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Yadav H, Jaldhi, Bhardwaj R, Anamika, Bakshi A, Gupta S, Maurya SK. Unveiling the role of gut-brain axis in regulating neurodegenerative diseases: A comprehensive review. Life Sci 2023; 330:122022. [PMID: 37579835 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence have shown the importance of gut microbiota in regulating brain functions. The diverse molecular mechanisms involved in cross-talk between gut and brain provide insight into importance of this communication in maintenance of brain homeostasis. It has also been observed that disturbed gut microbiota contributes to neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and aging. Recently, gut microbiome-derived exosomes have also been reported to play an essential role in the development and progression of neurodegenerative diseases and could thereby act as a therapeutic target. Further, pharmacological interventions including antibiotics, prebiotics and probiotics can influence gut microbiome-mediated management of neurological diseases. However, extensive research is warranted to better comprehend this interconnection in maintenance of brain homeostasis and its implication in neurological diseases. Thus, the present review is aimed to provide a detailed understanding of gut-brain axis followed by possibilities to target the gut microbiome for improving neurological health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshi Yadav
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Jaldhi
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Rati Bhardwaj
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technical University, Delhi, India
| | - Anamika
- Department of Zoology, Ramjas College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Amrita Bakshi
- Department of Zoology, Ramjas College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Suchi Gupta
- Tech Cell Innovations Private Limited, Centre for Medical Innovation and Entrepreneurship (CMIE), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Shashank Kumar Maurya
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Delhi, Delhi, India.
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Mancuso C. The impact of heme oxygenase-2 on pharmacological research: A bibliometric analysis and beyond. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1156333. [PMID: 37153762 PMCID: PMC10154548 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1156333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Heme oxygenase (HO-2) is an enzyme mainly involved in the physiologic turnover of heme and intracellular gas sensing, and it is very abundant in the brain, testes, kidneys and vessels. Since 1990, when HO-2 was discovered, the scientific community has underestimated the role of this protein in health and disease, as attested by the small amount of articles published and citations received. One of the reason that have contributed to the lack of interest in HO-2 was the difficulty in upregulating or inhibiting this enzyme. However, over the last 10 years, novel HO-2 agonists and antagonists have been synthesized, and the availability of these pharmacological tools should increase the appeal of HO-2 as drug target. In particular, these agonists and antagonists could help explain some controversial aspects, such as the neuroprotective versus neurotoxic roles of HO-2 in cerebrovascular diseases. Furthermore, the discovery of HO-2 genetic variants and their involvement in Parkinson's disease, in particular in males, opens new avenues for pharmacogenetic studies in gender medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesare Mancuso
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Department of Healthcare Surveillance and Bioethics, Section of Pharmacology, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Cesare Mancuso,
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Shi X, Bai H, Wang J, Wang J, Huang L, He M, Zheng X, Duan Z, Chen D, Zhang J, Chen X, Wang J. Behavioral Assessment of Sensory, Motor, Emotion, and Cognition in Rodent Models of Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Front Neurol 2021; 12:667511. [PMID: 34220676 PMCID: PMC8248664 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.667511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is the second most common type of stroke and has one of the highest fatality rates of any disease. There are many clinical signs and symptoms after ICH due to brain cell injury and network disruption resulted from the rupture of a tiny artery and activation of inflammatory cells, such as motor dysfunction, sensory impairment, cognitive impairment, and emotional disturbance, etc. Thus, researchers have established many tests to evaluate behavioral changes in rodent ICH models, in order to achieve a better understanding and thus improvements in the prognosis for the clinical treatment of stroke. This review summarizes existing protocols that have been applied to assess neurologic function outcomes in the rodent ICH models such as pain, motor, cognition, and emotion tests. Pain tests include mechanical, hot, and cold pain tests; motor tests include the following 12 types: neurologic deficit scale test, staircase test, rotarod test, cylinder test, grid walk test, forelimb placing test, wire hanging test, modified neurologic severity score, beam walking test, horizontal ladder test, and adhesive removal test; learning and memory tests include Morris water maze, Y-maze, and novel object recognition test; emotion tests include elevated plus maze, sucrose preference test, tail suspension test, open field test, and forced swim test. This review discusses these assessments by examining their rationale, setup, duration, baseline, procedures as well as comparing their pros and cons, thus guiding researchers to select the most appropriate behavioral tests for preclinical ICH research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Shi
