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Xiang Y, Yang Y, Liu J, Yang X. Functional role of MicroRNA/PI3K/AKT axis in osteosarcoma. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1219211. [PMID: 37404761 PMCID: PMC10315918 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1219211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a primary malignant bone tumor that occurs in children and adolescents, and the PI3K/AKT pathway is overactivated in most OS patients. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are highly conserved endogenous non-protein-coding RNAs that can regulate gene expression by repressing mRNA translation or degrading mRNA. MiRNAs are enriched in the PI3K/AKT pathway, and aberrant PI3K/AKT pathway activation is involved in the development of osteosarcoma. There is increasing evidence that miRNAs can regulate the biological functions of cells by regulating the PI3K/AKT pathway. MiRNA/PI3K/AKT axis can regulate the expression of osteosarcoma-related genes and then regulate cancer progression. MiRNA expression associated with PI3K/AKT pathway is also clearly associated with many clinical features. In addition, PI3K/AKT pathway-associated miRNAs are potential biomarkers for osteosarcoma diagnosis, treatment and prognostic assessment. This article reviews recent research advances on the role and clinical application of PI3K/AKT pathway and miRNA/PI3K/AKT axis in the development of osteosarcoma.
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Wu C, Gong S, Duan Y, Deng C, Kallendrusch S, Berninghausen L, Osterhoff G, Schopow N. A tumor microenvironment-based prognostic index for osteosarcoma. J Biomed Sci 2023; 30:23. [PMID: 37055822 PMCID: PMC10099847 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-023-00917-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tumor microenvironment (TME) has a central role in the oncogenesis of osteosarcomas. The composition of the TME is essential for the interaction between tumor and immune cells. The aim of this study was to establish a prognostic index (TMEindex) for osteosarcoma based on the TME, from which estimates about patient survival and individual response to immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy can be deduced. METHODS Based on osteosarcoma samples from the Therapeutically Applicable Research to Generate Effective Treatments (TARGET) database, the ESTIMATE algorithm was used to estimate ImmuneScore and StromalScore. Combined differentially expressed gene analysis, weighted gene co-expression network analyses, the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator regression and stepwise regression to construct the TMEindex. The prognostic role of TMEindex was validated in three independent datasets. The molecular and immune characteristics of TMEindex and the impact on immunotherapy were then comprehensively investigated. The expression of TMEindex genes in different cell types and its effects on osteosarcoma cells were explored by scRNA-Seq analysis and molecular biology experiments. RESULTS Fundamental is the expression of MYC, P4HA1, RAMP1 and TAC4. Patients with high TMEindex had worse overall survival, recurrence-free survival, and metastasis-free survival. TMEindex is an independent prognostic factor in osteosarcoma. TMEindex genes were mainly expressed in malignant cells. The knockdown of MYC and P4HA1 significantly inhibited the proliferation, invasion and migration of osteosarcoma cells. A high TME index is related to the MYC, mTOR, and DNA replication-related pathways. In contrast, a low TME index is related to immune-related signaling pathways such as the inflammatory response. The TMEindex was negatively correlated with ImmuneScore, StromalScore, immune cell infiltration, and various immune-related signature scores. Patients with a higher TMEindex had an immune-cold TME and higher invasiveness. Patients with a low TME index were more likely to respond to ICI therapy and achieve clinical benefit. In addition, the TME index correlated with response to 29 oncologic drugs. CONCLUSIONS The TMEindex is a promising biomarker to predict the prognosis of patients with osteosarcoma and their response to ICI therapy, and to distinguish the molecular and immune characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changwu Wu
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 13, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Siming Gong
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 13, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Yingjuan Duan
- Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, University of Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Chao Deng
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Sonja Kallendrusch
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 13, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Medical University Potsdam, 14471, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Laura Berninghausen
- Department of Orthopedics, Trauma and Plastic Surgery, Sarcoma Center, University Hospital Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Georg Osterhoff
- Department of Orthopedics, Trauma and Plastic Surgery, Sarcoma Center, University Hospital Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nikolas Schopow
- Department of Orthopedics, Trauma and Plastic Surgery, Sarcoma Center, University Hospital Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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Jiang J, Zhan X, Wei J, Fan Q, Li H, Li H, Li S, Zhao Y, Yin G, Tang L, Wu Y, Lan M, Qin Y, Guo Q, Xu W, Lu L, Yang Y, Zhang Y, Qu H. Artificial intelligence reveals dysregulation of osteosarcoma and cuproptosis-related biomarkers, PDHA1, CDKN2A and neutrophils. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4927. [PMID: 36967449 PMCID: PMC10040405 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32195-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
At present, the impact of cuproptosis-related genes in the study of osteosarcoma is largely unknown. Genome-wide data of osteosarcoma and controls were downloaded from 3 different databases, and specific diagnostic models associated with cuproptosis in osteosarcoma were constructed by support vector machines with artificial intelligence, random forest trees and LASSO regression. Differential analysis of immune cell infiltration was examined using routine blood data from 25,665 cases. Differential expression was examined using immunohistochemistry and PCR. PDHA1 and CDKN2A were obtained as specific cuproptosis-related biomarkers for osteosarcoma after artificial intelligence analysis. PDHA1, CDKN2A and neutrophils were differentially expressed in OS and control groups. PDHA1 and CDKN2A are significantly dysregulated in OS and are able to serve as biomarkers of OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Jiang
- Orthopedics, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Nanning, 530016, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinli Zhan
- Spinal Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxun Wei
- Orthopedics, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Nanning, 530016, People's Republic of China
| | - Qie Fan
- Orthopedics, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Nanning, 530016, People's Republic of China
| | - Haowen Li
- Orthopedics, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Nanning, 530016, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Li
- Orthopedics, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Nanning, 530016, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuzhen Li
- Orthopedics, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Nanning, 530016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Zhao
- Orthopedics, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Nanning, 530016, People's Republic of China
| | - Guodong Yin
- Orthopedics, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Nanning, 530016, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Tang
- Orthopedics, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Nanning, 530016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongxiang Wu
- Orthopedics, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Nanning, 530016, People's Republic of China
| | - Mindong Lan
- Orthopedics, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Nanning, 530016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yijue Qin
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Nanning, 530016, People's Republic of China
| | - Quan Guo
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Nanning, 530016, People's Republic of China
| | - Weicheng Xu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Nanning, 530016, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Lu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Nanning, 530016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanwei Yang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Nanning, 530016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yitian Zhang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Nanning, 530016, People's Republic of China
| | - Haishun Qu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Nanning, 530016, People's Republic of China.
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Candido MF, Medeiros M, Veronez LC, Bastos D, Oliveira KL, Pezuk JA, Valera ET, Brassesco MS. Drugging Hijacked Kinase Pathways in Pediatric Oncology: Opportunities and Current Scenario. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020664. [PMID: 36839989 PMCID: PMC9966033 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Childhood cancer is considered rare, corresponding to ~3% of all malignant neoplasms in the human population. The World Health Organization (WHO) reports a universal occurrence of more than 15 cases per 100,000 inhabitants around the globe, and despite improvements in diagnosis, treatment and supportive care, one child dies of cancer every 3 min. Consequently, more efficient, selective and affordable therapeutics are still needed in order to improve outcomes and avoid long-term sequelae. Alterations in kinases' functionality is a trademark of cancer and the concept of exploiting them as drug targets has burgeoned in academia and in the pharmaceutical industry of the 21st century. Consequently, an increasing plethora of inhibitors has emerged. In the present study, the expression patterns of a selected group of kinases (including tyrosine receptors, members of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and MAPK pathways, coordinators of cell cycle progression, and chromosome segregation) and their correlation with clinical outcomes in pediatric solid tumors were accessed through the R2: Genomics Analysis and Visualization Platform and by a thorough search of published literature. To further illustrate the importance of kinase dysregulation in the pathophysiology of pediatric cancer, we analyzed the vulnerability of different cancer cell lines against their inhibition through the Cancer Dependency Map portal, and performed a search for kinase-targeted compounds with approval and clinical applicability through the CanSAR knowledgebase. Finally, we provide a detailed literature review of a considerable set of small molecules that mitigate kinase activity under experimental testing and clinical trials for the treatment of pediatric tumors, while discuss critical challenges that must be overcome before translation into clinical options, including the absence of compounds designed specifically for childhood tumors which often show differential mutational burdens, intrinsic and acquired resistance, lack of selectivity and adverse effects on a growing organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Ferreira Candido
- Department of Cell Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariana Medeiros
- Regional Blood Center, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciana Chain Veronez
- Department of Pediatrics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil
| | - David Bastos
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, SP, Brazil
| | - Karla Laissa Oliveira
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, SP, Brazil
| | - Julia Alejandra Pezuk
- Departament of Biotechnology and Innovation, Anhanguera University of São Paulo, UNIAN/SP, São Paulo 04119-001, SP, Brazil
| | - Elvis Terci Valera
- Department of Pediatrics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil
| | - María Sol Brassesco
- Departament of Biotechnology and Innovation, Anhanguera University of São Paulo, UNIAN/SP, São Paulo 04119-001, SP, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-16-3315-9144; Fax: +55-16-3315-4886
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Farnood PR, Pazhooh RD, Asemi Z, Yousefi B. Targeting Signaling Pathway by Curcumin in Osteosarcoma. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2023; 16:71-82. [PMID: 35400349 DOI: 10.2174/1874467215666220408104341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The most prevalent primary bone malignancy among children and adolescents is osteosarcoma. The high mortality rate of osteosarcoma is due to lung metastasis. Despite the development of multi-agent chemotherapy and surgical resection, patients with osteosarcoma have a high metastasis rate and poor prognosis. Thus, it is necessary to identify novel therapeutic agents to improve the 5-year survival rate of these patients. Curcumin, a phytochemical compound derived from Curcuma longa, has been employed in treating several types of cancers through various mechanisms. Also, in vitro studies have demonstrated that curcumin could inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptosis in osteosarcoma cells. Development in identifying signaling pathways involved in the pathogenesis of osteosarcoma has provided insight into finding new therapeutic targets for the treatment of this cancer. Targeting MAPK/ERK, PI3k/AKT, Wnt/β-catenin, Notch, and MircoRNA by curcumin has been evaluated to improve outcomes in patients with osteosarcoma. Although curcumin is a potent anti-cancer compound, it has rarely been studied in clinical settings due to its congenital properties such as hydrophobicity and poor bioavailability. In this review, we recapitulate and describe the effect of curcumin in regulating signaling pathways involved in osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zatollah Asemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, I.R. Iran
| | - Bahman Yousefi
