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Martí E, Milani D, Bardella VB, Albuquerque L, Song H, Palacios-Gimenez OM, Cabral-de-Mello DC. Cytogenomic analysis unveils mixed molecular evolution and recurrent chromosomal rearrangements shaping the multigene families on Schistocerca grasshopper genomes. Evolution 2021; 75:2027-2041. [PMID: 34155627 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Multigene families are essential components of eukaryotic genomes and play key roles either structurally and functionally. Their modes of evolution remain elusive even in the era of genomics, because multiple multigene family sequences coexist in genomes, particularly in large repetitive genomes. Here, we investigate how the multigene families 18S rDNA, U2 snDNA, and H3 histone evolved in 10 species of Schistocerca grasshoppers with very large and repeat-enriched genomes. Using sequenced genomes and fluorescence in situ hybridization mapping, we find substantial differences between species, including the number of chromosomal clusters, changes in sequence abundance and nucleotide composition, pseudogenization, and association with transposable elements (TEs). The intragenomic analysis of Schistocerca gregaria using long-read sequencing and genome assembly unveils conservation for H3 histone and recurrent pseudogenization for 18S rDNA and U2 snDNA, likely promoted by association with TEs and sequence truncation. Remarkably, TEs were frequently associated with truncated copies, were also among the most abundant in the genome, and revealed signatures of recent activity. Our findings suggest a combined effect of concerted and birth-and-death models driving the evolution of multigene families in Schistocerca over the last 8 million years, and the occurrence of intra- and interchromosomal rearrangements shaping their chromosomal distribution. Despite the conserved karyotype in Schistocerca, our analysis highlights the extensive reorganization of repetitive DNAs in Schistocerca, contributing to the advance of comparative genomics for this important grasshopper genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano Martí
- Departamento de Biologia Geral e Aplicada, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Instituto de Biociências/IB, Rio Claro, 13506-900, Brazil
| | - Diogo Milani
- Departamento de Biologia Geral e Aplicada, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Instituto de Biociências/IB, Rio Claro, 13506-900, Brazil
| | - Vanessa B Bardella
- Departamento de Biologia Geral e Aplicada, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Instituto de Biociências/IB, Rio Claro, 13506-900, Brazil
| | - Lucas Albuquerque
- Departamento de Biologia Geral e Aplicada, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Instituto de Biociências/IB, Rio Claro, 13506-900, Brazil
| | - Hojun Song
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843
| | - Octavio M Palacios-Gimenez
- Department of Organismal Biology - Systematic Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-75236, Sweden.,Population Ecology Group, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, DE-07743, Germany
| | - Diogo C Cabral-de-Mello
- Departamento de Biologia Geral e Aplicada, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Instituto de Biociências/IB, Rio Claro, 13506-900, Brazil
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2
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Sequencing of the Arabidopsis NOR2 reveals its distinct organization and tissue-specific rRNA ribosomal variants. Nat Commun 2021; 12:387. [PMID: 33452254 PMCID: PMC7810690 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20728-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite vast differences between organisms, some characteristics of their genomes are conserved, such as the nucleolus organizing region (NOR). The NOR is constituted of multiple, highly repetitive rDNA genes, encoding the catalytic ribosomal core RNAs which are transcribed from 45S rDNA units. Their precise sequence information and organization remain uncharacterized. Here, using a combination of long- and short-read sequencing technologies we assemble contigs of the Arabidopsis NOR2 rDNA domain. We identify several expressed rRNA gene variants which are integrated into translating ribosomes in a tissue-specific manner. These findings support the concept of tissue specific ribosome subpopulations that differ in their rRNA composition and provide insights into the higher order organization of NOR2. The nucleolus organizing region (NOR) consists of multiple, highly repetitive rDNA genes. Here Sims et al. use both long- and short-read sequencing to determine the organization and sequence of Arabidopsis NOR2 rDNA and show that different rRNA gene variants are integrated into translating ribosomes in a tissue-specific manner.
