentin, Twist, Slug and Snail) and β-catenin were detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis following the alterations of Sox2 expression. The results indicated that Sox2 expression was markedly upregulated in TSCC samples and was significantly associated with tumor growth (pT stage), cell differentiation, lymphatic metastasis (pN stage) and clinical stage (pTNM stage). Cal27-shRNA-Sox2 cells not only exhibited a decreased capacity for cell proliferation, but also suppressed cell migration and invasion, and an attenuated colony formation capacity. By contrast, UM2-Sox2 cells exhibited accelerated cell malignant phenotypes and EMT progression. Moreover, when the expression of Sox2 was decreased by shRNA transduction, β-catenin expression was attenuated. An opposing phenomenon was observed in UM2-Sox2 cells. In conclusion, this study suggests that Sox2 expression serves a role in TSCC malignant phenotypes and EMT progression, and that β-catenin may act as a modulated factor in this progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingguang Liu
- School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Bin Qiao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Tengda Zhao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Fengchun Hu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055
| | - Alfred King-Yin Lam
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Qian Tao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055
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12
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Feng X, Lu M. Expression of sex-determining region Y-box protein 2 in breast cancer and its clinical significance. Saudi Med J 2018; 38:685-690. [PMID: 28674712 PMCID: PMC5556274 DOI: 10.15537/smj.2017.7.19372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex-determining region Y-box protein 2 (SOX2) is an embryo transcription factor located on chromosome 3q26.3-q27. It plays an important role in the maintenance of differentiation and self-renewal of pluripotent stem cells. Studies have shown that SOX2 is associated with multiple cancers and is overexpressed in many different phenotypes of breast cancer. To study the relationship between SOX2 and clinicopathological parameters of breast cancer patients, we found that the expression of SOX2 was closely related to the increase in tumor size, histological grade, lymph node metastasis, and high invasiveness. Therefore, studies on the role of SOX2 in breast cancer may provide effective biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets for the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer. This article will discuss the role of SOX2 in breast cancer, including its occurrence, invasion and metastasis, diagnosis and treatment, relapse, resistance, and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuesong Feng
- The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University Cancer Center & Yichang Central People's Hospital, Yichang, China. E-mail.
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13
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Bochen F, Adisurya H, Wemmert S, Lerner C, Greiner M, Zimmermann R, Hasenfus A, Wagner M, Smola S, Pfuhl T, Bozzato A, Al Kadah B, Schick B, Linxweiler M. Effect of 3q oncogenes SEC62 and SOX2 on lymphatic metastasis and clinical outcome of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Oncotarget 2018; 8:4922-4934. [PMID: 28002801 PMCID: PMC5354881 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome 3q26 amplification represents a frequent alteration in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs). Overexpression of 3q26 encoded genes SEC62 and SOX2 was detected in various cancers, including HNSCCs, indicating their potential function as oncogenes. In our study, we elucidated the function of SEC62 and SOX2 in HNSCC patients, with a main focus on their effect on lymphatic metastasis and patient survival. We analyzed SEC62 and SOX2 expression in tissue specimens from 65 HNSCC patients and 29 patients with cervical cancer of unknown primary (CUP); a higher SEC62 and lower SOX2 expression was observed in the lymph node metastases from HNSCC patients compared with the respective primary tumor. Lymph node metastases from CUP patients showed higher SEC62 and lower SOX2 expression compared with lymph node metastases from HNSCC patients. When proceeding from the N1 to the N3 stage, SEC62 expression in the lymph node metastases showed an increase and SOX2 expression showed a decrease. Moreover, both genes showed a highly significant relevance as prognostic biomarkers, with the worst prognosis for patients with high SEC62 and low SOX2 expression levels. In functional analyses, knockdown of SEC62 resulted in an inhibition of HNSCC cell migration while, conversely, SEC62 and SOX2 overexpression stimulated cell migration. Taken together, our study showed that the expression of the 3q oncogenes SEC62 and SOX2 affects lymphatic metastasis and cell migration in HNSCC and CUP patients and has a high prognostic relevance in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Bochen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg (Saar), Germany.,Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg (Saar), Germany
| | - Hana Adisurya
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg (Saar), Germany
| | - Silke Wemmert
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg (Saar), Germany
| | - Cornelia Lerner
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg (Saar), Germany
| | - Markus Greiner
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg (Saar), Germany
| | - Richard Zimmermann
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg (Saar), Germany
| | - Andrea Hasenfus
- Department of General and Surgical Pathology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg (Saar), Germany
| | - Mathias Wagner
- Department of General and Surgical Pathology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg (Saar), Germany
| | - Sigrun Smola
- Institute of Virology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg (Saar), Germany
| | - Thorsten Pfuhl
- Institute of Virology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg (Saar), Germany
| | - Alessandro Bozzato
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg (Saar), Germany
| | - Basel Al Kadah
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg (Saar), Germany
| | - Bernhard Schick
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg (Saar), Germany
| | - Maximilian Linxweiler
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg (Saar), Germany
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14
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Chung JH, Jung HR, Jung AR, Lee YC, Kong M, Lee JS, Eun YG. SOX2 activation predicts prognosis in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1677. [PMID: 29374236 PMCID: PMC5785960 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20086-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
SOX2 copy number and mRNA expression were analysed to examine the clinical significance of SOX2 activation in HNSCC. Gene expression signatures reflecting SOX2 activation were identified in an HNSCC cohort. Patients with HNSCC were classified into two subgroups according to the gene expression signature: SOX2-high and SOX2-low. The clinical significance of SOX2 activation was further validated in two independent cohorts. Moreover, clinical significance of SOX2 activation in response to radiotherapy was assessed in patients with HNSCC. The relationship between SOX2 activation and radiotherapy was validated in an in vitro experiment. Patients in the SOX2-high subgroup had a better prognosis than patients in the SOX2-low subgroup in all three patient cohorts. Results of multivariate regression analysis showed that SOX2 signature was an independent predictor of the overall survival of patients with HNSCC (hazard ratio, 1.45; 95% confidence interval, 1.09-1.92; P = 0.01). Interestingly, SOX2 activation was a predictor of therapy outcomes in patients receiving radiotherapy. Moreover, SOX2 overexpression enhanced the effect of radiotherapy in HNSCC cell lines. SOX2 activation is associated with improved prognosis of patients with HNSCC and might be used to predict which patients might benefit from radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hyun Chung
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hae Rim Jung
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ah Ra Jung
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young Chan Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Moonkyoo Kong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ju-Seog Lee
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Young-Gyu Eun
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.