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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He Y, Zhou H, Huang X, Qu Y, Wang Y, Pei W, Zhang R, Chen S, You H. Infiltration of LPAR5 + macrophages in osteosarcoma tumor microenvironment predicts better outcomes. Front Immunol 2022; 13:909932. [PMID: 36591220 PMCID: PMC9797602 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.909932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Tumor microenvironment (TME) has been shown to be extensively involved in tumor development. However, the dynamic change of TME components and their effects are still unclear. Here, we attempted to identify TME-related genes that could help predict survival and may be potential therapeutic targets. Methods Data was collected from UCSC Xena and GEO database. ESTIMATE and CIBERSORT algorithms were applied to estimate the components and the proportions of TIICs in TME. We analyzed the gene expression differences of immune components and stromal components, respectively, and finally got the overlapped DEGs. Through protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and univariate Cox regression analysis based on shared DEGs, we screened out and validated the TME-related genes. Focusing on this gene, we analyzed the expression and prognostic value of this gene, and investigated its relationship with immune cells by correlation analysis, single cell analysis, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence analysis. Results Through a series analysis, we found that the proportion of immune and stromal components was an important prognostic factor, and screened out a key gene, LPAR5, which was highly correlated with prognosis and metastasis. And the expression of LPAR5 was positively correlated with immune cells, especially macrophages, indicating LPAR5+ macrophages played an important role in tumor microenvironment of osteosarcoma. Meanwhile, the genes in LPAR5 high expression group were enriched in immune-related activities and pathways, and differentially expressed genes between LPAR5+ macrophages and LPAR5- macrophages were enriched in the biological processes associated with phagocytosis and antigen presentation. What' more, we found that LPAR5 was mainly expressed in TME, and high LPAR5 expression predicting a better prognosis. Conclusion We identified a TME-related gene, LPAR5, which is a promising indicator for TME remodeling in osteosarcoma. Particularly, LPAR5+ macrophages might have great potential to be a prognostic factor and therapeutic target for osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi He
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Haiting Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaojian Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yunkun Qu
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yingguang Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wenbin Pei
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Sheng Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hongbo You
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China,*Correspondence: Hongbo You,
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Lai HT, Naumova N, Marchais A, Gaspar N, Geoerger B, Brenner C. Insight into the interplay between mitochondria-regulated cell death and energetic metabolism in osteosarcoma. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:948097. [PMID: 36072341 PMCID: PMC9441498 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.948097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a pediatric malignant bone tumor that predominantly affects adolescent and young adults. It has high risk for relapse and over the last four decades no improvement of prognosis was achieved. It is therefore crucial to identify new drug candidates for OS treatment to combat drug resistance, limit relapse, and stop metastatic spread. Two acquired hallmarks of cancer cells, mitochondria-related regulated cell death (RCD) and metabolism are intimately connected. Both have been shown to be dysregulated in OS, making them attractive targets for novel treatment. Promising OS treatment strategies focus on promoting RCD by targeting key molecular actors in metabolic reprogramming. The exact interplay in OS, however, has not been systematically analyzed. We therefore review these aspects by synthesizing current knowledge in apoptosis, ferroptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, and autophagy in OS. Additionally, we outline an overview of mitochondrial function and metabolic profiles in different preclinical OS models. Finally, we discuss the mechanism of action of two novel molecule combinations currently investigated in active clinical trials: metformin and the combination of ADI-PEG20, Docetaxel and Gemcitabine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Toan Lai
- CNRS, Institut Gustave Roussy, Aspects métaboliques et systémiques de l’oncogénèse pour de nouvelles approches thérapeutiques, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Nataliia Naumova
- CNRS, Institut Gustave Roussy, Aspects métaboliques et systémiques de l’oncogénèse pour de nouvelles approches thérapeutiques, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Antonin Marchais
- INSERM U1015, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Nathalie Gaspar
- INSERM U1015, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Birgit Geoerger
- INSERM U1015, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Catherine Brenner
- CNRS, Institut Gustave Roussy, Aspects métaboliques et systémiques de l’oncogénèse pour de nouvelles approches thérapeutiques, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
- *Correspondence: Catherine Brenner,
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Toson B, Fortes IS, Roesler R, Andrade SF. Targeting Akt/PKB in pediatric tumors: A review from preclinical to clinical trials. Pharmacol Res 2022; 183:106403. [PMID: 35987481 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The serine/threonine kinase Akt is a major player in the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway, and its modulation impacts multiple cellular processes such as growth, proliferation, and survival. Several abnormalities in this pathway have been documented over the years, and these alterations were shown to have great implications in tumorigenesis and resistance to chemotherapy. Thus, multiple Akt inhibitors have been developed and tested in adult tumors, and some of them are currently undergoing phase I, II, and III clinical trials for distinct cancers that arise during adulthood. Despite that, the impact of these inhibitors is still not fully understood in pediatric tumors, and Akt-specific targeting seems to be a promising approach to treat children affected by cancers. This review summarizes recent available evidence of Akt inhibitors in pediatric cancers, from both preclinical and clinical studies. In short, we demonstrate the impact that Akt inhibition provides in tumorigenesis, and we suggest targeting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, alone or in combination with other inhibitors, is a feasible tool to achieve better outcomes in pediatric tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Toson
- Cancer and Neurobiology Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital (CPE-HCPA), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Isadora S Fortes
- Pharmaceutical Synthesis Group (PHARSG), College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Ipiranga, 2752, Porto Alegre, RS 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Rafael Roesler
- Cancer and Neurobiology Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital (CPE-HCPA), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Saulo F Andrade
- Pharmaceutical Synthesis Group (PHARSG), College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Ipiranga, 2752, Porto Alegre, RS 90610-000, Brazil.
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Feng Z, Ou Y, Hao L. The roles of glycolysis in osteosarcoma. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:950886. [PMID: 36059961 PMCID: PMC9428632 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.950886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is of great significance in the progression of various cancers and is critical for cancer progression, diagnosis, and treatment. Cellular metabolic pathways mainly include glycolysis, fat metabolism, glutamine decomposition, and oxidative phosphorylation. In cancer cells, reprogramming metabolic pathways is used to meet the massive energy requirement for tumorigenesis and development. Metabolisms are also altered in malignant osteosarcoma (OS) cells. Among reprogrammed metabolisms, alterations in aerobic glycolysis are key to the massive biosynthesis and energy demands of OS cells to sustain their growth and metastasis. Numerous studies have demonstrated that compared to normal cells, glycolysis in OS cells under aerobic conditions is substantially enhanced to promote malignant behaviors such as proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and drug resistance of OS. Glycolysis in OS is closely related to various oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, and numerous signaling pathways have been reported to be involved in the regulation of glycolysis. In recent years, a vast number of inhibitors and natural products have been discovered to inhibit OS progression by targeting glycolysis-related proteins. These potential inhibitors and natural products may be ideal candidates for the treatment of osteosarcoma following hundreds of preclinical and clinical trials. In this article, we explore key pathways, glycolysis enzymes, non-coding RNAs, inhibitors, and natural products regulating aerobic glycolysis in OS cells to gain a deeper understanding of the relationship between glycolysis and the progression of OS and discover novel therapeutic approaches targeting glycolytic metabolism in OS.
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Zeng Z, Li W, Zhang D, Zhang C, Jiang X, Guo R, Wang Z, Yang C, Yan H, Zhang Z, Wang Q, Huang R, Zhao Q, Li B, Hu X, Gao L. Development of a Chemoresistant Risk Scoring Model for Prechemotherapy Osteosarcoma Using Single-Cell Sequencing. Front Oncol 2022; 12:893282. [PMID: 35664733 PMCID: PMC9159767 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.893282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chemoresistance is one of the leading causes that severely limits the success of osteosarcoma treatment. Evaluating chemoresistance before chemotherapy poses a new challenge for researchers. We established an effective chemoresistance risk scoring model for prechemotherapy osteosarcoma using single-cell sequencing. Methods We comprehensively analyzed osteosarcoma data from the bulk mRNA sequencing dataset TARGET-OS and the single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) dataset GSE162454. Chemoresistant tumor clusters were identified using enrichment analysis and AUCell scoring. Its differentiated trajectory was achieved with inferCNV and pseudotime analysis. Ligand-receptor interactions were annotated with iTALK. Furthermore, we established a chemoresistance risk scoring model using LASSO regression based on scRNA-seq-based markers of chemoresistant tumor clusters. The TARGET-OS dataset was used as the training group, and the bulk mRNA array dataset GSE33382 was used as the validation group. Finally, the performance was verified for its discriminatory ability and calibration. Results Using bulk RNA data, we found that osteogenic expression was upregulated in chemoresistant osteosarcoma as compared to chemosensitive osteosarcoma. Then, we transferred the bulk RNA findings to scRNA-seq and noticed osteosarcoma tumor clusters C14 and C25 showing osteogenic cancer stem cell expression patterns, which fit chemoresistant characteristics. C14 and C25 possessed bridge roles in interactions with other clusters. On the one hand, they received various growth factor stimulators and could potentially transform into a proliferative state. On the other hand, they promote local tumor angiogenesis, bone remodeling and immunosuppression. Next, we identified a ten-gene signature from the C14 and C25 markers and constructed a chemoresistant risk scoring model using LASSO regression model. Finally, we found that chemoresistant osteosarcoma had higher chemoresistance risk score and that the model showed good discriminatory ability and calibration in both the training and validation groups (AUCtrain = 0.82; AUCvalid = 0.84). Compared with that of the classic bulk RNA-based model, it showed more robust performance in validation environment (AUCvalid-scRNA = 0.84; AUCvalid-bulk DEGs = 0.54). Conclusions Our work provides insights into understanding chemoresistant osteosarcoma tumor cells and using single-cell sequencing to establish a chemoresistance risk scoring model. The model showed good discriminatory ability and calibration and provided us with a feasible way to evaluate chemoresistance in prechemotherapy osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bo Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xumin Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liangbin Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Guangzhou, China
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11
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Parlayan C, Sahin Y, Altan Z, Arman K, Ikeda MA, Saadat KASM. ARID3A regulates autophagy related gene BECN1 expression and inhibits proliferation of osteosarcoma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 585:89-95. [PMID: 34801937 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary malignant bone tumor which has unclear pathobiology. Hence, enlightening the exact molecular mechanism underlying osteosarcoma progression is crucial for developing new treatment strategies. One member of the ARID family of DNA binding proteins is ARID3A that is implicated in osteosarcoma pathogenesis. ARID3A could bind E2F1 and regulate the transcription of E2F1 targets. At the same time, BECN1 is a well-characterized autophagy regulator gene that is a direct target of E2F1. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of ARID3A on the expression of BECN1 in osteosarcoma cells. First, we determined gene expression levels of ARID3A, BECN1, and E2F1 in U-2 OS by qPCR and confirmed with online datasets from GEO database. In addition, the prognostic value of these genes was also evaluated from Kaplan-Meier plotter database. Next, ARID3A was overexpressed and silenced in order to investigate the effect of ARID3A on BECN1 expression and proliferation of U-2 OS cells. Our results demonstrated that BECN1 was negatively correlated with E2F1 and positively correlated with ARID3A based on initial expression and prognostic effect in OS. Overexpression of ARID3A upregulated BECN1 while silenced ARID3A downregulated BECN1 expression in U-2 OS cells. Additionally, silencing of ARID3A promoted colony formation and proliferation, whereas overexpression of ARID3A suppressed colony formation and proliferation of U-2 OS cells. Taken together, these results indicate that ARID3A could function as tumor suppressor and affect the expression level of BECN1 in U-2 OS cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuneyd Parlayan
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, School of Medicine, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Yunus Sahin
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey.
| | - Zekiye Altan
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey.
| | - Kaifee Arman
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montreal (IRCM), Montreal, H2W1R7, QC, Canada; Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Masa-Aki Ikeda
- Department of Molecular Craniofacial Embryology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Khandakar A S M Saadat
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey.