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huiying Bai
- Zhengzhou University Hospital Outpatient Surgery Center, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Junmin Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jiarui Wang
- Keieger School of Arts and Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Leo Huang
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Meimei He
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xuejun Zheng
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zitian Duan
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Danyang Chen
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jiaxin Zhang
- Saint John Paul the Great Catholic High School, Dumfries, VA, United States
| | - Xuemei Chen
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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After haemin treatment intracellular non-haem iron increases prior to haem oxygenase-1 induction: A study in human monocytic cell line THP-1. Transfus Apher Sci 2019; 58:102662. [PMID: 31727545 DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2019.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iron overload is a major health concern for transfusion-dependent patients. Repeated transfusions result in the loading of large amounts of haem-derived iron on macrophages, in turn, inducing cell death. We previously demonstrated that haemin-induced cell death in human monocytic THP-1 cells is consistent with ferroptosis, an iron-dependent cell death regulation mechanism. However, direct measurement of iron after haemin treatment has not yet been conducted. In this study, we measured intracellular non-haem iron concentration and haem oxygenase levels after haemin treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS Human monocytic THP-1 cells were treated with haemin, and the cell lysate was prepared. Non-haem iron concentration of the cell lysate was measured using the Nitroso-PSAP method. Expression of haem oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and haem oxygenase-2 (HO-2) was quantified by western blotting. RESULTS We measured intracellular non-haem iron and the expression of haem oxygenases post-haemin treatment. Concentration of non-haem iron post-haemin treatment increased dependently with time and dose. HO-1 expression was detected 4 h after haemin treatment, whereas HO-2 expression was constitutive. DISCUSSION Increase in non-haem iron prior to induction of HO-1 expression suggests the involvement of HO-2 in haem-induced cytotoxicity. (184 words).
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Abstract
Haemoglobin is released into the CNS during the breakdown of red blood cells after intracranial bleeding. Extracellular free haemoglobin is directly neurotoxic. Haemoglobin scavenging mechanisms clear haemoglobin and reduce toxicity; these mechanisms include erythrophagocytosis, haptoglobin binding of haemoglobin, haemopexin binding of haem and haem oxygenase breakdown of haem. However, the capacity of these mechanisms is limited in the CNS, and they easily become overwhelmed. Targeting of haemoglobin toxicity and scavenging is, therefore, a rational therapeutic strategy. In this Review, we summarize the neurotoxic mechanisms of extracellular haemoglobin and the peculiarities of haemoglobin scavenging pathways in the brain. Evidence for a role of haemoglobin toxicity in neurological disorders is discussed, with a focus on subarachnoid haemorrhage and intracerebral haemorrhage, and emerging treatment strategies based on the molecular pathways involved are considered. By focusing on a fundamental biological commonality between diverse neurological conditions, we aim to encourage the application of knowledge of haemoglobin toxicity and scavenging across various conditions. We also hope that the principles highlighted will stimulate research to explore the potential of the pathways discussed. Finally, we present a consensus opinion on the research priorities that will help to bring about clinical benefits.
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Heme, Heme Oxygenase, and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-A New Insight into the Pathophysiology of Vascular Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20153675. [PMID: 31357546 PMCID: PMC6695876 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of vascular disorders continues to rise worldwide. Parallel with that, new pathophysiological pathways have been discovered, providing possible remedies for prevention and therapy in vascular diseases. Growing evidence suggests that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is involved in a number of vasculopathies, including atherosclerosis, vascular brain events, and diabetes. Heme, which is released from hemoglobin or other heme proteins, triggers various pathophysiological consequence, including heme stress as well as ER stress. The potentially toxic free heme is converted by heme oxygenases (HOs) into carbon monoxide (CO), iron, and biliverdin (BV), the latter of which is reduced to bilirubin (BR). Redox-active iron is oxidized and stored by ferritin, an iron sequestering protein which exhibits ferroxidase activity. In recent years, CO, BV, and BR have been shown to control cellular processes such as inflammation, apoptosis, and antioxidant defense. This review covers our current knowledge about how heme induced endoplasmic reticulum stress (HIERS) participates in the pathogenesis of vascular disorders and highlights recent discoveries in the molecular mechanisms of HO-mediated cytoprotection in heme stress and ER stress, as well as crosstalk between ER stress and HO-1. Furthermore, we focus on the translational potential of HIERS and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, and brain hemorrhage.