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3
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Sims J, Rabanal FA, Elgert C, von Haeseler A, Schlögelhofer P. It Is Just a Matter of Time: Balancing Homologous Recombination and Non-homologous End Joining at the rDNA Locus During Meiosis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:773052. [PMID: 34777453 PMCID: PMC8580885 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.773052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Ribosomal RNA genes (rDNAs) are located in large domains of hundreds of rDNA units organized in a head-to-tail manner. The proper and stable inheritance of rDNA clusters is of paramount importance for survival. Yet, these highly repetitive elements pose a potential risk to the genome since they can undergo non-allelic exchanges. Here, we review the current knowledge of the organization of the rDNA clusters in Arabidopsis thaliana and their stability during meiosis. Recent findings suggest that during meiosis, all rDNA loci are embedded within the nucleolus favoring non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) as a repair mechanism, while DNA repair via homologous recombination (HR) appears to be a rare event. We propose a model where (1) frequent meiotic NHEJ events generate abundant single nucleotide polymorphisms and insertions/deletions within the rDNA, resulting in a heterogeneous population of rDNA units and (2) rare HR events dynamically change rDNA unit numbers, only to be observed in large populations over many generations. Based on the latest efforts to delineate the entire rDNA sequence in A. thaliana, we discuss evidence supporting this model. The results compiled so far draw a surprising picture of rDNA sequence heterogeneity between individual units. Furthermore, rDNA cluster sizes have been recognized as relatively stable when observing less than 10 generations, yet emerged as major determinant of genome size variation between different A. thaliana ecotypes. The sequencing efforts also revealed that transcripts from the diverse rDNA units yield heterogenous ribosome populations with potential functional implications. These findings strongly motivate further research to understand the mechanisms that maintain the metastable state of rDNA loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Sims
- Department of Chromosome Biology, Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Jason Sims,
| | - Fernando A. Rabanal
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christiane Elgert
- Center for Integrative Bioinformatics Vienna (CIBIV), Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Arndt von Haeseler
- Center for Integrative Bioinformatics Vienna (CIBIV), Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Faculty of Computer Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Schlögelhofer
- Department of Chromosome Biology, Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
- Peter Schlögelhofer,
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4
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Chelomina GN, Rozhkovan KV, Burundukova OL, Gorpenchenko TY, Khrolenko YA, Zhuravlev YN. Age-Dependent and Tissue-Specific Alterations in the rDNA Clusters of the Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer Cultivated Cell Lines. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10101410. [PMID: 33036123 PMCID: PMC7599642 DOI: 10.3390/biom10101410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term cultivation of Panax ginseng cell lines leads to a decreasing synthesis of the biologically active substances used in traditional medicine. To gain insight into the cellular mechanisms which may influence this process, we analyzed variations within the rDNA cluster of the Oriental ginseng cell lines. The cell lines were cultivated for 6 and 24 years; the number of nucleoli and chromosomes was analyzed. The complete 18S rDNA sequences were cloned and sequenced. The nucleotide polymorphism and phylogenetic relations of the sequences were analyzed, and the secondary structures for separate 18S rRNA regions were modeled. The 18S rDNA accumulated mutations during cell cultivation that correlate well with an increase in the number of chromosomes and nucleoli. The patterns of nucleotide diversity are culture-specific and the increasing polymorphism associates with cytosine methylation sites. The secondary structures of some 18S rRNA regions and their interaction can alter during cultivation. The phylogenetic tree topologies are particular for each cell line.The observed alterations in rDNA clusters are associated with a somaclonal variation, leading to changes in the pattern of intracellular synthesis during cell cultivation. The identified divergent rRNAs could provide additional gene expression regulation in P. ginseng cells by forming heterogeneous ribosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina N. Chelomina
- Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far-Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Science, Vladivostok 690022, Russia; (K.V.R.); (O.L.B.); (T.Y.G.); (Y.A.K.); (Y.N.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-(423)-231-0410
| | - Konstantin V. Rozhkovan
- Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far-Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Science, Vladivostok 690022, Russia; (K.V.R.); (O.L.B.); (T.Y.G.); (Y.A.K.); (Y.N.Z.)
- Saint-Petersburg State University Clinic, St. Petersburg 190103, Russia
| | - Olga L. Burundukova
- Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far-Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Science, Vladivostok 690022, Russia; (K.V.R.); (O.L.B.); (T.Y.G.); (Y.A.K.); (Y.N.Z.)
| | - Tatiana Y. Gorpenchenko
- Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far-Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Science, Vladivostok 690022, Russia; (K.V.R.); (O.L.B.); (T.Y.G.); (Y.A.K.); (Y.N.Z.)
| | - Yulia A. Khrolenko
- Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far-Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Science, Vladivostok 690022, Russia; (K.V.R.); (O.L.B.); (T.Y.G.); (Y.A.K.); (Y.N.Z.)
| | - Yuri N. Zhuravlev
- Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far-Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Science, Vladivostok 690022, Russia; (K.V.R.); (O.L.B.); (T.Y.G.); (Y.A.K.); (Y.N.Z.)