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12
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Mo C, Xie L, Chen C, Ma J, Huang Y, Wu Y, Xu Y, Peng H, Chen Z, Mao R. The Clinical Significance and Potential Molecular Mechanism of Upregulated CDC28 Protein Kinase Regulatory Subunit 1B in Osteosarcoma. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2021; 2021:7228584. [PMID: 34925510 PMCID: PMC8683182 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7228584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CDC28 Protein Kinase Regulatory Subunit 1B (CKS1B) is a member of cyclin-dependent kinase subfamily and the relationship between CKS1B and osteosarcoma (OS) remains to be explored. METHODS 80 OS and 41 nontumor tissue samples were arranged to conduct immunohistochemistry (IHC) to evaluate CKS1B expression between OS and nontumor samples. The standard mean deviation (SMD) was calculated based on in-house IHC and tissue microarrays and exterior high-throughput datasets for further verification of CKS1B expression in OS. The effect of CKS1B expression on clinicopathological and overall survival of OS patients was measured through public high-throughput datasets, and analysis of immune infiltration and single-cell RNA-seq was applied to ascertain molecular mechanism of CKS1B in OS. RESULTS A total of 197 OS samples and 83 nontumor samples (including tissue and cell line) were obtained from in-house IHC, microarrays, and exterior high-throughput datasets. The analysis of integrated expression status demonstrated upregulation of CKS1B in OS (SMD = 1.38, 95% CI [0.52-2.25]) and the significant power of CKS1B expression in distinguishing OS samples from nontumor samples (Area under the Curve (AUC) = 0.89, 95% CI [0.86-0.91]). Clinicopathological and prognosis analysis indicated no remarkable significance but inference of immune infiltration and single-cell RNA-seq prompted that OS patients with overexpressed CKS1B were more likely to suffer OS metastasis while MYC Protooncogene may be the upstream regulon of CKS1B in proliferating osteoblastic OS cells. CONCLUSIONS In this study, sufficient evidence was provided for upregulation of CKS1B in OS. The advanced effect of CKS1B on OS progression indicates a foreground of CKS1B as a biomarker for OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaohua Mo
- Department of Pathology, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, Guangdong 528300, China
| | - Le Xie
- Department of Pathology, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, Guangdong 528300, China
| | - Chang Chen
- Department of Pathology, Wuzhou Res Cross Hospital, Wuzhou, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 543100, China
| | - Jie Ma
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yingxin Huang
- Department of Pathology, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, Guangdong 528300, China
| | - Yanxing Wu
- Department of Pathology, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, Guangdong 528300, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xu
- Department of Pathology, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, Guangdong 528300, China
| | - Huizhi Peng
- Department of Pathology, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, Guangdong 528300, China
| | - Zengwei Chen
- Department of Pathology, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, Guangdong 528300, China
| | - Rongjun Mao
- Department of Pathology, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, Guangdong 528300, China
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13
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Lee CW, Chiang YC, Yu PA, Peng KT, Chi MC, Lee MH, Fang ML, Lee KH, Hsu LF, Liu JF. A Role of CXCL1 Drives Osteosarcoma Lung Metastasis via VCAM-1 Production. Front Oncol 2021; 11:735277. [PMID: 34760697 PMCID: PMC8573405 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.735277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma, a common aggressive and malignant cancer, appears in the musculoskeletal system among young adults. The major cause of mortality in osteosarcoma was the recurrence of lung metastases. However, the molecular mechanisms of metastasis involved in osteosarcomas remain unclear. Recently, CXCL1 and CXCR2 have been crucial indicators for lung metastasis in osteosarcoma by paracrine releases, suggesting the involvement of directing neutrophils into tumor microenvironment. In this study, overexpression of CXCL1 has a positive correlation with the migratory and invasive activities in osteosarcoma cell lines. Furthermore, the signaling pathway, CXCR2/FAK/PI3K/Akt, is activated through CXCL1 by promoting vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) via upregulation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) expression and nuclear translocation. The in vivo animal model further demonstrated that CXCL1 serves as a critical promoter in osteosarcoma metastasis to the lung. The correlated expression of CXCL1 and VCAM-1 was observed in the immunohistochemistry staining from human osteosarcoma specimens. Our findings demonstrate the cascade mechanism regulating the network in lung metastasis osteosarcoma, therefore indicating that the CXCL1/CXCR2 pathway is a worthwhile candidate to further develop treatment schemas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiang-Wen Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Puzi, Taiwan.,Department of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Puzi, Taiwan.,Division of Basic Medical Sciences, and Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion Research Center, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Puzi, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Chang Chiang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Puzi, Taiwan.,Department of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Puzi, Taiwan.,Division of Basic Medical Sciences, and Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion Research Center, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Puzi, Taiwan
| | - Pei-An Yu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Puzi, Taiwan.,Sports Medicine Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Chia Yi, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Ti Peng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Puzi, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Miao-Ching Chi
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, and Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion Research Center, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Puzi, Taiwan.,Department of Respiratory Care, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Puzi, Taiwan.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsueh Lee
- Department of Respiratory Care, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Puzi, Taiwan.,Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Ling Fang
- Center for Environmental Toxin and Emerging-Contaminant Research, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Super Micro Research and Technology Center, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Han Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Lee-Fen Hsu
- Department of Respiratory Care, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Puzi, Taiwan.,Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Ju-Fang Liu
- School of Oral Hygiene, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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14
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Yuan J, Yuan Z, Ye A, Wu T, Jia J, Guo J, Zhang J, Li T, Cheng X. Low GNG12 Expression Predicts Adverse Outcomes: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Osteosarcoma. Front Immunol 2021; 12:758845. [PMID: 34691083 PMCID: PMC8527884 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.758845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background G protein subunit gamma 12 (GNG12) is observed in some types of cancer, but its role in osteosarcoma is unknown. This study hypothesized that GNG12 may be a potential biomarker and therapeutic target. We aimed to identify an association between GNG12 and osteosarcoma based on the Gene Expression Omnibus and the Therapeutically Applicable Research to Generate Effective Treatments (TARGET) databases. Methods Osteosarcoma samples in GSE42352 and TARGET database were selected as the test cohorts. As the external validation cohort, 78 osteosarcoma specimens from The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University were collected. Patients with osteosarcoma were divided into high and low GNG12 mRNA-expression groups; differentially expressed genes were identified as GNG12-related genes. The biological function of GNG12 was annotated using Gene Ontology, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, gene set enrichment analysis, and immune infiltration analysis. Gene expression correlation analysis and competing endogenous RNA regulatory network construction were used to determine potential biological regulatory relationships of GNG12. Overall survival, Kaplan–Meier analysis, and log-rank tests were calculated to determine GNG12 reliability in predicting survival prognosis. Results GNG12 expression decreased in osteosarcoma samples. GNG12 was a highly effective biomarker for osteosarcoma [area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) = 0.920], and the results of our Kaplan–Meier analysis indicated that overall survival and progression-free survival differed significantly between low and high GNG-expression group (p < 0.05). Functional analyses indicated that GNG12 may promote osteosarcoma through regulating the endoplasmic reticulum. Expression correlation analysis and competing endogenous RNA network construction showed that HOTTIP/miR-27a-3p may regulate GNG12 expression. Furthermore, the subunit suppresses adaptive immunity via inhibiting M1 and M2 macrophage infiltration. GNG12 was inhibited in metastatic osteosarcoma compared with non-metastatic osteosarcoma, and its expression predicted survival of patients (1, 3, and 5-year AUCs were 0.961, 0.826, and 0.808, respectively). Conclusion This study identified GNG12 as a potential biomarker for osteosarcoma prognosis, highlighting its potential as an immunotherapy target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghong Yuan
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhao Yuan
- Clinical Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Aifang Ye
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jiangxi Provincial Children's Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Tianlong Wu
- Institute of Orthopaedics of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
| | - Jingyu Jia
- Institute of Minimally Invasive Orthopaedics of Nanchang University, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jia Guo
- Department of Orthopaedics, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xigao Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Institute of Orthopaedics of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China.,Institute of Minimally Invasive Orthopaedics of Nanchang University, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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15
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Zheng S, Liu Y, Sun H, Jia J, Wu T, Ding R, Cheng X. Identification of abnormally high expression of POGZ as a new biomarker associated with a poor prognosis in osteosarcoma. Eur J Histochem 2021; 65. [PMID: 34474553 PMCID: PMC8431870 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2021.3264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most prevalent malignant bone tumor in children and young adults. There is an urgent need for a novel biomarker related to the prognosis of OS. We performed a meta-analysis incorporating six independent datasets and performed a survival analysis with one independent dataset GSE21257 in the GEO database for gene screening. The results revealed that one potential biomarker related to OS survival, POGZ was the most significantly upregulated gene. We also verified that the POGZ was overexpressed in clinical samples. The survival analysis revealed that POGZ is associated with a poor prognosis in OS. Moreover, flow cytometry analysis of isolated OS cells demonstrated that OS cells were arrested in the G1 phase after POGZ knockdown. The RNA-seq results indicated that POGZ was co-expressed with CCNE1 and CCNB1. Pathway analysis showed that genes associated with high expression levels of POGZ were related to the cell cycle pathway. A cell model was constructed to detect the effects of POGZ. After POGZ knockdown, OS cell proliferation, invasion and migration were all decreased. Therefore, POGZ is an important gene for evaluating the prognosis of OS patients and is a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sikuan Zheng
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University; The Second Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University; Institute of Orthopedics of Jiangxi Province; Institute of Minimally Invasive Orthopedics of Nanchang University.
| | - Yue Liu
- Queen Mary School, Medical collage of Nanchang University.
| | - Haohe Sun
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Medical collage of Nanchang University.
| | - Jingyu Jia
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University; Institute of Orthopedics of Jiangxi Province; Institute of Minimally Invasive Orthopedics of Nanchang University.
| | - Tianlong Wu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University; The Second Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University; Institute of Orthopedics of Jiangxi Province; Institute of Minimally Invasive Orthopedics of Nanchang University.
| | - Rui Ding
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University; Institute of Orthopedics of Jiangxi Province; Institute of Minimally Invasive Orthopedics of Nanchang University.
| | - Xigao Cheng
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University; Institute of Orthopedics of Jiangxi Province; Institute of Minimally Invasive Orthopedics of Nanchang University.
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16
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Overexpression of the Ubiquitin Specific Proteases USP43, USP41, USP27x and USP6 in Osteosarcoma Cell Lines: Inhibition of Osteosarcoma Tumor Growth and Lung Metastasis Development by the USP Antagonist PR619. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092268. [PMID: 34571917 PMCID: PMC8464711 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common malignant bone tumor in children and teenagers. In many cases, such as poor response to treatment or the presence of metastases at diagnosis, the survival rate of patients remains very low. Although in the literature, more and more studies are emerging on the role of Ubiquitin-Specific Proteases (USPs) in the development of many cancers, few data exist regarding OS. In this context, RNA-sequencing analysis of OS cells and mesenchymal stem cells differentiated or not differentiated into osteoblasts reveals increased expression of four USPs in OS tumor cells: USP6, USP27x, USP41 and USP43. Tissue microarray analysis of patient biopsies demonstrates the nucleic and/or cytoplasmic expression of these four USPs at the protein level. Interestingly, Kaplan–Meyer analysis shows that the expression of two USPs, USP6 and USP41, is correlated with patient survival. In vivo experiments using a preclinical OS model, finally demonstrate that PR619, a USP inhibitor able to enhance protein ubiquitination in OS cell lines, reduces primary OS tumor growth and the development of lung metastases. In this context, in vitro experiments show that PR619 decreases the viability of OS cells, mainly by inducing a caspase3/7-dependent cell apoptosis. Overall, these results demonstrate the relevance of targeting USPs in OS.