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15
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Xu W, Wang Y, Qi X, Xie J, Wei Z, Yin X, Wang Z, Meng J, Han W. Prognostic factors of palatal mucoepidermoid carcinoma: a retrospective analysis based on a double-center study. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43907. [PMID: 28262804 PMCID: PMC5338264 DOI: 10.1038/srep43907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) of the palate is a common malignancy of minor salivary glands. This study was designed to identify the prognostic factors for MEC of the palate. The medical records of patients diagnosed with MEC of the palate who visited the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery at Nanjing Stomatological Hospital and the Department of Stomatology at Central Hospital of Xuzhou were retrospectively studied. The prognostic factors were determined using a Cox proportional hazards model. Furthermore, the expression of cancer stem cell (CSC) markers CD44, CD133, Nanog and Sox2 were detected in neoplastic samples of these patients by immunohistochemistry. As a result, both univariate analysis and multivariate analysis proved a high histological grade and an advanced tumor stage as negative prognostic factors for overall survival. By immunohistochemistry staining and survival analysis, a combination of CD44/CD133/SOX2 was found to have the strongest prognostic value for palatal MEC patients. In conclusion, the proposed nomogram which include histological grade and tumor stage along with cancer stem cell markers provides a more accurate long-term prediction for palatal MEC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenguang Xu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, No 30 Zhongyang Road, Nanjing, P.R. China
- Central Laboratory of Stomatology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, No 30 Zhongyang Road, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, No 30 Zhongyang Road, Nanjing, P.R. China
- Central Laboratory of Stomatology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, No 30 Zhongyang Road, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Qi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, No 30 Zhongyang Road, Nanjing, P.R. China
- Central Laboratory of Stomatology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, No 30 Zhongyang Road, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Junqi Xie
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, No 30 Zhongyang Road, Nanjing, P.R. China
- Central Laboratory of Stomatology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, No 30 Zhongyang Road, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Wei
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, No 30 Zhongyang Road, Nanjing, P.R. China
- Central Laboratory of Stomatology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, No 30 Zhongyang Road, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Xiteng Yin
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, No 30 Zhongyang Road, Nanjing, P.R. China
- Central Laboratory of Stomatology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, No 30 Zhongyang Road, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, No 30 Zhongyang Road, Nanjing, P.R. China
- Central Laboratory of Stomatology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, No 30 Zhongyang Road, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Jian Meng
- Department of Stomatology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Southeast University, Xuzhou 221009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Han
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, No 30 Zhongyang Road, Nanjing, P.R. China
- Central Laboratory of Stomatology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, No 30 Zhongyang Road, Nanjing, P.R. China
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16
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Ribeiro IP, Barroso L, Marques F, Melo JB, Carreira IM. Early detection and personalized treatment in oral cancer: the impact of omics approaches. Mol Cytogenet 2016; 9:85. [PMID: 27895714 PMCID: PMC5120562 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-016-0293-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral cancer is one of the most common malignant lesions of the head and neck. This cancer is an aggressive and lethal disease with no significant improvements in the overall survival in the last decades. Moreover, the incidence of oral HPV-positive tumors is rising, especially in young people. This oral neoplasm develops through numerous molecular imbalances that affect key genes and signaling pathways; however, the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis and progression of oral tumors are still to be fully determined. In order to improve the quality of life and long-term survival rate of these patients, it is vital to establish accurate biomarkers that help in the early diagnosis, prognosis and development of target treatments. Such biomarkers may possibly allow for selection of patients that will benefit from each therapy modality, helping in the optimization of intensity and sequence of the treatments in order to decrease side effects and improve survival. CONCLUSION In this review we discuss the current knowledge of oral cancer and the potential role of omics approaches to identify molecular biomarkers in the improvement of early diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. The pursuit to improve the quality of life and decrease mortality rates of the oral patients needs to be centralized on the identification of critical genes in oral carcinogenesis. Understanding the molecular biology of oral cancer is vital for search new therapies, being the molecular-targeted therapies the most promising treatment for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilda Patrícia Ribeiro
- Cytogenetics and Genomics Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Polo Ciências da Saúde, Coimbra, 3000-354 Portugal
- CIMAGO - Center of Investigation on Environment Genetics and Oncobiology - Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3000-354 Portugal
