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Pelizzo G, Calcaterra V, Baldassarre P, Marinaro M, Taranto S, Ceresola M, Capelo G, Gazzola C, Zuccotti G. The impact of hormones on lung development and function: an overlooked aspect to consider from early childhood. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1425149. [PMID: 39371928 PMCID: PMC11449876 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1425149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 10/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The impact of hormones on the respiratory system constitutes a multifaceted and intricate facet of human biology. We propose a comprehensive review of recent advancements in understanding the interactions between hormones and pulmonary development and function, focusing on pediatric populations. We explore how hormones can influence ventilation, perfusion, and pulmonary function, from regulating airway muscle tone to modulating the inflammatory response. Hormones play an important role in the growth and development of lung tissues, influencing them from early stages through infancy, childhood, adolescence, and into adulthood. Glucocorticoids, thyroid hormones, insulin, ghrelin, leptin, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), retinoids, cholecalciferol sex steroids, hormones derived from adipose tissue, factors like insulin, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and glucagon are key players in modulating respiratory mechanics and inflammation. While ample evidence underscores the impact of hormones on lung development and function, along with sex-related differences in the prevalence of respiratory disorders, further research is needed to clarify their specific roles in these conditions. Further research into the mechanisms underlying hormonal effects is essential for the development of customizing therapeutic approaches for respiratory diseases. Understanding the impact of hormones on lung function could be valuable for developing personalized monitoring approaches in both medical and surgical pediatric settings, in order to improve outcomes and the quality of care for pediatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Pelizzo
- Pediatric Surgery Department, Buzzi Children’s Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Calcaterra
- Pediatrics and Adolescentology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Pediatric Department, Buzzi Children’s Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Michela Marinaro
- Pediatric Surgery Department, Buzzi Children’s Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Taranto
- Pediatric Department, Buzzi Children’s Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Ceresola
- Pediatric Surgery Department, Buzzi Children’s Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Gerson Capelo
- Pediatric Surgery Department, Buzzi Children’s Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Gianvincenzo Zuccotti
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Pediatric Department, Buzzi Children’s Hospital, Milan, Italy
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Studying allergic inflammation and spirometry over menstrual cycles in well-controlled asthmatic women: Changes in progesterone and estradiol affect neither FENO levels nor lung function. Nitric Oxide 2018; 75:95-100. [PMID: 29486305 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
It has been reported that female sex hormones influence on allergic inflammation and ventilation parameters in asthma but conclusions drawn by different researchers are divergent. The aim of our study was to assess the impact of progesterone (Pg) and estradiol (E) on the dynamics of allergic inflammation and spirometry test results in regularly menstruating women with stable allergic asthma. 13 women (28 days menstrual cycle), aged 18-45, taking no hormonal contraceptives, with mild and moderate asthma, without reported exacerbations at the near-ovulation and/or menstruation time, were monitored during two consecutive menstrual cycles. They had 4 visits per cycle (the first day of menstruation was assumed to be day 1 of the cycle; visits were carried out on days: 3-4, 10-11, 13-14 and 23-24). At each visit asthma symptoms, asthma control test (ACT) results, asthma treatment, fractioned nitric oxide (FENO) levels, spirometry test results, Pg and E, levels were analyzed. As a result of the study, no essential variability in FENO values and ventilation parameters' values in the course of menstruation cycle were observed. Negative correlation between FENO values and Pg concentrations was demonstrated (r = 0.27), but no correlation between FENO values and E levels was shown. No relationship between the ACT values and ventilation parameters and the levels of the sex hormones under investigation was detected. We conclude that changing levels of estradiol and progesterone (regardless of the negative correlation of progesterone and FENO values) affect neither the dynamics of allergic inflammation nor pulmonary function in women with stable allergic mild/moderate asthma.