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17
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Gong Y, Wei ZR. Identification of PSMD14 as a potential novel prognosis biomarker and therapeutic target for osteosarcoma. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2021; 5:e1522. [PMID: 34383385 PMCID: PMC9327663 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.1522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteosarcoma is the most common primary bone tumor. The survival rate of osteosarcoma patients has not significantly increased in the past decades. Uncovering the mechanisms of malignancy, progression, and metastasis will shed light on the development of new therapeutic targets and treatment for osteosarcoma. AIM The aim of this study is to identify potential osteosarcoma biomarker and/or therapeutic targets by using integrated bioinformatics analysis. METHODS AND RESULTS We utilized existing gene expression datasets to identify differential expressed genes (DEGs) that could serve as osteosarcoma biomarkers or even as therapeutic targets. We found 48 DEGs were overlapped in three datasets. Among these 48 DEGs, PSMD14 was on the top of the up-regulated gene list. We further found that higher PSMD14 expression was correlated with higher risk group (younger age group, ≤20.83 years of age), metastasis within 5 years and higher grade of tumor. Higher PSMD14 expression in osteosarcoma had positive correlation with higher infiltration of CD8+ T cells, neutrophils and myeloid dendritic cells. Kaplan-Myer survival data further revealed that higher expression of PSMD14 predicted significantly worse prognosis (p = .013). Gene set enrichment analysis was further performed for the DEGs related to PSMD14 in osteosarcoma. We found that lower PSMD14 expression group had more immune responses such as interferon γ, α responses, inflammation response etc. However, the higher PSMD14 expression group had more cell proliferation-related biological processes, such as G2M checkpoints and Myc targets. Through establishing protein-protein interaction networks using PSMD14 related DEGs, we identified 10 hub genes that were all ribosomal proteins. These hub genes may play roles in osteosarcoma tumorigenesis, progression and/or metastasis. CONCLUSION We identified PSMD14 gene as a possible osteosarcoma biomarker, and/or a possible therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubao Gong
- Department of Orthopedics, Jilin University First Hospital, Jilin, China
| | - Zheng-Ren Wei
- Department of Pharmocology, Jilin University Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin, China
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18
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Wu B, Yang W, Fu Z, Xie H, Guo Z, Liu D, Ge J, Zhong S, Liu L, Liu J, Zhu D. Selected using bioinformatics and molecular docking analyses, PHA-793887 is effective against osteosarcoma. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:16425-16444. [PMID: 34156352 PMCID: PMC8266349 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To identify novel prognostic and therapeutic targets for osteosarcoma patients, we compared the gene expression profiles of osteosarcoma and control tissues from the GSE42352 dataset in the Gene Expression Omnibus. Differentially expressed genes were subjected to Gene Ontology, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, Gene Set Enrichment and protein-protein interaction network analyses. Survival curve analyses indicated that osteosarcoma patients with lower mRNA levels of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) and topoisomerase II alpha had better prognoses. Various computer-aided techniques were used to identify potential CDK1 inhibitors for osteosarcoma patients, and PHA-793887 was predicted to be a safe drug with a high binding affinity for CDK1. In vitro, MTT and colony formation assays demonstrated that PHA-793887 reduced the viability and clonogenicity of osteosarcoma cells, while a scratch assay suggested that PHA-793887 impaired the migration of these cells. Flow cytometry experiments revealed that PHA-793887 dose-dependently induced apoptosis in osteosarcoma cells. Western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays indicated that CDK1 expression in osteosarcoma cells declined with increasing PHA-793887 concentrations. These results suggest that PHA-793887 could be a promising new treatment for osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wenzhuo Yang
- Clinical College, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhaoyu Fu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Haoqun Xie
- Clinical College, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhen Guo
- Clinical College, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Daqun Liu
- Department of Liver and Gallbladder Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Junliang Ge
- Clinical College, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Sheng Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Luwei Liu
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jingyi Liu
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dong Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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19
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Huang H, Tan M, Zheng L, Yan G, Li K, Lu D, Cui X, He S, Lei D, Zhu B, Zhao J. Prognostic Implications of the Complement Protein C1Q and Its Correlation with Immune Infiltrates in Osteosarcoma. Onco Targets Ther 2021; 14:1737-1751. [PMID: 33707956 PMCID: PMC7943548 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s295063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most widespread bone tumour among childhood cancers, and distant metastasis is the dominant factor in poor prognosis for patients with OS. Therefore, it is necessary to identify new prognostic biomarkers for identifying patients with aggressive disease. METHODS Two OS datasets (GSE21257 and GSE33383) were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and subsequently subjected to weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and differential gene expression analysis (DGE) to screen candidate genes. A prognostic model was constructed using OS data derived from the Therapeutically Applicable Research to Generate Effective Treatments (TARGET) program to further screen key genes and perform gene ontology (GO) analysis. The prognostic values of key genes were assessed using the Kaplan-Meier (KM) plotter. The GEO dataset was used for immune infiltration analysis and association analysis of key genes. In addition, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was employed to validate the expression levels of potentially crucial genes in OS cell lines. RESULTS In the present study, we found 114 genes with a highly significant correlation in the module and 44 downregulated genes; 25 candidate genes overlapped in the two parts of the genes. Among these, three key genes, C1QA, C1QB, and C1QC, were the most significant hub genes, which had the highest node degrees, were clustered into one group, and implicated in most significant biological processes (regulation of immune effector process). Moreover, these three key genes were negatively associated with the prognosis of OS and positively associated with three immune cells (follicular helper T cells, memory B cells, and CD8 T cells). Additionally, compared to non-metastatic OS cell lines, the expression of three key genes was significantly downregulated in metastatic OS cell lines. CONCLUSION Our results revealed that three key genes (C1QA, C1QB, and C1QC) were implicated in tumour immune infiltration and may be promising biomarkers for predicting metastasis and prognosis of patients with OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanji Huang
- Guangxi Engineering Center in Biomedical Materials for Tissue and Organ Regeneration, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, People’s Republic of China
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Manli Tan
- Guangxi Engineering Center in Biomedical Materials for Tissue and Organ Regeneration, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Zheng
- Guangxi Engineering Center in Biomedical Materials for Tissue and Organ Regeneration, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, People’s Republic of China
- International Joint Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Regeneration of Bone and Soft Tissues, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guohua Yan
- Guangxi Engineering Center in Biomedical Materials for Tissue and Organ Regeneration, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, People’s Republic of China
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Orthopaedics Trauma and Hand Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kanglu Li
- Guangxi Engineering Center in Biomedical Materials for Tissue and Organ Regeneration, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, People’s Republic of China
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Orthopaedics Trauma and Hand Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dejie Lu
- Guangxi Engineering Center in Biomedical Materials for Tissue and Organ Regeneration, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, People’s Republic of China
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Orthopaedics Trauma and Hand Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaofei Cui
- Guangxi Engineering Center in Biomedical Materials for Tissue and Organ Regeneration, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, People’s Republic of China
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Orthopaedics Trauma and Hand Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Si He
- Guangxi Engineering Center in Biomedical Materials for Tissue and Organ Regeneration, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, People’s Republic of China
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Danqing Lei
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, People’s Republic of China
- The Medical and Scientific Research Center, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Zhu
- Guangxi Engineering Center in Biomedical Materials for Tissue and Organ Regeneration, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinmin Zhao
- Guangxi Engineering Center in Biomedical Materials for Tissue and Organ Regeneration, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, People’s Republic of China
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, People’s Republic of China
- International Joint Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Regeneration of Bone and Soft Tissues, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Orthopaedics Trauma and Hand Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, People’s Republic of China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, People’s Republic of China
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20
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Liang C, Yu X, Xiong N, Zhang Z, Sun Z, Dong Y. Pictilisib Enhances the Antitumor Effect of Doxorubicin and Prevents Tumor-Mediated Bone Destruction by Blockade of PI3K/AKT Pathway. Front Oncol 2021; 10:615146. [PMID: 33659212 PMCID: PMC7917262 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.615146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in neoadjuvant chemotherapy, outcomes for patients with osteosarcoma resistant to first-line chemotherapy have been dismal for decades. There is thus an urgent need to develop novel targeted drugs to effectively treat refractory osteosarcoma. Dysregulation in the PI3K/AKT pathway has been observed during the development of osteosarcoma. Herein, we first evaluated p-AKT (Ser473) expression levels in osteosarcoma tissue using high-throughput tissue microarrays. Then, we demonstrated the role of pictilisib, a novel potent PI3K inhibitor, in osteosarcoma and related osteolysis. Functional studies of pictilisib in osteosarcoma cell lines and bone marrow-derived macrophages were performed in vitro. Patient-derived xenografts and orthotopic mouse models were used to assess the effects of pictilisib in vivo. The results showed that positive p-AKT expression levels after neoadjuvant chemotherapy were significantly associated with tumor cell necrosis rate. Pictilisib effectively inhibited the proliferation of osteosarcoma through G0/G1-S phase cell cycle arrest, and enhanced the sensitivity of osteosarcoma to doxorubicin, although it failed to induce cell apoptosis alone. In addition, pictilisib inhibited differentiation of osteoclasts and bone resorption in vitro and tumor-related osteolysis in vivo via inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/GSK3β and NF-κB pathways. Pictilisib combined with conventional chemotherapy drugs represents a potential treatment strategy to suppress tumor growth and bone destruction in p-AKT-positive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xijiao Yu
- Department of Endodontics, Jinan Stomatological Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Naping Xiong
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhichang Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenyu Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Dong
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
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21
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Mechanisms of Resistance to Conventional Therapies for Osteosarcoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040683. [PMID: 33567616 PMCID: PMC7915189 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary bone tumor, mainly occurring in children and adolescents. Current standard therapy includes tumor resection associated with multidrug chemotherapy. However, patient survival has not evolved for the past decades. Since the 1970s, the 5-year survival rate is around 75% for patients with localized OS but dramatically drops to 20% for bad responders to chemotherapy or patients with metastases. Resistance is one of the biological processes at the origin of therapeutic failure. Therefore, it is necessary to better understand and decipher molecular mechanisms of resistance to conventional chemotherapy in order to develop new strategies and to adapt treatments for patients, thus improving the survival rate. This review will describe most of the molecular mechanisms involved in OS chemoresistance, such as a decrease in intracellular accumulation of drugs, inactivation of drugs, improved DNA repair, modulations of signaling pathways, resistance linked to autophagy, disruption in genes expression linked to the cell cycle, or even implication of the micro-environment. We will also give an overview of potential therapeutic strategies to circumvent resistance development.
