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Ferrari G, Esselens L, Hart ML, Janssens S, Kidner C, Mascarello M, Peñalba JV, Pezzini F, von Rintelen T, Sonet G, Vangestel C, Virgilio M, Hollingsworth PM. Developing the Protocol Infrastructure for DNA Sequencing Natural History Collections. Biodivers Data J 2023; 11:e102317. [PMID: 38327316 PMCID: PMC10848826 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.11.e102317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Intentionally preserved biological material in natural history collections represents a vast repository of biodiversity. Advances in laboratory and sequencing technologies have made these specimens increasingly accessible for genomic analyses, offering a window into the genetic past of species and often permitting access to information that can no longer be sampled in the wild. Due to their age, preparation and storage conditions, DNA retrieved from museum and herbarium specimens is often poor in yield, heavily fragmented and biochemically modified. This not only poses methodological challenges in recovering nucleotide sequences, but also makes such investigations susceptible to environmental and laboratory contamination. In this paper, we review the practical challenges associated with making the recovery of DNA sequence data from museum collections more routine. We first review key operational principles and issues to address, to guide the decision-making process and dialogue between researchers and curators about when and how to sample museum specimens for genomic analyses. We then outline the range of steps that can be taken to reduce the likelihood of contamination including laboratory set-ups, workflows and working practices. We finish by presenting a series of case studies, each focusing on protocol practicalities for the application of different mainstream methodologies to museum specimens including: (i) shotgun sequencing of insect mitogenomes, (ii) whole genome sequencing of insects, (iii) genome skimming to recover plant plastid genomes from herbarium specimens, (iv) target capture of multi-locus nuclear sequences from herbarium specimens, (v) RAD-sequencing of bird specimens and (vi) shotgun sequencing of ancient bovid bone samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Ferrari
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United KingdomRoyal Botanic Garden EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Lore Esselens
- Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, BelgiumRoyal Museum for Central AfricaTervurenBelgium
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, BelgiumRoyal Belgian Institute of Natural SciencesBrusselsBelgium
| | - Michelle L Hart
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United KingdomRoyal Botanic Garden EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Steven Janssens
- Meise Botanic Garden, Meise, BelgiumMeise Botanic GardenMeiseBelgium
- Leuven Plant Institute, Department of Biology, Leuven, BelgiumLeuven Plant Institute, Department of BiologyLeuvenBelgium
| | - Catherine Kidner
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United KingdomRoyal Botanic Garden EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Joshua V Peñalba
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Berlin, GermanyMuseum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity ScienceBerlinGermany
| | - Flávia Pezzini
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United KingdomRoyal Botanic Garden EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Thomas von Rintelen
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Berlin, GermanyMuseum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity ScienceBerlinGermany
| | - Gontran Sonet
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, BelgiumRoyal Belgian Institute of Natural SciencesBrusselsBelgium
| | - Carl Vangestel
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, BelgiumRoyal Belgian Institute of Natural SciencesBrusselsBelgium
| | - Massimiliano Virgilio
- Royal Museum for Central Africa, Department of African Zoology, Tervuren, BelgiumRoyal Museum for Central Africa, Department of African ZoologyTervurenBelgium
| | - Peter M Hollingsworth
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United KingdomRoyal Botanic Garden EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
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Rinkert A, Misiewicz TM, Carter BE, Salmaan A, Whittall JB. Bird nests as botanical time capsules: DNA barcoding identifies the contents of contemporary and historical nests. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257624. [PMID: 34614003 PMCID: PMC8494352 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bird nests in natural history collections are an abundant yet vastly underutilized source of genetic information. We sequenced the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer to identify plant species used as nest material in two contemporary (2003 and 2018) and two historical (both 1915) nest specimens constructed by Song Sparrows (Melospiza melodia) and Savannah Sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis). A total of 13 (22%) samples yielded single, strong bands that could be identified using GenBank resources: six plants (Angiospermae), six green algae (Chlorophyta), and one ciliate (Ciliophora). Two native plant species identified in the nests included Festuca microstachys, which was introduced to the nest collection site by restoration practitioners, and Rosa californica, identified in a nest collected from a lost habitat that existed about 100 years ago. Successful sequencing was correlated with higher sample mass and DNA quality, suggesting future studies should select larger pieces of contiguous material from nests and materials that appear to have been fresh when incorporated into the nest. This molecular approach was used to distinguish plant species that were not visually identifiable, and did not require disassembling the nest specimens as is a traditional practice with nest material studies. The many thousands of nest specimens in natural history collections hold great promise as sources of genetic information to address myriad ecological questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Rinkert