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5
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Cao L, Qin Q, Xiao Q, Yin H, Wen J, Liu Q, Huang X, Huo Y, Tao M, Zhang C, Luo K, Liu S. Nucleolar Dominance in a Tetraploidy Hybrid Lineage Derived From Carassius auratus red var. () × Megalobrama amblycephala (). Front Genet 2018; 9:386. [PMID: 30319686 PMCID: PMC6166360 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleolar dominance is related to the expression of 45S rRNA genes inherited from one progenitor due to the silencing of the other progenitor’s rRNA genes. To investigate nucleolar dominance associated with tetraploidization, we analyzed the changes regarding the genetic traits and expression of 45S rRNA genes in tetraploidy hybrid lineage including F1 allotetraploids (4n = 148) and F2 autotetraploids (4n = 200) derived from the distant hybridization of Carassius auratus red var. (2n = 100) () ×Megalobrama amblycephala (2n = 48) (). Results showed that nucleolar dominance from the females was established in F1 hybrids and it was inherited in F2 hybrids, suggesting that tetraploidization can lead to rapid establishment of nucleolar dominance in the hybrid origin’s tetraploid lineage. These results extend the knowledge of nucleolar dominance in polyploidy hybrid animals, which are of significance for the evolution of hybrids in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.,College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - QinBo Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.,College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.,College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - HongTing Yin
- College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Jin Wen
- College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - QiWen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.,College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Xu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.,College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - YangYang Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.,College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Min Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.,College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Chun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.,College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Kaikun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.,College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - ShaoJun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.,College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
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6
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Maeda T, Kobayashi Y, Kameoka H, Okuma N, Takeda N, Yamaguchi K, Bino T, Shigenobu S, Kawaguchi M. Evidence of non-tandemly repeated rDNAs and their intragenomic heterogeneity in Rhizophagus irregularis. Commun Biol 2018; 1:87. [PMID: 30271968 PMCID: PMC6123716 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0094-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) species are some of the most widespread symbionts of land plants. Our much improved reference genome assembly of a model AMF, Rhizophagus irregularis DAOM-181602 (total contigs = 210), facilitated a discovery of repetitive elements with unusual characteristics. R. irregularis has only ten or 11 copies of complete 45S rDNAs, whereas the general eukaryotic genome has tens to thousands of rDNA copies. R. irregularis rDNAs are highly heterogeneous and lack a tandem repeat structure. These findings provide evidence for the hypothesis that rDNA heterogeneity depends on the lack of tandem repeat structures. RNA-Seq analysis confirmed that all rDNA variants are actively transcribed. Observed rDNA/rRNA polymorphisms may modulate translation by using different ribosomes depending on biotic and abiotic interactions. The non-tandem repeat structure and intragenomic heterogeneity of AMF rDNA/rRNA may facilitate successful adaptation to various environmental conditions, increasing host compatibility of these symbiotic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taro Maeda
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji Nishigonaka, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Yuuki Kobayashi
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji Nishigonaka, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Hiromu Kameoka
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji Nishigonaka, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Nao Okuma
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji Nishigonaka, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
- The Graduate University for Advanced Studies [SOKENDAI], Hayama, Miura, Kanagawa, 240-0193, Japan
| | - Naoya Takeda
- School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Gakuen, Mita, Hyogo, 669-1337, Japan
| | - Katsushi Yamaguchi
- Functional Genomics Facility, National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji Nishigonaka, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Takahiro Bino
- Functional Genomics Facility, National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji Nishigonaka, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Shuji Shigenobu
- The Graduate University for Advanced Studies [SOKENDAI], Hayama, Miura, Kanagawa, 240-0193, Japan.
- Functional Genomics Facility, National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji Nishigonaka, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan.
| | - Masayoshi Kawaguchi
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji Nishigonaka, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan.
- The Graduate University for Advanced Studies [SOKENDAI], Hayama, Miura, Kanagawa, 240-0193, Japan.