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Bellar D, Murphy KA, Aithal R, Davis GR, Piper T. The Effects of a 36-Hour Mixed Task Ultraendurance Race on Mucosal Immunity Markers and Pulmonary Function. Wilderness Environ Med 2017; 28:10-16. [PMID: 28257712 DOI: 10.1016/j.wem.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study was conducted to assess the changes in mucosal immunity and pulmonary function among participants in a 36-hour mixed task ultraendurance race. METHODS Thirteen of the 20 race participants volunteered for the investigation (age 34±5 y). The event consisted of a mixture of aerobic, strong man, and military-style exercise. Participants had a pulmonary function test and gave a finger stick capillary blood sample and unstimulated saliva samples both before the event and upon dropout or completion. The blood sample was analyzed for hematocrit, and the saliva sample was analyzed for salivary flow rate, salivary alpha amylase, salivary immunoglobulin A (IgA), and IgA type 1. RESULTS Significant differences were noted among the finishers and those who dropped out in salivary flow rate (P = .026), salivary IgA (P = .017), and peak expiratory flow (P = .05) measurements. Salivary flow rate and IgA for the race finishers were reduced from pre- to postrace, whereas the nonfinishers showed no change or small increases. No significant differences emerged for other variables. CONCLUSIONS Based on the results of the present investigation, finishing a 36-hour mixed task ultra-endurance event results in a decline in both pulmonary function and mucosal immunity compared with competitors who do not finish.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bellar
- School of Kinesiology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA (Drs Bellar, Aithal, and Davis, and Ms Murphy).
| | - Kellie A Murphy
- School of Kinesiology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA (Drs Bellar, Aithal, and Davis, and Ms Murphy)
| | - Ritvik Aithal
- School of Kinesiology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA (Drs Bellar, Aithal, and Davis, and Ms Murphy)
| | - Greggory R Davis
- School of Kinesiology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA (Drs Bellar, Aithal, and Davis, and Ms Murphy)
| | - Tim Piper
- Department of Kinesiology, Western Illinois University, Macomb, IL (Mr Piper)
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Sánchez-Ramos JL, Pereira-Vega AR, Alvarado-Gómez F, Maldonado-Pérez JA, Svanes C, Gómez-Real F. Risk factors for premenstrual asthma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Expert Rev Respir Med 2016; 11:57-72. [DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2017.1270762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Francisco Alvarado-Gómez
- Library, Juan Ramón Jiménez Hospital, Huelva, Spain
- Andalusian Health Service e-Library, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Cecilie Svanes
- Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Francisco Gómez-Real
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Pereira-Vega A, Sánchez-Ramos JL. Questions relating to premenstrual asthma. World J Respirol 2015; 5:180-187. [DOI: 10.5320/wjr.v5.i3.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of asthma in fertile women needs to consider its potentially recurrent exacerbation in a specific phase of the menstrual cycle. Premenstrual asthma (PMA) refers to the deterioration of asthma in some women of fertile age during the premenstrual phase. Prevalence varies considerably according to studies (11%-47.44%) mainly because there is no standardized definition of the illness. There is a possible link between PMA and premenstrual syndrome, which is a set of physical and psychic manifestations that occur in some fertile women during the same premenstrual phase. This relation has been widely studied but there are still several unknowns. PMA etiopathogeny is not known. It involves possible causes such as hormonal variations in the premenstrual phase, the coexistence of atopy, variations during the cycle in substances related to inflammation, like LTC4 leukotrienes, catecholamines, E2 and F2α prostaglandins and certain cytokines. Also considered are psychological factors related to this phase of the menstrual cycle, a high susceptibility to infection or increased bronchial hyperreactivity prior to menstruation. Yet no factor fully explains its etiology, consequently no specific treatment exists. Researchers have investigated hormones, anti-leukotrienes, prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors, diuretics, phytoestrogens and alternative therapies, but none has been shown to be effective.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Asthma prevalence and severity are greater in women than in men, and mounting evidence suggests this is in part related to female steroid sex hormones. Of these, estrogen has been the subject of much study. This review highlights recent research exploring the effects of estrogen in allergic disease. RECENT FINDINGS Estrogen receptors are found on numerous immunoregulatory cells and estrogen's actions skew immune responses toward allergy. It may act directly to create deleterious effects in asthma, or indirectly via modulation of various pathways including secretory leukoprotease inhibitor, transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 ion channel and nitric oxide production to exert effects on lung mechanics and inflammation. Not only do endogenous estrogens appear to play a role, but environmental estrogens have also been implicated. Environmental estrogens (xenoestrogens) including bisphenol A and phthalates enhance allergic sensitization in animal models and may enhance development of atopic disorders like asthma in humans. SUMMARY Estrogen's role in allergic disease remains complex. As allergic diseases continue to increase in prevalence and affect women disproportionately, gaining a fuller understanding of its effects in these disorders will be essential. Of particular importance may be effects of xenoestrogens on allergic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana S Bonds
- Division of Allergy/Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, USA.
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