- Department of Biological Sciences, San José State University, San José, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Tracy M. Misiewicz
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States of America
| | - Benjamin E. Carter
- Department of Biological Sciences, San José State University, San José, CA, United States of America
| | - Aleezah Salmaan
- Department of Biology, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA, United States of America
| | - Justen B. Whittall
- Department of Biology, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA, United States of America
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Martínez-Vargas J, Roqué L, Del Canto I, Carrillo-Ortiz J, Orta C, Quesada J. The impact of prolonged frozen storage on the preparation quality of bird skins and skeletons in zoological collections. Naturwissenschaften 2021; 108:18. [PMID: 33877435 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-021-01726-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Specimens from zoological collections play a pivotal role in improving scientific knowledge in many natural science disciplines. To guarantee an optimum state of conservation and ensure their usefulness, the preparation process employed is crucial. Skins and skeletons are key elements in vertebrate scientific collections and, ideally, are prepared from recently deceased animals; however, specimens are often stored in a frozen state for a long time (years) prior to preparation. Whether the duration of this frozen state has a deleterious effect on preparation quality has rarely been studied. The main objective of this study was thus to contribute towards research into zoological preparation by testing to see whether prolonged frozen storage hinders the preparation of bird skins and skeletons. We used the common buzzard (Buteo buteo) and the barn owl (Tyto alba) as biological models. Our results showed that long-term frozen storage led to weight loss, bone marrow acidification and solidification, and hampered skin preparation. The necropsy affected weight loss and decreased the skin tear resistance, probably due to tissue dehydration. Thus, prolonged frozen storage appears to have a harmful effect on the preparation quality of vertebrate specimens. Since frozen storage could ultimately have an impact on the conservation and scientific use of museum specimens, practices should be implemented to minimise the amount of time specimens are frozen or to mitigate any detrimental effects. More importance should be attached to research on zoological preparation since it is fundamental for optimising the quality, conservation status, and value of museum collections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Martínez-Vargas
- Department of Vertebrates, Museu de Ciències Naturals de Barcelona - Natural Science Museum of Barcelona, Passeig Picasso s/n, 08003, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Myrmex. Serveis Tècnics a les Ciències Naturals S.L., Carrer de Bailèn 148 3r 1a, 08037, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Laura Roqué
- Department of Vertebrates, Museu de Ciències Naturals de Barcelona - Natural Science Museum of Barcelona, Passeig Picasso s/n, 08003, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Ulnae Bones, Carrer de la Canal 22, 17869 Vilallonga de Ter, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Irene Del Canto
- Department of Vertebrates, Museu de Ciències Naturals de Barcelona - Natural Science Museum of Barcelona, Passeig Picasso s/n, 08003, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - José Carrillo-Ortiz
- Department of Vertebrates, Museu de Ciències Naturals de Barcelona - Natural Science Museum of Barcelona, Passeig Picasso s/n, 08003, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Carles Orta
- Department of Vertebrates, Museu de Ciències Naturals de Barcelona - Natural Science Museum of Barcelona, Passeig Picasso s/n, 08003, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Javier Quesada
- Department of Vertebrates, Museu de Ciències Naturals de Barcelona - Natural Science Museum of Barcelona, Passeig Picasso s/n, 08003, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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Systematics and the Unexpected High Mitochondrial Genetic Divergence of Nelsonia goldmani (Rodentia: Cricetidae) from Mexican Highlands. J MAMM EVOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-020-09532-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Tsai WLE, Schedl ME, Maley JM, McCormack JE. More than skin and bones: Comparing extraction methods and alternative sources of DNA from avian museum specimens. Mol Ecol Resour 2019; 20:1220-1227. [PMID: 31478338 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing has greatly expanded the utility and value of museum collections by revealing specimens as genomic resources. As the field of museum genomics grows, so does the need for extraction methods that maximize DNA yields. For avian museum specimens, the established method of extracting DNA from toe pads works well for most specimens. However, for some specimens, especially those of birds that are very small or very large, toe pads can be a poor source of DNA. In this study, we apply two DNA extraction methods (phenol-chloroform and silica column) to three different sources of DNA (toe pad, skin punch and bone) from 10 historical avian museum specimens. We show that a modified phenol-chloroform protocol yielded significantly more DNA than a silica column protocol (e.g., Qiagen DNeasy Blood & Tissue Kit) across all tissue types. However, extractions using the silica column protocol contained longer fragments on average than those using the phenol-chloroform protocol, probably as a result of loss of small fragments through the silica column. While toe pads yielded more DNA than skin punches and bone fragments, skin punches proved to be a reliable alternative source of DNA and might be especially appealing when toe pad extractions are impractical. Overall, we found that historical bird museum specimens contain substantial amounts of DNA for genomic studies under most extraction scenarios, but that a phenol-chloroform protocol consistently provides the high quantities of DNA required for most current genomic protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney L E Tsai