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7
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Sochorová J, Garcia S, Gálvez F, Symonová R, Kovařík A. Evolutionary trends in animal ribosomal DNA loci: introduction to a new online database. Chromosoma 2018; 127:141-150. [PMID: 29192338 PMCID: PMC5818627 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-017-0651-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) loci encoding 5S and 45S (18S-5.8S-28S) rRNAs are important components of eukaryotic chromosomes. Here, we set up the animal rDNA database containing cytogenetic information about these loci in 1343 animal species (264 families) collected from 542 publications. The data are based on in situ hybridisation studies (both radioactive and fluorescent) carried out in major groups of vertebrates (fish, reptiles, amphibians, birds, and mammals) and invertebrates (mostly insects and mollusks). The database is accessible online at www.animalrdnadatabase.com . The median number of 45S and 5S sites was close to two per diploid chromosome set for both rDNAs despite large variation (1-74 for 5S and 1-54 for 45S sites). No significant correlation between the number of 5S and 45S rDNA loci was observed, suggesting that their distribution and amplification across the chromosomes follow independent evolutionary trajectories. Each group, irrespective of taxonomic classification, contained rDNA sites at any chromosome location. However, the distal and pericentromeric positions were the most prevalent (> 75% karyotypes) for 45S loci, while the position of 5S loci was more variable. We also examined potential relationships between molecular attributes of rDNA (homogenisation and expression) and cytogenetic parameters such as rDNA positions, chromosome number, and morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Sochorová
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-61265, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sònia Garcia
- Institut Botànic de Barcelona (IBB-CSIC-ICUB), Passeig del Migdia s/n, 08038, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Francisco Gálvez
- Bioscripts-Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo de Recursos Científicos, 41012, Sevilla, Andalusia, Spain
| | - Radka Symonová
- Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradecka 1285, CZ-50003, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Kovařík
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-61265, Brno, Czech Republic.
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8
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Wang W, Ma L, Becher H, Garcia S, Kovarikova A, Leitch IJ, Leitch AR, Kovarik A. Astonishing 35S rDNA diversity in the gymnosperm species Cycas revoluta Thunb. Chromosoma 2015; 125:683-99. [PMID: 26637996 PMCID: PMC5023732 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-015-0556-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In all eukaryotes, the highly repeated 35S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequences encoding 18S-5.8S-26S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) typically show high levels of intragenomic uniformity due to homogenisation processes, leading to concerted evolution of 35S rDNA repeats. Here, we compared 35S rDNA divergence in several seed plants using next generation sequencing and a range of molecular and cytogenetic approaches. Most species showed similar 35S rDNA homogeneity indicating concerted evolution. However, Cycas revoluta exhibits an extraordinary diversity of rDNA repeats (nucleotide sequence divergence of different copies averaging 12 %), influencing both the coding and non-coding rDNA regions nearly equally. In contrast, its rRNA transcriptome was highly homogeneous suggesting that only a minority of genes (<20 %) encode functional rRNA. The most common SNPs were C > T substitutions located in symmetrical CG and CHG contexts which were also highly methylated. Both functional genes and pseudogenes appear to cluster on chromosomes. The extraordinary high levels of 35S rDNA diversity in C. revoluta, and probably other species of cycads, indicate that the frequency of repeat homogenisation has been much lower in this lineage, compared with all other land plant lineages studied. This has led to the accumulation of methylation-driven mutations and pseudogenisation. Potentially, the reduced homology between paralogs prevented their elimination by homologous recombination, resulting in long-term retention of rDNA pseudogenes in the genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wencai Wang
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Lu Ma
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Hannes Becher
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Sònia Garcia
- Laboratori de Botànica-Unitat associada CSIC, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Alena Kovarikova
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, CZ-61265, Czech Republic
| | - Ilia J Leitch
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AB, UK
| | - Andrew R Leitch
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Ales Kovarik
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, CZ-61265, Czech Republic.