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22
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Hirozane T, Masuda M, Sugano T, Sekita T, Goto N, Aoyama T, Sakagami T, Uno Y, Moriyama H, Sawa M, Asano N, Nakamura M, Matsumoto M, Nakayama R, Kondo T, Kawai A, Kobayashi E, Yamada T. Direct conversion of osteosarcoma to adipocytes by targeting TNIK. JCI Insight 2021; 6:137245. [PMID: 33400690 PMCID: PMC7934882 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.137245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is an aggressive mesenchymal tumor for which no molecularly targeted therapies are available. We have previously identified TRAF2- and NCK-interacting protein kinase (TNIK) as an essential factor for the transactivation of Wnt signal target genes and shown that its inhibition leads to eradication of colorectal cancer stem cells. The involvement of Wnt signaling in the pathogenesis of OS has been implicated. The aim of the present study was to examine the potential of TNIK as a therapeutic target in OS. RNA interference or pharmacological inhibition of TNIK suppressed the proliferation of OS cells. Transcriptome analysis suggested that a small-molecule inhibitor of TNIK upregulated the expression of genes involved in OS cell metabolism and downregulated transcription factors essential for maintaining the stem cell phenotype. Metabolome analysis revealed that this TNIK inhibitor redirected the metabolic network from carbon flux toward lipid accumulation in OS cells. Using in vitro and in vivo OS models, we confirmed that TNIK inhibition abrogated the OS stem cell phenotype, simultaneously driving conversion of OS cells to adipocyte-like cells through induction of PPARγ. In relation to potential therapeutic targeting in clinical practice, TNIK was confirmed to be in an active state in OS cell lines and clinical specimens. From these findings, we conclude that TNIK is applicable as a potential target for treatment of OS, affecting cell fate determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Hirozane
- Division of Cellular Signaling, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mari Masuda
- Division of Cellular Signaling, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Teppei Sugano
- Division of Cellular Signaling, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Sekita
- Division of Cellular Signaling, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko Goto
- Division of Cellular Signaling, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toru Aoyama
- Division of Cellular Signaling, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.,Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takato Sakagami
- Division of Cellular Signaling, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.,Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Uno
- Carna Biosciences Inc., Kobe, Japan
| | | | | | - Naofumi Asano
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Rare Cancer Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaya Nakamura
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Morio Matsumoto
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Robert Nakayama
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadashi Kondo
- Division of Rare Cancer Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Kawai
- Division of Musculoskeletal Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eisuke Kobayashi
- Division of Musculoskeletal Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tesshi Yamada
- Division of Cellular Signaling, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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23
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Goering JP, Isai DG, Hall EG, Wilson NR, Kosa E, Wenger LW, Umar Z, Yousaf A, Czirok A, Saadi I. SPECC1L-deficient primary mouse embryonic palatal mesenchyme cells show speed and directionality defects. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1452. [PMID: 33446878 PMCID: PMC7809270 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81123-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) are common anomalies occurring in 1/800 live-births. Pathogenic SPECC1L variants have been identified in patients with CL/P, which signifies a primary role for SPECC1L in craniofacial development. Specc1l mutant mouse embryos exhibit delayed palatal shelf elevation accompanied by epithelial defects. We now posit that the process of palate elevation is itself abnormal in Specc1l mutants, due to defective remodeling of palatal mesenchyme. To characterize the underlying cellular defect, we studied the movement of primary mouse embryonic palatal mesenchyme (MEPM) cells using live-imaging of wound-repair assays. SPECC1L-deficient MEPM cells exhibited delayed wound-repair, however, reduced cell speed only partially accounted for this delay. Interestingly, mutant MEPM cells were also defective in coordinated cell movement. Therefore, we used open-field 2D cultures of wildtype MEPM cells to show that they indeed formed cell streams at high density, which is an important attribute of collective movement. Furthermore, activation of the PI3K-AKT pathway rescued both cell speed and guidance defects in Specc1l mutant MEPM cells. Thus, we show that live-imaging of primary MEPM cells can be used to assess mesenchymal remodeling defects during palatal shelf elevation, and identify a novel role for SPECC1L in collective movement through modulation of PI3K-AKT signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy P Goering
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Dona G Isai
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Everett G Hall
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
- Clinical Research Training Center, Institute of Clinical and Translational Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Nathan R Wilson
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edina Kosa
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Luke W Wenger
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Zaid Umar
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Abdul Yousaf
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Andras Czirok
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
| | - Irfan Saadi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
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24
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Wang X, Bian Z, Hou C, Li M, Jiang W, Zhu L. Neuropilin and tolloid-like 2 regulates the progression of osteosarcoma. Gene 2020; 768:145292. [PMID: 33157203 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.145292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Neuropilin and tolloid-like 2 (NETO2) is aberrantly expressed in various malignancies. However, its role in osteosarcoma (OS) remains to be elucidated. This study aimed to identify the function of NETO2 in OS cells. The expression of NETO2 in sarcoma tissues was determined using the GEPIA database, and the mRNA and protein expression of NETO2 in OS cells and OS tissue was also assessed. The biological effects of NETO2 on OS cells were determined by overexpressing and downregulating NETO2. Cell proliferation, invasion, migration, colony formation, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in OS cells were evaluated. Consistent with the GEPIA database, expression of NETO2 was upregulated in human OS samples and cell lines. NETO2 overexpression not only promoted the proliferation, colony formation, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of OS cells, but also activated the PI3K/AKT signaling. NETO2 downregulation resulted in opposite effects. Furthermore, after using an AKT inhibitor, the effects of NETO2 on OS cells were attenuated. In conclusion, this study showed that NETO2 functions as an oncogene of osteosarcomas by activating the PI3K/AKT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuepeng Wang
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310006, China
| | - Zhenyu Bian
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310006, China
| | - Changju Hou
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310006, China
| | - Maoqiang Li
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310006, China
| | - Wu Jiang
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310006, China
| | - Liulong Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310006, China.
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25
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Li J, Rao B, Yang J, Liu L, Huang M, Liu X, Cui G, Li C, Han Q, Yang H, Cui X, Sun R. Dysregulated m6A-Related Regulators Are Associated With Tumor Metastasis and Poor Prognosis in Osteosarcoma. Front Oncol 2020; 10:769. [PMID: 32582536 PMCID: PMC7280491 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary bone tumor. The disease has a poor prognosis due to the delay in the diagnosis and the development of metastasis. N6-Methyladenosine (m6A)-related regulators play an essential role in various tumors. In this study, a comprehensive analysis was conducted to elucidate the relationship between the expression profiles of m6A-related molecules and the clinical outcome of OS patients. Materials and Methods: Public genome datasets and a tissue microarray (TMA) cohort were used to analyze the mRNA and protein expression levels of m6A regulators. Next, immunofluorescence (IF) analysis was used to determine the subcellular localization of m6A-related molecules. Kaplan–Meier and Cox regression analyses were performed to confirm the prognostic value of m6A-related molecules in OS. A comprehensive bioinformatic analysis was conducted to identify the potential molecular mechanisms mediated by m6A modification in OS. Results: We found that m6A-related regulator expression was dysregulated in OS tissues, especially in metastatic tumor tissues. Low expression of METTL3, METTL14, and YTHDF2 and high expression of KIAA1429 and HNRNPA2B1 were significantly associated with poor prognosis in the TMA cohort. Simultaneously, the genome meta-cohort analysis revealed that low expression of FTO and METTL14 and high expression of METTL3, HNRNPA2B1, and YTHDF3 were associated with poor prognosis in OS. Cox regression analysis showed that HNRNPA2B1 might be an independent risk factor for OS. Bioinformatic analysis indicated that m6A regulators might be involved in OS progression through humoral immune response and cell cycle pathways. Conclusion: M6A-related regulators are frequently dysregulated and correlate with metastasis and prognosis in OS. M6A-related regulators may serve as novel therapeutic targets and prognostic biomarkers for OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhao Li
- Precision Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Benchen Rao
- Precision Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhengzhou Central Affiliated Hospital to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Liwen Liu
- Precision Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Maoxin Huang
- Dermatology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Precision Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guangying Cui
- Precision Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qicai Han
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hao Yang
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xichun Cui
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ranran Sun
- Precision Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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26
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Chao CC, Lee CW, Chang TM, Chen PC, Liu JF. CXCL1/CXCR2 Paracrine Axis Contributes to Lung Metastasis in Osteosarcoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12020459. [PMID: 32079335 PMCID: PMC7072404 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma, the most common of all bone malignancies, has a high likelihood of lung metastasis. Up until now, the molecular mechanisms involved in osteosarcomas with lung metastases are not clearly understood. Recent observations have shown that the chemokine CXCL1 and its receptor CXCR2 assist with the homing of neutrophils into the tumor microenvironment. Here, we show that the CXCL1/CXCR2 paracrine axis is crucial for lung metastasis in osteosarcoma. In an in vivo lung metastasis model of osteosarcoma, lung blood vessels expressed CXCL1 and osteosarcoma cells expressed the CXCR2 receptor. CXCR2 expression was higher in osteosarcoma cell lines than in normal osteoblast cells. Immunohistochemistry staining of clinical osteosarcoma specimens revealed positive correlations between CXCR2 expression and pathology stage and also vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) expression. High levels of CXCL1 secreted by human pulmonary artery endothelial cells (HPAECs) promoted osteosarcoma cell mobility, which was mediated by the upregulation of VCAM-1 expression. When HPAECs-conditioned media was incubated in osteosarcoma cells, we observed that the CXCR2 receptor and FAK/PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signaling cascade were required for VCAM-1 expression. Our findings illustrate a molecular mechanism of lung metastasis in osteosarcoma and indicate that CXCL1/CXCR2 is worth targeting in treatment schemas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chia Chao
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan;
| | - Chiang-Wen Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Puzi City, Chiayi County 61363, Taiwan;
- Department of Nursing, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, and Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion Research Center, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Puzi City, Chiayi County 61363, Taiwan
- Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology and Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 33303, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Ming Chang
- School of Medicine, Institute of Physiology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei City 11221, Taiwan;
| | - Po-Chun Chen
- Translational medicine Center, Shin-Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei City 11101, Taiwan;
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Ju-Fang Liu
- Translational medicine Center, Shin-Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei City 11101, Taiwan;
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- School of Oral Hygiene, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +(886)-2-2833-2211 (ext. 9420)
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27
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Franceschini N, Lam SW, Cleton-Jansen AM, Bovée JVMG. What's new in bone forming tumours of the skeleton? Virchows Arch 2020; 476:147-157. [PMID: 31741049 PMCID: PMC6969005 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-019-02683-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bone tumours are difficult to diagnose and treat, as they are rare and over 60 different subtypes are recognised. The emergence of next-generation sequencing has partly elucidated the molecular mechanisms behind these tumours, including the group of bone forming tumours (osteoma, osteoid osteoma, osteoblastoma and osteosarcoma). Increased knowledge on the molecular mechanism could help to identify novel diagnostic markers and/or treatment options. Osteoid osteoma and osteoblastoma are bone forming tumours without malignant potential that have overlapping morphology. They were recently shown to carry FOS and-to a lesser extent-FOSB rearrangements suggesting that these tumours are closely related. The presence of these rearrangements could help discriminate these entities from other lesions with woven bone deposition. Osteosarcoma is a malignant bone forming tumour for which different histological subtypes are recognised. High-grade osteosarcoma is the prototype of a complex karyotype tumour, and extensive research exploring its molecular background has identified phenomena like chromothripsis and kataegis and some recurrent alterations. Due to lack of specificity, this has not led to a valuable novel diagnostic marker so far. Nevertheless, these studies have also pointed towards potential targetable drivers of which the therapeutic merit remains to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasja Franceschini
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, L1-Q, 2300 RC, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Suk Wai Lam
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, L1-Q, 2300 RC, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Anne-Marie Cleton-Jansen
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, L1-Q, 2300 RC, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Judith V M G Bovée
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, L1-Q, 2300 RC, Leiden, Netherlands.