- Moore Laboratory of Zoology, Occidental College, Los Angeles, California
| | - Margaret E Schedl
- Moore Laboratory of Zoology, Occidental College, Los Angeles, California
| | - James M Maley
- Moore Laboratory of Zoology, Occidental College, Los Angeles, California
| | - John E McCormack
- Moore Laboratory of Zoology, Occidental College, Los Angeles, California.,Biology Department, Occidental College, Los Angeles, California
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Billerman SM, Walsh J. Historical DNA as a tool to address key questions in avian biology and evolution: A review of methods, challenges, applications, and future directions. Mol Ecol Resour 2019; 19:1115-1130. [PMID: 31336408 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Museum specimens play a crucial role in addressing key questions in systematics, evolution, ecology, and conservation. With the advent of high-throughput sequencing technologies, specimens that have long been the foundation of important biological discoveries can inform new perspectives as sources of genomic data. Despite the many possibilities associated with analyzing DNA from historical specimens, several challenges persist. Using avian systems as a model, we review DNA extraction protocols, sequencing technologies, and capture methods that are helping researchers overcome some of these difficulties. We highlight empirical examples in which researchers have used these technologies to address fundamental questions related to avian conservation and evolution. Increasing accessibility to new sequencing technologies will provide researchers with tools to tap into the wealth of information contained within our valuable natural history collections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn M Billerman
- Fuller Evolutionary Biology Program, Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jennifer Walsh
- Fuller Evolutionary Biology Program, Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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McDonough MM, Parker LD, Rotzel McInerney N, Campana MG, Maldonado JE. Performance of commonly requested destructive museum samples for mammalian genomic studies. J Mammal 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyy080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Molly M McDonough
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
- Center for Conservation Genomics, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoo, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Lillian D Parker
- Center for Conservation Genomics, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoo, Washington, DC, USA
- Environmental Science and Policy Department, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Nancy Rotzel McInerney
- Center for Conservation Genomics, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoo, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Michael G Campana
- Center for Conservation Genomics, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoo, Washington, DC, USA
- Environmental Science and Policy Department, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Jesús E Maldonado
- Center for Conservation Genomics, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoo, Washington, DC, USA
- Environmental Science and Policy Department, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
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Jaksch K, Eschner A, Rintelen TV, Haring E. DNA analysis of molluscs from a museum wet collection: a comparison of different extraction methods. BMC Res Notes 2016; 9:348. [PMID: 27430899 PMCID: PMC4950716 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-016-2147-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background DNA isolation and PCR amplification from molluscan taxa is considered as problematic because polysaccharides in tissue and mucus presumably co-precipitate with the DNA and inhibit the activity of DNA polymerase. In the present study we tested two common extraction methods on specimens from the mollusc collection of the Natural History Museum Vienna (NHMW). We analysed a broad variety of taxa covering a large temporal span (acquisition years 1877 to 1999), which distinguishes our study from previous ones where mostly fresh material was used. We also took other factors into account: effects of sample age, effects of formaldehyde treatment and taxon-specific problems. We used several primer combinations to amplify amplicons of different lengths of two mitochondrial genes: cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) and 16S rRNA gene (16S). Results Overall PCR success was 43 % in the 576 extractions (including all primer combinations). The smallest amplicon (~240 bp) showed the best results (49 % positive reactions), followed by the 400 bp amplicon (40.5 %). Both short sections yielded significantly better results than the 700 bp long amplicon (27 %). Comparatively, the Gen-ial-First, All-tissue DNA-Kit—extraction method performed significantly better than Promega-Tissue and Hair Extraction Kit. Generally, PCR success is age-dependent. Nonetheless, we were able to obtain the longest amplicon even from 137-year-old material. Importantly, formaldehyde traces did not totally inhibit amplification success, although very high concentrations did. Conclusions Museum material has gained importance for DNA analysis in recent years, especially for DNA barcoding projects. In some cases, however, the amplification of the standard barcoding region (partial sequence of the COI) is problematic with old material. Our study clearly shows that the COI barcoding region could be amplified in up to 49 % of PCRs (varying with amplicon length), which is, for museum samples, quite a high percentage. The difference between extraction methods was minimal and we recommend using an established kit for a first attempt because experience and routine in handling might be more important than slight performance differences of the various kits. Finally, we identify fixation, storage, sample conservation and documentation of the specimens’ history rather than the DNA extraction method to be the most crucial factors for PCR success. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13104-016-2147-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Jaksch