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9
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Haplotype Detection from Next-Generation Sequencing in High-Ploidy-Level Species: 45S rDNA Gene Copies in the Hexaploid Spartina maritima. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2015; 6:29-40. [PMID: 26530424 PMCID: PMC4704722 DOI: 10.1534/g3.115.023242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Gene and whole-genome duplications are widespread in plant nuclear genomes, resulting in sequence heterogeneity. Identification of duplicated genes may be particularly challenging in highly redundant genomes, especially when there are no diploid parents as a reference. Here, we developed a pipeline to detect the different copies in the ribosomal RNA gene family in the hexaploid grass Spartina maritima from next-generation sequencing (Roche-454) reads. The heterogeneity of the different domains of the highly repeated 45S unit was explored by identifying single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and assembling reads based on shared polymorphisms. SNPs were validated using comparisons with Illumina sequence data sets and by cloning and Sanger (re)sequencing. Using this approach, 29 validated polymorphisms and 11 validated haplotypes were reported (out of 34 and 20, respectively, that were initially predicted by our program). The rDNA domains of S. maritima have similar lengths as those found in other Poaceae, apart from the 5′-ETS, which is approximately two-times longer in S. maritima. Sequence homogeneity was encountered in coding regions and both internal transcribed spacers (ITS), whereas high intragenomic variability was detected in the intergenic spacer (IGS) and the external transcribed spacer (ETS). Molecular cytogenetic analysis by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) revealed the presence of one pair of 45S rDNA signals on the chromosomes of S. maritima instead of three expected pairs for a hexaploid genome, indicating loss of duplicated homeologous loci through the diploidization process. The procedure developed here may be used at any ploidy level and using different sequencing technologies.
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10
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Yuan Y, Zhang Y, Yao S, Shi H, Huang X, Li Y, Wei Y, Lin S. The translation initiation factor eIF3i up-regulates vascular endothelial growth factor A, accelerates cell proliferation, and promotes angiogenesis in embryonic development and tumorigenesis. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:28310-23. [PMID: 25147179 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.571356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) is a critical proangiogenic factor that is activated by hypoxia at both the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. In hypoxia conditions, stabilized hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1A) is the key regulator for transcriptional activation of VEGFA. However, the post-transcriptional control of VEGFA expression remains poorly understood. Here, we report that the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3i (eIF3i) is required for VEGFA protein expression in both normal embryonic and tumorigenic angiogenesis. eIF3i is dynamically expressed in the early stages of zebrafish embryogenesis and in human hepatocellular carcinoma tissues. eIF3i homozygous mutant zebrafish embryos show severe angiogenesis defects and human hepatocellular cancer cells with depletion of eIF3i to induce less angiogenesis in tumor models. Under hypoxia, the HIF1A protein can interact with its binding sequence in the eIF3i promoter and activate eIF3i transcription. The expression of VEGFA, which should rise in hypoxia, is significantly inhibited by eIF3i siRNA treatment. Moreover, eIF3i knockdown did not cause a general translation repression but specifically reduced the translation efficiency of the VEGFA mRNAs. Taken together, our results suggest that eIF3i is induced by HIF1A under hypoxia and controls normal and tumorigenic angiogenesis through regulating VEGFA protein translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yike Yuan
- From the State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yaguang Zhang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Shaohua Yao
- From the State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China,
| | - Huashan Shi
- From the State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China, the Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xi Huang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yuhao Li
- the Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Nankai University School of Medicine, Tianjin 300071, China, and
| | - Yuquan Wei
- From the State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Shuo Lin
- From the State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China, the Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095-1606
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Sheeja TE, Anju PR, Shalini RS, Siju S, Dhanya K, Krishnamoorthy B. RAPD, SCAR and conserved 18S rDNA markers for a red-listed and endemic medicinal plant species, Knema andamanica (Myristicaceae). PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 19:245-250. [PMID: 24431492 PMCID: PMC3656193 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-013-0166-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Knema andamanica is a red-listed endemic medicinal species of Myristicaceae restricted to Andaman and Nicobar (A&N) Islands, India. This species is used in tribal medicines and has immense bioprospective potential. With a view to generate suitable genomic markers for classification and identification, we have generated RAPD, SCAR and conserved 18S rDNA markers from K. andamanica. A unique 585 bp fragment, that distinguished it from seven other related species of Myristicaceae was first amplified using the random primer OPE 06 and converted to SCAR marker (GenBank accession # JN228256). The conserved sequences of 18S rDNA loci from K. andamanica were also amplified and sequenced (GenBank accession #JN228265). The sequence revealed deviations including 18 variable regions and 15 indels that were unique to K. andamanica. These markers can help in definite identification of K. andamanica even at the juvenile stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. E. Sheeja
- />Division of Crop Improvement and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Spices Research, Marikunnu PO, Calicut, 673012 Kerala India