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28
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Zhang Y, Weng Q, Han J, Chen J. Alantolactone suppresses human osteosarcoma through the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2019; 21:675-684. [PMID: 31974628 PMCID: PMC6947914 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common type of malignant bone cancer and results in cancer-related deaths among adolescents. Alantolactone (ALT) demonstrates antitumor properties in various diseases; however, its potential role in osteosarcoma is relatively unclear. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of ALT on osteosarcoma. ALT significantly decreased the viability of U2OS and HOS osteosarcoma cell lines. Cells flow cytometry assay and Hoechst 33258 staining assay revealed that ALT significantly increased the proportion of apoptotic U2OS cells. In addition, wound healing and Transwell invasion assays demonstrated that the invasion and migration of osteosarcoma were markedly reduced upon ALT treatment. It was hypothesized that the antitumor functions of ALT are mediated through inhibition of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. In conclusion, the results of the present study confirmed the inhibition of ALT on osteosarcoma cells via downregulation of PI3K/AKT signaling pathways, suggesting ALT as a potential therapeutic candidate for osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- Department of Trauma Orthopedics, Ningbo No. 6 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315000, P.R. China
| | - Qiuyan Weng
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315000, P.R. China
| | - Jinming Han
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Ningbo No. 6 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315000, P.R. China
| | - Jianming Chen
- Department of Trauma Orthopedics, Ningbo No. 6 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315000, P.R. China
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29
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Cancer Stem Cells and Osteosarcoma: Opportunities and Limitations. Tech Orthop 2019. [DOI: 10.1097/bto.0000000000000408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
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30
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Li SQ, Tu C, Wan L, Chen RQ, Duan ZX, Ren XL, Li ZH. FGF-induced LHX9 regulates the progression and metastasis of osteosarcoma via FRS2/TGF-β/β-catenin pathway. Cell Div 2019; 14:13. [PMID: 31788020 PMCID: PMC6876112 DOI: 10.1186/s13008-019-0056-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and tumor growth factor-β (TGFβ) have emerged as pivotal regulators during the progression of osteosarcoma (OS). LHX9 is one crucial transcription factor controlled by FGF, however, its function in OS has not been investigated yet. Methods The expression of LHX9, FRS2, BMP4, TGF-beta R1, SMAD2, beta-catenin and metastasis-related proteins was measured by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and Western blot. CCK-8 assay and colony formation assay were employed to determine the proliferation of OS cells, while scratch wound healing assay and transwell assay were used to evaluate their migration and invasion, respectively. In vivo tumor growth and metastasis were determined by subcutaneous or intravenous injection of OS cells into nude mice. Results LHX9 expression was evidently up-regulated in OS tumor tissues and cell lines. Knockdown of LHX9 impaired the proliferation, migration, invasion and metastasis of OS cells. Mechanistically, LHX9 silencing led to the down-regulation of BMP-4, β-catenin and metastasis-related proteins, which was also observed in beta-catenin knockdown OS cells. By contrast, FRS2 knockdown conduced to the up-regulation of LHX9, BMP4, β-catenin and TGF-βR1, while TGF-beta inhibition repressed the expression of LHX9 and metastasis-related proteins. Additionally, let-7c modulates LHX9 and metastasis-related proteins by suppressing TGF-beta R1 expression on transcriptional level. Conclusions This study revealed LHX9 was essential for the proliferation, migration, invasion, and metastasis of OS cells via FGF and TGF-β/β-catenin signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang-Qing Li
- Orthopaedics, Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, No. 139 Renming Road, Changsha, 410010 Hunan People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Tu
- Orthopaedics, Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, No. 139 Renming Road, Changsha, 410010 Hunan People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Wan
- Orthopaedics, Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, No. 139 Renming Road, Changsha, 410010 Hunan People's Republic of China
| | - Rui-Qi Chen
- Orthopaedics, Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, No. 139 Renming Road, Changsha, 410010 Hunan People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Xi Duan
- Orthopaedics, Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, No. 139 Renming Road, Changsha, 410010 Hunan People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Lei Ren
- Orthopaedics, Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, No. 139 Renming Road, Changsha, 410010 Hunan People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Hong Li
- Orthopaedics, Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, No. 139 Renming Road, Changsha, 410010 Hunan People's Republic of China
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Wu Z, Sun Z, Huang R, Zang D, Wang C, Yan X, Yan W. Silencing of synaptotagmin 7 regulates osteosarcoma cell proliferation, apoptosis, and migration. Histol Histopathol 2019; 35:303-312. [PMID: 31631310 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Synaptotagmin 7 (SYT7) is a component of the synaptotagmin family, which is essential in many physiological and pathological processes. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of SYT7 in osteosarcoma. METHODS We defined the expression levels of SYT7 in osteosarcoma tissues and para-sarcoma tissues by immunohistochemistry and analyzed the possible correlation between SYT7 expression and pathological characteristics via Mann-Whitney U analysis and Spearman correlation analysis. The effects of SYT7 silencing in vitro cell growth were assessed by MTT assay. Cell cycle and cell apoptosis were assessed by flow cytometry analysis. Wound healing assay and transwell assay were applied to assess the migration and invasion capacity. RESULTS The results showed that the expression levels of SYT7 were upregulated in osteosarcoma tissues compared with para-sarcoma tissues and positively correlated with the pathological characteristics of osteosarcoma. Functional experiments demonstrated that SYT7 silencing significantly inhibited cell proliferation and colony formation capacity (P<0.001), induced cell cycle arrest which increased the proportion of G2 phase and decreased the proportion of S phase, enhanced cell apoptosis (P<0.01), and limited the capacity of migration and invasion (P<0.01), compared with shCtrl group. CONCLUSION The results indicated that SYT7 plays a crucial role in the development of osteosarcoma. SYT7 can be applied as a new diagnostic and therapeutic target in osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Wu
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Xuhui District, Shanghai, China.,Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Xuhui District, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengwang Sun
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Xuhui District, Shanghai, China.,Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Xuhui District, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Huang
- Department of General Surgery, PLA 455 hospital, Changning District, Shanghai, China
| | - Ding Zang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, PLA 455 hospital, Changning District, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunmeng Wang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Xuhui District, Shanghai, China.,Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Xuhui District, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Yan
- Department of Orthopedics, PLA 455 hospital, Changning District, Shanghai, China.
| | - Wangjun Yan
- Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Xuhui District, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Xuhui District, Shanghai, China.
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32
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Schmidt D, Rodat T, Heintze L, Weber J, Horbert R, Girreser U, Raeker T, Bußmann L, Kriegs M, Hartke B, Peifer C. Axitinib: A Photoswitchable Approved Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:2415-2426. [PMID: 30199151 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The goal of photopharmacology is to develop photoswitchable enzyme modulators as tunable (pro-)drugs that can be spatially and temporally controlled by light. In this context, the tyrosine kinase inhibitor axitinib, which contains a photosensitive stilbene-like moiety that allows for E/Z isomerization, is of interest. Axitinib is an approved drug that targets the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) and is licensed for second-line therapy of renal cell carcinoma. The photoinduced E/Z isomerization of axitinib has been investigated to explore if its inhibitory effect can be turned "on" and "off", as triggered by light. Under controlled light conditions, (Z)-axitinib is 43 times less active than that of the E isomer in an VEGFR2 assay. Furthermore, it was proven that kinase activity in human umbilical vein cells (HUVECs) was decreased by (E)-axitinib, but only weakly affected by (Z)-axitinib. By irradiating (Z)-axitinib in vitro with UV light (λ=385 nm), it is possible to switch it almost quantitatively into the E isomer and to completely restore the biological activity of (E)-axitinib. However, switching the biological activity off from (E)- to (Z)-axitinib was not possible in aqueous solution due to a competing irreversible [2+2]-photocycloaddition, which yielded a biologically inactive axitinib dimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorian Schmidt
- Institute of Pharmacy, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Gutenbergstraße 76, 24116, Kiel, Germany
| | - Theo Rodat
- Institute of Pharmacy, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Gutenbergstraße 76, 24116, Kiel, Germany
| | - Linda Heintze
- Institute of Pharmacy, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Gutenbergstraße 76, 24116, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jantje Weber
- Institute of Pharmacy, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Gutenbergstraße 76, 24116, Kiel, Germany
| | - Rebecca Horbert
- Institute of Pharmacy, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Gutenbergstraße 76, 24116, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ulrich Girreser
- Institute of Pharmacy, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Gutenbergstraße 76, 24116, Kiel, Germany
| | - Tim Raeker
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Max-Eyth-Strasse 1, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Lara Bußmann
- University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.,Laboratory of Radiobiology & Experimental Radiooncology and UCCH Kinomics Core Facility, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Malte Kriegs
- Laboratory of Radiobiology & Experimental Radiooncology and UCCH Kinomics Core Facility, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Hartke
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Max-Eyth-Strasse 1, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christian Peifer
- Institute of Pharmacy, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Gutenbergstraße 76, 24116, Kiel, Germany
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Baroncelli M, Fuhler GM, van de Peppel J, Zambuzzi WF, van Leeuwen JP, van der Eerden BCJ, Peppelenbosch MP. Human mesenchymal stromal cells in adhesion to cell-derived extracellular matrix and titanium: Comparative kinome profile analysis. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:2984-2996. [PMID: 30058720 PMCID: PMC6585805 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) physically supports cells and influences stem cell behaviour, modulating kinase‐mediated signalling cascades. Cell‐derived ECMs have emerged in bone regeneration as they reproduce physiological tissue‐architecture and ameliorate mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) properties. Titanium scaffolds show good mechanical properties, facilitate cell adhesion, and have been routinely used for bone tissue engineering (BTE). We analyzed the kinomic signature of human MSCs in adhesion to an osteopromotive osteoblast‐derived ECM, and compared it to MSCs on titanium. PamChip kinase‐array analysis revealed 63 phosphorylated peptides on ECM and 59 on titanium, with MSCs on ECM exhibiting significantly higher kinase activity than on titanium. MSCs on the two substrates showed overlapping kinome profiles, with activation of similar signalling pathways (FAK, ERK, and PI3K signalling). Inhibition of PI3K signalling in cells significantly reduced adhesion to ECM and increased the number of nonadherent cells on both substrates. In summary, this study comprehensively characterized the kinase activity in MSCs on cell‐derived ECM and titanium, highlighting the role of PI3K signalling in kinomic changes regulating osteoblast viability and adhesion. Kinome profile analysis represents a powerful tool to select pathways to better understand cell behaviour. Osteoblast‐derived ECM could be further investigated as titanium scaffold‐coating to improve BTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Baroncelli
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gwenny M Fuhler
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen van de Peppel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Willian F Zambuzzi
- Laboratorio de Bioensaios e Dinâmica Celular, Departamento de Quimica e Bioquimica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Johannes P van Leeuwen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bram C J van der Eerden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maikel P Peppelenbosch
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Zheng CJ, Yang LL, Liu J, Zhong L. JTC-801 exerts anti-proliferative effects in human osteosarcoma cells by inducing apoptosis. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2018; 38:133-140. [PMID: 29447541 DOI: 10.1080/10799893.2018.1436561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The research of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is a promising strategy for drug discovery. In cancer therapy, there is a need to discover novel agents that can inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis in cancer cells. JTC-801 is a novel GPCR antagonist with the function of reversing pain and anxiety symptoms. This study aims to investigate the antitumor effects of JTC-801 on human osteosarcoma cells (U2OS) and elucidate the underlying mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS The Cell Counting Kit-8 assay was used to detect the viability of U2OS cells treated with JTC-801 in vitro. The cell apoptosis was evaluated using a flow cytometry assay with Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining. The inhibitory effect of JTC-801 on invasion and migration of U2OS cells were determined by the Transwell assays. Western blot assay was performed to measure the levels of proteins related to cell apoptosis and its mechanism. RESULTS The JTC-801 significantly decreased the viability of U2OS cells (p < .05) as a result of its anti-proliferative effect through induction of apoptosis associated with activation of BAX, Caspase-3 and down-regulating BCL-2 expression. The invasive and migratory cells were obviously reduced after JTC-801 treatment (p < .05). Further, the phosphorylated AKT, mTOR and active p70 S6 protein kinase in the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway were obviously lessened in the JTC-801 treated U2OS group (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS JTC-801 may exert osteosarcoma cell growth inhibition by promoting cell apoptosis, through PI3K/AKT signaling pathway participation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Jun Zheng