- Central Research Laboratories, Natural History Museum Vienna, Burgring 7, 1010, Vienna, Austria. .,Department of Integrative Zoology, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Anita Eschner
- Third Zoological Department, Natural History Museum Vienna, Burgring 7, 1010, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas V Rintelen
- Leibniz Institute for Research on Evolution and Biodiversity, Museum für Naturkunde, Invalidenstraße 43, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Haring
- Central Research Laboratories, Natural History Museum Vienna, Burgring 7, 1010, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Integrative Zoology, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
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Besnard G, Bertrand JAM, Delahaie B, Bourgeois YXC, Lhuillier E, Thébaud C. Valuing museum specimens: high-throughput DNA sequencing on historical collections of New Guinea crowned pigeons (Goura). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Besnard
- CNRS-UPS-ENFA; UMR5174 EDB (Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique); Université Paul Sabatier; 118 route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse France
| | - Joris A. M. Bertrand
- CNRS-UPS-ENFA; UMR5174 EDB (Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique); Université Paul Sabatier; 118 route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse France
- Institute of Oceanography; National Taiwan University; n°1, sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Daan District Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| | - Boris Delahaie
- CNRS-UPS-ENFA; UMR5174 EDB (Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique); Université Paul Sabatier; 118 route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse France
| | - Yann X. C. Bourgeois
- CNRS-UPS-ENFA; UMR5174 EDB (Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique); Université Paul Sabatier; 118 route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse France
- Zoological Institute; Department of Evolutionary Biology; University of Basel; Vesalgasse 1 4051 Basel Switzerland
| | - Emeline Lhuillier
- INRA; GeT-PlaGe; UAR 1209 Département de Génétique Animale; INRA Auzeville; 31326 Castanet-Tolosan France
| | - Christophe Thébaud
- CNRS-UPS-ENFA; UMR5174 EDB (Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique); Université Paul Sabatier; 118 route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse France
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Kuhn K, Schwenk K, Both C, Canal D, Johansson US, van der Mije S, Töpfer T, Päckert M. Differentiation in neutral genes and a candidate gene in the pied flycatcher: using biological archives to track global climate change. Ecol Evol 2013; 3:4799-814. [PMID: 24363905 PMCID: PMC3867912 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Global climate change is one of the major driving forces for adaptive shifts in migration and breeding phenology and possibly impacts demographic changes if a species fails to adapt sufficiently. In Western Europe, pied flycatchers (Ficedula hypoleuca) have insufficiently adapted their breeding phenology to the ongoing advance of food peaks within their breeding area and consequently suffered local population declines. We address the question whether this population decline led to a loss of genetic variation, using two neutral marker sets (mitochondrial control region and microsatellites), and one potentially selectively non-neutral marker (avian Clock gene). We report temporal changes in genetic diversity in extant populations and biological archives over more than a century, using samples from sites differing in the extent of climate change. Comparing genetic differentiation over this period revealed that only the recent Dutch population, which underwent population declines, showed slightly lower genetic variation than the historic Dutch population. As that loss of variation was only moderate and not observed in all markers, current gene flow across Western and Central European populations might have compensated local loss of variation over the last decades. A comparison of genetic differentiation in neutral loci versus the Clock gene locus provided evidence for stabilizing selection. Furthermore, in all genetic markers, we found a greater genetic differentiation in space than in time. This pattern suggests that local adaptation or historic processes might have a stronger effect on the population structure and genetic variation in the pied flycatcher than recent global climate changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Kuhn
- Biodiversity and Climate Research CentreSenckenberganlage 25, Frankfurt a. Main, D-60325, Germany
- Ecology and Evolution, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-UniversitätMax-von-Laue-Straße 13, Frankfurt am Main, D-60438, Germany
| | - Klaus Schwenk
- Biodiversity and Climate Research CentreSenckenberganlage 25, Frankfurt a. Main, D-60325, Germany
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-LandauFortstraße 7, Landau in der Pfalz, 76829, Germany
| | - Christiaan Both
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies (CEES), University of GroningenPO Box 11103, Groningen, 9700 CC, The Netherlands
| | - David Canal
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Estación Biológica de Doñana, CSICAv. Américo Vespucio s/n, Sevilla, 41092, Spain
| | - Ulf S Johansson
- Department of Zoology, Swedish Museum of Natural HistoryPO Box 50007, Stockholm, SE 10405, Sweden
| | | | - Till Töpfer
- Biodiversity and Climate Research CentreSenckenberganlage 25, Frankfurt a. Main, D-60325, Germany
- Museum of Zoology, Senckenberg Natural History CollectionsKönigsbrücker Landstraße 159, Dresden, D-01109, Germany
| | - Martin Päckert
- Biodiversity and Climate Research CentreSenckenberganlage 25, Frankfurt a. Main, D-60325, Germany
- Museum of Zoology, Senckenberg Natural History CollectionsKönigsbrücker Landstraße 159, Dresden, D-01109, Germany
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Paredes UM, Prys-Jones R, Adams M, Groombridge J, Kundu S, Agapow PM, Abel RL. Micro-CT X-rays do not fragment DNA in preserved bird skins. J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0469.2012.00657.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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