| | - Leonor Barroso
- Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, Coimbra Hospital and University Centre, CHUC, EPE, Coimbra, 3000-075 Portugal
| | - Francisco Marques
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3000-075 Portugal
- Stomatology Unit, Coimbra Hospital and University Centre, CHUC, EPE, Coimbra, 3000-075 Portugal
| | - Joana Barbosa Melo
- Cytogenetics and Genomics Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Polo Ciências da Saúde, Coimbra, 3000-354 Portugal
- CIMAGO - Center of Investigation on Environment Genetics and Oncobiology - Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3000-354 Portugal
| | - Isabel Marques Carreira
- Cytogenetics and Genomics Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Polo Ciências da Saúde, Coimbra, 3000-354 Portugal
- CIMAGO - Center of Investigation on Environment Genetics and Oncobiology - Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3000-354 Portugal
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17
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Ren ZH, Zhang CP, Ji T. Expression of SOX2 in oral squamous cell carcinoma and the association with lymph node metastasis. Oncol Lett 2016; 11:1973-1979. [PMID: 26998109 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs) are a growing problem in the world. The various existing treatments have not markedly improved the survival rate of patients with OSCC during the past three decades. Novel treatment strategies are required. Sex determining region Y-box 2 (SOX2) is a transcription factor that is involved in the maintenance of embryonic stem cell pluripotency and in multiple developmental processes. SOX2 expression was indicated to act as a prognostic factor in various types of tumors, including breast, colorectal, gastric and lung cancer and glioblastoma, and as a link between malignancy and stemness. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) may be responsible for the genesis, growth and metastatic spread of tumors. The poor survival outcomes for OSCC patients may be attributable to a poor selection of target cells for treatment, as current oral cancer therapies are generally aimed at the global mass of tumor. Therefore, the consideration that novel approaches to oral cancer may be targeted using SOX2 and CSCs appears reasonable. In order to better understand the oncogenic roles and the corresponding signal transduction pathways of the SOX2 protein, the present study emphasizes the role of SOX2 in OSCC, including the proteins associated with OSCC, and reviews the literature regarding the role of SOX2 in lymph node metastasis. The aim of the present study is to provide a reference for future studies that engage in research on the aforementioned subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Hu Ren
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Chen-Ping Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Tong Ji
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
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18
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Dorji T, Monti V, Fellegara G, Gabba S, Grazioli V, Repetti E, Marcialis C, Peluso S, Di Ruzza D, Neri F, Foschini MP. Gain of hTERC: a genetic marker of malignancy in oral potentially malignant lesions. Hum Pathol 2015; 46:1275-81. [PMID: 26170010 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2015.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common oral cancer, and major efforts is being made to identify molecular markers capable to differentiate oral potentially malignant lesions (OPMLs) with indolent course from lesions with aggressive behavior. We undertook a study to evaluate if gain of the human telomerase RNA component (hTERC) gene in OPMLs could indicate lesions at high risk of developing OSCC. The study was performed on 30 OPMLs with long-term follow-up using a dual-color interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for hTERC status. Progression to malignancy was observed in 9 of 10 cases harboring hTERC gain and in 1 of 20 cases retaining a normal copy number of hTERC (P < .0001). Combining morphological grading and FISH analysis, all the cases with high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion or carcinoma in situ harboring hTERC amplification progressed to OSCC, whereas none of the low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions without hTERC gain progressed. Intermediate situations occurred. The data suggest that precise morphological evaluation together with FISH assessment for hTERC gain might pave the way to stratify OPMLs into high-risk and low-risk categories and could be helpful in selecting the most appropriate treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tshering Dorji
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan Italy 20147
| | - Valentina Monti
- Section of Anatomic Pathology of the Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, of the University of Bologna, Bologna Italy
| | - Giovanni Fellegara
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan Italy 20147
| | - Silvia Gabba
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan Italy 20147
| | - Vittorio Grazioli
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan Italy 20147
| | - Elena Repetti
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan Italy 20147
| | - Chiara Marcialis
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan Italy 20147
| | - Sergio Peluso
- Section of Anatomic Pathology of the Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, of the University of Bologna, Bologna Italy
| | - Davide Di Ruzza
- Section of Anatomic Pathology of the Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, of the University of Bologna, Bologna Italy
| | - Fabrizio Neri
- Opertative Unit of Maxillo-facial Surgery, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria P Foschini
- Section of Anatomic Pathology of the Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, of the University of Bologna, Bologna Italy.
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