- a Department of Orthopaedics , The 2nd Hospital of Jilin University , Changchun , PR China
| | - Li-Li Yang
- b Department of Spine Surgery , The 2nd Hospital of Jilin University , Changchun , PR China
| | - Jun Liu
- c Center for Hand-foot Surgery and Reparative & Reconstructive Surgery, The 2nd Hospital of Jilin University , Changchun , PR China
| | - Lei Zhong
- a Department of Orthopaedics , The 2nd Hospital of Jilin University , Changchun , PR China
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35
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Qiao Z, Shiozawa K, Kondo T. Proteomic approach toward determining the molecular background of pazopanib resistance in synovial sarcoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:109587-109595. [PMID: 29312631 PMCID: PMC5752544 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pazopanib, a multitarget tyrosine kinase (TK) inhibitor, has been approved for treatment of soft tissue sarcoma. Elucidation of the molecular background of pazopanib resistance should lead to improved clinical outcomes in sarcomas; accordingly, we investigated this in synovial sarcoma using a proteomic approach. Pazopanib sensitivity was examined in four synovial sarcoma cell lines: SYO-1, HS-SYII, 1273/99, and YaFuSS. The 1273/99 cell line showed significantly higher IC50 values than the others for pazopanib. Expression levels of 90 TKs in the cell lines were examined by western blotting. Among these, the levels of PDGFRB, DDR1, AXL, MET, and PYK2 were higher, and those of FGFR1 and VEGFR3 were lower in the 1273/99 cell line than the other cell lines. Gene silencing analysis of the TKs upregulated in 1273/99 cells showed differing effects on cell growth: PDGFRB, MET, and PYK2 knockdown induced cell growth inhibition, whereas DDR1 and AXL knockdown did not influence cell growth. Using the PamChip peptide microarray, we found that 18 peptide substrates were highly phosphorylated in the 1273/99 cell line compared with other cell lines. Using the PhosphoNet database, we found that kinases FGFR3, RET, VEGFR1, EPHA2, EPHA4, TRKA, and SRC phosphorylated these 18 peptide substrates. Moreover, the results for overexpressed and aberrantly activated TKs in pazopanib-resistant cells showed no overlap. Taken together, our study indicates that identification of comprehensive TK profiles represents an essential approach to determining the molecular background of pazopanib resistance in synovial sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Qiao
- Division of Rare Cancer Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Kumiko Shiozawa
- Division of Rare Cancer Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Tadashi Kondo
- Division of Rare Cancer Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
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Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the predominant form of bone cancer, affecting mostly adolescents. Recent progress made in molecular genetic studies of osteosarcoma has changed our view on the cause of the disease and ongoing therapeutic approaches for patients. As we draw closer to gaining more complete catalogs of candidate cancer driver genes in common forms of cancer, the landscape of somatic mutations in osteosarcoma is emerging from its first phase. In this review, we summarize recent whole genome and/or whole exome genomic studies, and then put these findings in the context of genetic hallmarks of somatic mutations and mutational processes in human osteosarcoma. One of the lessons learned here is that the extent of somatic mutations and complexity of the osteosarcoma genome are similar to that of common forms of adult cancer. Thus, a much higher number of samples than those currently obtained are needed to complete the catalog of driver mutations in human osteosarcoma. In parallel, genetic studies in other species have revealed candidate driver genes and their roles in the genesis of osteosarcoma. This review also summarizes newly identified drivers in genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) and discusses our understanding of the impact of nature and number of drivers on tumor latency, subtypes, and metastatic potentials of osteosarcoma. It is becoming apparent that a synergistic team composed of three drivers (one 'first driver' and two 'synergistic drivers') may be required to generate an animal model that recapitulates aggressive osteosarcoma with a short latency. Finally, new cancer therapies are urgently needed to improve survival rate and quality of life for osteosarcoma patients. Several vulnerabilities in osteosarcoma are illustrated in this review to exemplify the opportunities for next generation molecularly targeted therapies. However, much work remains in order to complete our understanding of the somatic mutation basis of osteosarcoma, to develop reliable animal models of human disease, and to apply this information to guide new therapeutic approaches for reducing morbidity and mortality of this rare disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirby Rickel
- Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA
| | - Fang Fang
- Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA
| | - Jianning Tao
- Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD 57105, USA.
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Russo R, Cimmino F, Pezone L, Manna F, Avitabile M, Langella C, Koster J, Casale F, Raia M, Viola G, Fischer M, Iolascon A, Capasso M. Kinome expression profiling of human neuroblastoma tumors identifies potential drug targets for ultra high-risk patients. Carcinogenesis 2017; 38:1011-1020. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgx077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Russo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy,
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Napoli, Italy,
| | - Flora Cimmino
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy,
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Napoli, Italy,
| | - Lucia Pezone
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Napoli, Italy,
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona,
| | - Francesco Manna
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy,
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Napoli, Italy,
| | - Marianna Avitabile
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy,
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Napoli, Italy,
| | - Concetta Langella
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy,
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Napoli, Italy,
| | - Jan Koster
- Department of Oncogenomics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,
| | - Fiorina Casale
- Servizio di Oncologia Pediatrica, Dipartimento della Donna, del Bambino e di Chirurgia Generale e Specialistica—Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Italy,
| | | | - Giampietro Viola
- Dipartimento di Salute della Donna e del Bambino, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy,
| | - Matthias Fischer
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne Children’s Hospital, Cologne, Germany,
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Cologne, Germany and
| | - Achille Iolascon
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy,
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Napoli, Italy,
| | - Mario Capasso
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy,
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Napoli, Italy,
- IRCCS SDN, Istituto di Ricerca Diagnostica e Nucleare, Napoli, Italy
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38
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Technological advances for interrogating the human kinome. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 45:65-77. [PMID: 28202660 DOI: 10.1042/bst20160163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing appreciation among researchers and clinicians of the value of investigating biology and pathobiology at the level of cellular kinase (kinome) activity. Kinome analysis provides valuable opportunity to gain insights into complex biology (including disease pathology), identify biomarkers of critical phenotypes (including disease prognosis and evaluation of therapeutic efficacy), and identify targets for therapeutic intervention through kinase inhibitors. The growing interest in kinome analysis has fueled efforts to develop and optimize technologies that enable characterization of phosphorylation-mediated signaling events in a cost-effective, high-throughput manner. In this review, we highlight recent advances to the central technologies currently available for kinome profiling and offer our perspectives on the key challenges remaining to be addressed.
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Jiang C, Fang X, Zhang H, Wang X, Li M, Jiang W, Tian F, Zhu L, Bian Z. AMD3100 combined with triptolide inhibit proliferation, invasion and metastasis and induce apoptosis of human U2OS osteosarcoma cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 86:677-685. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.12.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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Hu K, Dai HB, Qiu ZL. mTOR signaling in osteosarcoma: Oncogenesis and therapeutic aspects (Review). Oncol Rep 2016; 36:1219-25. [PMID: 27430283 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.4922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine/threonine protein kinase that belongs to the phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)-related kinase family. Oncogenic activation of mTOR signaling significantly contributes to the progression of different types of cancers including osteosarcoma (OS; the most common primary malignant tumor of bone). In the present study, we review the association of the mTOR signaling pathway with OS, and the possible effective treatment strategies by targeting this pathway. In the metastatic behavior of OS, one of the most common actionable aberrations was found in the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Upon phosphorylation, activated mTOR contributes to OS cellular transformation and poor cancer prognosis via downstream effectors such as S6K1, 4EBP1 and eIF4E, which are overexpressed in OS. Targeting the mTOR complex is a significant approach in cancer therapeutic research, and of course, rapamycin is the primary inhibitor of mTOR. Various other chemotherapeutic molecules have also shown potential activity against mTOR. As mTOR is a new promising oncological target and blockade of the mTOR pathway with selective inhibitors has significant potential in OS therapeutic research, the development of the optimal dose, regimen and a rationale for the use of mTOR inhibitors in combination with other anticancer agents may provide a successful treatment strategy for OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangtan Central Hospital, Xiangtan, Hunan 411100, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Bo Dai
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangtan Central Hospital, Xiangtan, Hunan 411100, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Long Qiu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangtan Central Hospital, Xiangtan, Hunan 411100, P.R. China
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Adamopoulos C, Gargalionis AN, Basdra EK, Papavassiliou AG. Deciphering signaling networks in osteosarcoma pathobiology. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 241:1296-305. [PMID: 27190271 DOI: 10.1177/1535370216648806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most frequent type of primary bone tumors among children and adolescents. During the past years, little progress has been made regarding prognosis of osteosarcoma patients, especially for those with metastatic disease. Genomic instability and gene alterations are common, but current data do not reveal a consistent and repeatable pattern of osteosarcoma development, thus paralleling the tumor's high heterogeneity. Critical signal transduction pathways have been implicated in osteosarcoma pathobiology and are being evaluated as therapeutic targets, including receptor activator for nuclear factor-κB (RANK), Wnt, Notch, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin, and mechanotransduction pathways. Herein, we recapitulate and discuss recent advances in the context of molecular mechanisms and signaling networks that contribute to osteosarcoma progression and metastasis, towards patient-tailored and novel-targeted treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Adamopoulos
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Antonios N Gargalionis
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Efthimia K Basdra
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Athanasios G Papavassiliou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
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42
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Baranski Z, Booij TH, Kuijjer ML, de Jong Y, Cleton-Jansen AM, Price LS, van de Water B, Bovée JVMG, Hogendoorn PCW, Danen EHJ. MEK inhibition induces apoptosis in osteosarcoma cells with constitutive ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Genes Cancer 2016; 6:503-12. [PMID: 26807203 PMCID: PMC4701229 DOI: 10.18632/genesandcancer.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional high-grade osteosarcoma is the most common primary bone cancer with relatively high incidence in young people. Recurrent and metastatic tumors are difficult to treat. We performed a kinase inhibitor screen in two osteosarcoma cell lines, which identified MEK1/2 inhibitors. These inhibitors were further validated in a panel of six osteosarcoma cell lines. Western blot analysis was performed to assess ERK activity and efficacy of MEK inhibition. A 3D culture system was used to validate results from 2D monolayer cultures. Gene expression analysis was performed to identify differentially expressed gene signatures in sensitive and resistant cell lines. Activation of the AKT signaling network was explored using Western blot and pharmacological inhibition. In the screen, Trametinib, AZD8330 and TAK-733 decreased cell viability by more than 50%. Validation in six osteosarcoma cell lines identified three cell lines as resistant and three as sensitive to the inhibitors. Western blot analysis of ERK activity revealed that sensitive lines had high constitutive ERK activity. Treatment with the three MEK inhibitors in a 3D culture system validated efficacy in inhibition of osteosarcoma viability. MEK1/2 inhibition represents a candidate treatment strategy for osteosarcomas displaying high MEK activity as determined by ERK phosphorylation status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzanna Baranski
- Division of Toxicology, Leiden/Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tijmen H Booij
- Division of Toxicology, Leiden/Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke L Kuijjer
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yvonne de Jong
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Leo S Price
- Division of Toxicology, Leiden/Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bob van de Water
- Division of Toxicology, Leiden/Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Judith V M G Bovée
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Erik H J Danen