| | - P. R. Anju
- />Division of Crop Improvement and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Spices Research, Marikunnu PO, Calicut, 673012 Kerala India
| | - R. S. Shalini
- />Division of Crop Improvement and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Spices Research, Marikunnu PO, Calicut, 673012 Kerala India
| | - S. Siju
- />Division of Crop Improvement and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Spices Research, Marikunnu PO, Calicut, 673012 Kerala India
| | - K. Dhanya
- />Division of Crop Improvement and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Spices Research, Marikunnu PO, Calicut, 673012 Kerala India
- />Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Qatar Foundation – Education City, P.O. Box: 24144, Doha, Qatar
| | - B. Krishnamoorthy
- />Division of Crop Improvement and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Spices Research, Marikunnu PO, Calicut, 673012 Kerala India
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Matyášek R, Renny-Byfield S, Fulneček J, Macas J, Grandbastien MA, Nichols R, Leitch A, Kovařík A. Next generation sequencing analysis reveals a relationship between rDNA unit diversity and locus number in Nicotiana diploids. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:722. [PMID: 23259460 PMCID: PMC3563450 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tandemly arranged nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA), encoding 18S, 5.8S and 26S ribosomal RNA (rRNA), exhibit concerted evolution, a pattern thought to result from the homogenisation of rDNA arrays. However rDNA homogeneity at the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) level has not been detailed in organisms with more than a few hundred copies of the rDNA unit. Here we study rDNA complexity in species with arrays consisting of thousands of units. METHODS We examined homogeneity of genic (18S) and non-coding internally transcribed spacer (ITS1) regions of rDNA using Roche 454 and/or Illumina platforms in four angiosperm species, Nicotiana sylvestris, N. tomentosiformis, N. otophora and N. kawakamii. We compared the data with Southern blot hybridisation revealing the structure of intergenic spacer (IGS) sequences and with the number and distribution of rDNA loci. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS In all four species the intragenomic homogeneity of the 18S gene was high; a single ribotype makes up over 90% of the genes. However greater variation was observed in the ITS1 region, particularly in species with two or more rDNA loci, where >55% of rDNA units were a single ribotype, with the second most abundant variant accounted for >18% of units. IGS heterogeneity was high in all species. The increased number of ribotypes in ITS1 compared with 18S sequences may reflect rounds of incomplete homogenisation with strong selection for functional genic regions and relaxed selection on ITS1 variants. The relationship between the number of ITS1 ribotypes and the number of rDNA loci leads us to propose that rDNA evolution and complexity is influenced by locus number and/or amplification of orphaned rDNA units at new chromosomal locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Matyášek
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i, Královopolská 135, Brno, CZ-612 65, Czech Republic
| | - Simon Renny-Byfield
- Queen Mary University of London, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Jaroslav Fulneček
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i, Královopolská 135, Brno, CZ-612 65, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Macas
- Biology Centre, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice, CZ-370 05, Czech Republic
| | - Marie-Angele Grandbastien
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire, INRA-Centre de Versailles, Versailles Cedex, F-780 26, France
| | - Richard Nichols
- Queen Mary University of London, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Andrew Leitch
- Queen Mary University of London, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Aleš Kovařík
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i, Královopolská 135, Brno, CZ-612 65, Czech Republic
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Zhang N, Zeng L, Shan H, Ma H. Highly conserved low-copy nuclear genes as effective markers for phylogenetic analyses in angiosperms. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 195:923-937. [PMID: 22783877 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04212.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Organismal phylogeny provides a crucial evolutionary framework for many studies and the angiosperm phylogeny has been greatly improved recently, largely using organellar and rDNA genes. However, low-copy protein-coding nuclear genes have not been widely used on a large scale in spite of the advantages of their biparental inheritance and vast number of choices. Here, we identified 1083 highly conserved low-copy nuclear genes by genome comparison. Furthermore, we demonstrated the use of five nuclear genes in 91 angiosperms representing 46 orders (73% of orders) and three gymnosperms as outgroups for a highly resolved phylogeny. These nuclear genes are easy to clone and align, and more phylogenetically informative than widely used organellar genes. The angiosperm phylogeny reconstructed using these genes was largely congruent with previous ones mainly inferred from organellar genes. Intriguingly, several new placements were uncovered for some groups, including those among the rosids, the asterids, and between the eudicots and several basal angiosperm groups. These conserved universal nuclear genes have several inherent qualities enabling them to be good markers for reconstructing angiosperm phylogeny, even eukaryotic relationships, further providing new insights into the evolutionary history of angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Plant Biology, Center for Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Liping Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Plant Biology, Center for Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hongyan Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolution Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Hong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Plant Biology, Center for Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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