- Division of Toxicology, Leiden/Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Tieken C, Verboom MC, Ruf W, Gelderblom H, Bovée JVMG, Reitsma PH, Cleton-Jansen AM, Versteeg HH. Tissue factor associates with survival and regulates tumour progression in osteosarcoma. Thromb Haemost 2016; 115:1025-33. [PMID: 26763081 DOI: 10.1160/th15-07-0541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignant bone tumour. Patients often develop lung metastasis and have a poor prognosis despite extensive chemotherapy and surgical resections. Tissue Factor is associated with poor clinical outcome in a wide range of cancer types, and promotes angiogenesis and metastasis. The role of Tissue Factor in OS tumourigenesis is unknown. Fifty-three osteosarcoma pre-treatment biopsies and four osteosarcoma cell lines were evaluated for Tissue Factor expression, and a possible association with clinical parameters was investigated. Tissue Factor function was inhibited in an osteosarcoma cell line (143B) by shRNA knockdown or specific antibodies, and pro-tumourigenic gene expression, proliferation, matrigel invasion and transwell migration was examined. 143B cells were implanted in mice in the presence of Tissue Factor-blocking antibodies, and tumour volume, micro-vessel density and metastases in the lung were evaluated. Tissue Factor was highly expressed in 73.6 % of osteosarcoma biopsies, and expression associated significantly with disease-free survival. Tissue Factor was expressed in all four investigated cell lines. Tissue Factor was knocked down in 143B cells, which led to reduced expression of IL-8, CXCL-1, SNAIL and MMP2, but not MMP9. Tissue Factor knockdown or inhibition with antibodies reduced matrigel invasion. Tissue Factor antibodies limited 143B tumour growth in vivo, and resulted in decreased intra-tumoural micro-vessel density. Furthermore, lung metastasis from the primary tumour was significantly reduced. Thus, Tissue Factor expression in osteosarcoma reduces metastasis-free survival in patients, and increases pro-tumourigenic behaviour both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Henri H Versteeg
- Henri H. Versteeg, Leiden University Medical Centre, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands, Tel.: +31 715263872, Fax: +31 71526755, E-mail:
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Xi Y, Chen Y. Oncogenic and Therapeutic Targeting of PTEN Loss in Bone Malignancies. J Cell Biochem 2015; 116:1837-47. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongming Xi
- Department of Orthopaedics; Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University; China
| | - Yan Chen
- Division in Signaling Biology; Princess Margaret Cancer Center; University Health Network; Toronto Canada
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Grilli A, Sciandra M, Terracciano M, Picci P, Scotlandi K. Integrated approaches to miRNAs target definition: time-series analysis in an osteosarcoma differentiative model. BMC Med Genomics 2015; 8:34. [PMID: 26123714 PMCID: PMC4486310 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-015-0106-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background microRNAs (miRs) are small non-coding RNAs involved in the fine regulation of several cellular processes by inhibiting their target genes at post-transcriptional level. Osteosarcoma (OS) is a tumor thought to be related to a molecular blockade of the normal process of osteoblast differentiation. The current paper explores temporal transcriptional modifications comparing an osteosarcoma cell line, Saos-2, and clones stably transfected with CD99, a molecule which was found to drive OS cells to terminally differentiate. Methods Parental cell line and CD99 transfectants were cultured up to 14 days in differentiating medium. In this setting, OS cells were profiled by gene and miRNA expression arrays. Integration of gene and miRNA profiling was performed by both sequence complementarity and expression correlation. Further enrichment and network analyses were carried out to focus on the modulated pathways and on the interactions between transcriptome and miRNome. To track the temporal transcriptional modification, a PCA analysis with differentiated human MSC was performed. Results We identified a strong (about 80 %) gene down-modulation where reversion towards the osteoblast-like phenotype matches significant enrichment in TGFbeta signaling players like AKT1 and SMADs. In parallel, we observed the modulation of several cancer-related microRNAs like miR-34a, miR-26b or miR-378. To decipher their impact on the modified transcriptional program in CD99 cells, we correlated gene and microRNA time-series data miR-34a, in particular, was found to regulate a distinct subnetwork of genes with respect to the rest of the other differentially expressed miRs and it appeared to be the main mediator of several TGFbeta signaling genes at initial and middle phases of differentiation. Integration studies further highlighted the involvement of TGFbeta pathway in the differentiation of OS cells towards osteoblasts and its regulation by microRNAs. Conclusions These data underline that the expression of miR-34a and down-modulation of TGFbeta signaling emerge as pivotal events to drive CD99-mediated reversal of malignancy and activation of differentiation in OS cells. Our results describe crucial and specific interacting actors providing and supporting their relevance as potential targets for therapeutic differentiative strategies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12920-015-0106-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Grilli
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, CRS Development of Biomolecular Therapies, Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136, Bologna, Italy.
| | - M Sciandra
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, CRS Development of Biomolecular Therapies, Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136, Bologna, Italy. .,PROMETEO, STB, RIT Department, Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy.
| | - M Terracciano
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, CRS Development of Biomolecular Therapies, Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136, Bologna, Italy.
| | - P Picci
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, CRS Development of Biomolecular Therapies, Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136, Bologna, Italy.
| | - K Scotlandi
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, CRS Development of Biomolecular Therapies, Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136, Bologna, Italy. .,PROMETEO, STB, RIT Department, Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy.
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Gupte A, Baker EK, Wan SS, Stewart E, Loh A, Shelat AA, Gould CM, Chalk AM, Taylor S, Lackovic K, Karlström Å, Mutsaers AJ, Desai J, Madhamshettiwar PB, Zannettino ACW, Burns C, Huang DCS, Dyer MA, Simpson KJ, Walkley CR. Systematic Screening Identifies Dual PI3K and mTOR Inhibition as a Conserved Therapeutic Vulnerability in Osteosarcoma. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:3216-29. [PMID: 25862761 PMCID: PMC4506243 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-3026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Osteosarcoma is the most common cancer of bone occurring mostly in teenagers. Despite rapid advances in our knowledge of the genetics and cell biology of osteosarcoma, significant improvements in patient survival have not been observed. The identification of effective therapeutics has been largely empirically based. The identification of new therapies and therapeutic targets are urgently needed to enable improved outcomes for osteosarcoma patients. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We have used genetically engineered murine models of human osteosarcoma in a systematic, genome-wide screen to identify new candidate therapeutic targets. We performed a genome-wide siRNA screen, with or without doxorubicin. In parallel, a screen of therapeutically relevant small molecules was conducted on primary murine- and primary human osteosarcoma-derived cell cultures. All results were validated across independent cell cultures and across human and mouse osteosarcoma. RESULTS The results from the genetic and chemical screens significantly overlapped, with a profound enrichment of pathways regulated by PI3K and mTOR pathways. Drugs that concurrently target both PI3K and mTOR were effective at inducing apoptosis in primary osteosarcoma cell cultures in vitro in both human and mouse osteosarcoma, whereas specific PI3K or mTOR inhibitors were not effective. The results were confirmed with siRNA and small molecule approaches. Rationale combinations of specific PI3K and mTOR inhibitors could recapitulate the effect on osteosarcoma cell cultures. CONCLUSIONS The approaches described here have identified dual inhibition of the PI3K-mTOR pathway as a sensitive, druggable target in osteosarcoma, and provide rationale for translational studies with these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Gupte
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia. Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emma K Baker
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia. Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Soo-San Wan
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Stewart
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Amos Loh
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Anang A Shelat
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Cathryn M Gould
- Victorian Centre for Functional Genomics, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alistair M Chalk
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia. Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Scott Taylor
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia. Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kurt Lackovic
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Åsa Karlström
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Anthony J Mutsaers
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia. Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia. Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jayesh Desai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Piyush B Madhamshettiwar
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Andrew C W Zannettino
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. Cancer Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Chris Burns
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - David C S Huang
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael A Dyer
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland.
| | - Kaylene J Simpson
- Victorian Centre for Functional Genomics, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Carl R Walkley
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia. Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia. ACRF Rational Drug Discovery Centre, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia.
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PI3K/Akt signaling in osteosarcoma. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 444:182-92. [PMID: 25704303 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common nonhematologic bone malignancy in children and adolescents. Despite the advances of adjuvant chemotherapy and significant improvement of survival, the prognosis remains generally poor. As such, the search for more effective anti-OS agents is urgent. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway is thought to be one of the most important oncogenic pathways in human cancer. An increasing body of evidence has shown that this pathway is frequently hyperactivated in OS and contributes to disease initiation and development, including tumorigenesis, proliferation, invasion, cell cycle progression, inhibition of apoptosis, angiogenesis, metastasis and chemoresistance. Inhibition of this pathway through small molecule compounds represents an attractive potential therapeutic approach for OS. The aim of this review is to summarize the roles of the PI3K/Akt pathway in the development and progression of OS, and to highlight the therapeutic potential of targeting this signaling pathway. Knowledge obtained from the application of these compounds will help in further understanding the pathogenesis of OS and designing subsequent treatment strategies.
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Chen Q, Sun W, Liao Y, Zeng H, Shan L, Yin F, Wang Z, Zhou Z, Hua Y, Cai Z. Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 promotes the proliferation and invasion of osteosarcoma cells and upregulates the expression of AKT. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:219-25. [PMID: 25695619 PMCID: PMC4438931 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1/CCL2) is an important immune factor, which may be important in cancer progression by promoting proliferation, invasion, metastasis and the tumor microenvironment. Previous studies have demonstrated that CCL2 affects the proliferation of osteosarcoma cells via the RANKL signaling pathway. However, the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. To investigate the role of CCL2 in osteosarcoma cells, MTT, spheroid forming, wound healing and transwell assays were performed to examine the proliferation and invasion abilities of the osteosarcoma cells. It was revealed that the high-grade osteosarcoma cells exhibited increased expression levels of CCL2 compared with the low-grade osteosarcoma cells (P<0.001). Furthermore, knockdown of CCL2 decreased the proliferation and invasion abilities of the osteosarcoma cells (P<0.01). These results suggested that the expression of CCL2 is high in high-grade osteosarcoma cells and promotes the proliferation and invasion of osteosarcoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanchi Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Yuxin Liao
- Department of Orthopedics, First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Hui Zeng
- Department of Orthopedics, First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Liancheng Shan
- Department of Orthopedics, Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Fei Yin
- Department of Orthopedics, First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Zhuoying Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Zifei Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Yingqi Hua
- Department of Orthopedics, First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Zhengdong Cai
- Department of Orthopedics, First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
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Complementary genomic approaches highlight the PI3K/mTOR pathway as a common vulnerability in osteosarcoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E5564-73. [PMID: 25512523 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1419260111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common primary bone tumor, yet there have been no substantial advances in treatment or survival in three decades. We examined 59 tumor/normal pairs by whole-exome, whole-genome, and RNA-sequencing. Only the TP53 gene was mutated at significant frequency across all samples. The mean nonsilent somatic mutation rate was 1.2 mutations per megabase, and there was a median of 230 somatic rearrangements per tumor. Complex chains of rearrangements and localized hypermutation were detected in almost all cases. Given the intertumor heterogeneity, the extent of genomic instability, and the difficulty in acquiring a large sample size in a rare tumor, we used several methods to identify genomic events contributing to osteosarcoma survival. Pathway analysis, a heuristic analytic algorithm, a comparative oncology approach, and an shRNA screen converged on the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/mTOR) pathway as a central vulnerability for therapeutic exploitation in osteosarcoma. Osteosarcoma cell lines are responsive to pharmacologic and genetic inhibition of the PI3K/mTOR pathway both in vitro and in vivo.
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