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Wang M, Hua Y, Keep RF, Wan S, Novakovic N, Xi G. Complement Inhibition Attenuates Early Erythrolysis in the Hematoma and Brain Injury in Aged Rats. Stroke 2019; 50:1859-1868. [PMID: 31177985 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.119.025170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Background and Purpose- Early erythrolysis in the hematoma contributes to brain injury after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). This study investigated the effects of N-acetylheparin, a complement inhibitor, and aurin tricarboxylic acid, a membrane attack complex inhibitor, on early erythrolysis, brain iron deposition, and brain injury in aged rats. Methods- There were 3 parts in the study. First, aged (18 months old) male Fischer 344 rats had an ICH. The time course of erythrolysis in the hematoma was determined by T2* weighted magnetic resonance imaging, and the expression of CD163 was examined. Second, aged rats had an ICH with N-acetylheparin or vehicle. Rats were euthanized at days 1, 3, and 28 after magnetic resonance imaging (T2-, T2*-weighted, and T2* array) and behavioral tests. Brains were used for immunohistochemistry. Third, aged rats had an ICH with avaurin tricarboxylic acid or vehicle. The rats had magnetic resonance imaging and behavioral tests and were euthanized at day 3. Brains were used for immunohistochemistry. Results- Early erythrolysis occurred within the clot in aged F344 rats. There were increased numbers of CD163-positive cells after ICH. Almost all perihematomal CD163-positive cells were microglia/macrophages, while positive neurons were found more distant from the hematoma. Coinjection of N-acetylheparin attenuated erythrolysis, iron accumulation, CD163 expression, microglia activation, brain swelling, and neuronal death in the acute phase, as well as reducing brain atrophy and neurological deficits in the chronic phase. Coinjection of aurin tricarboxylic acid also reduced erythrolysis and ICH-induced brain injury. Conclusions- Inhibiting complement activation resulted in less erythrolysis and brain injury after ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Wang
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (M.W., Y.H., R.F.K., S.W., N.N., G.X.).,Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China (M.W.)
| | - Ya Hua
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (M.W., Y.H., R.F.K., S.W., N.N., G.X.)
| | - Richard F Keep
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (M.W., Y.H., R.F.K., S.W., N.N., G.X.)
| | - Shu Wan
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (M.W., Y.H., R.F.K., S.W., N.N., G.X.)
| | - Nemanja Novakovic
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (M.W., Y.H., R.F.K., S.W., N.N., G.X.)
| | - Guohua Xi
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (M.W., Y.H., R.F.K., S.W., N.N., G.X.)
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Chen-Roetling J, Cao Y, Peng D, Regan RF. Rapid loss of perihematomal cell viability in the collagenase intracerebral hemorrhage model. Brain Res 2019; 1711:91-96. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2019.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
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Rapid loss of perihematomal cell viability in the collagenase intracerebral hemorrhage model. Brain Res 2019; 1711:91-96. [PMID: 30639124 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The effective time window of any therapeutic in an experimental stroke model is limited by the rate of injury progression. Intracerebral hemorrhage in rodents is commonly induced by striatal injection of either autologous blood or bacterial collagenase, which digests local blood vessels. During time window studies of the heme oxygenase-1 inducer hemin, which is protective when administered within 1-3 h in both models, the rate of perihematomal injury was directly compared after striatal blood or collagenase injection. Surprisingly, about 80% of the loss of perihematomal cell viability as measured by MTT reduction assay occurred within 6 h of collagenase injection. In contrast, significant viability loss was not observed at this time point after autologous blood injection, but rather it progressed over the subsequent four days to a level similar to that produced by collagenase. Consistent with these observations, systemic hemin therapy reduced blood-brain barrier disruption and perihematomal cell injury when initiated at 6 h after striatal injection of blood but not collagenase. These results indicate that the rate of early cell injury differs markedly in the collagenase and blood injection ICH models, which may contribute to inconsistent results in time window studies. The blood injection model may be more appropriate for prolonged time window studies of a neuroprotective agent.
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Zhou YF, Zhang C, Yang G, Qian ZM, Zhang MW, Ma J, Zhang FL, Ke Y. Hepcidin Protects Neuron from Hemin-Mediated Injury by Reducing Iron. Front Physiol 2017; 8:332. [PMID: 28588503 PMCID: PMC5440571 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemin plays a key role in mediating secondary neuronal injury after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and the cell toxicity of hemin is thought to be due to iron that is liberated when hemin is degraded. In a recent study, we demonstrated the iron regulatory hormone hepcidin reduces brain iron in iron-overloaded rats. Therefore, we hypothesized that hepcidin might be able to reduce iron and then protect neurons from hemin or iron-mediated neurotoxicity in hemin-treated neuronal cells. Here, we tested the hypothesis and demonstrated that ad-hepcidin and hepcidin peptide both have the ability to suppress the hemin-induced increase in LDH release and apoptotic cell numbers, to reduce cell iron and ferritin contents, and to inhibit expression of transferrin receptor 1, divalent metal transporter 1, and ferroportin 1 in hemin-treated neurons. We conclude that hepcidin protects neuron from hemin-mediated injury by reducing iron via inhibition of expression of iron transport proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Fu Zhou
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China.,Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong KongShatin, Hong Kong
| | - Guang Yang
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Zhong-Ming Qian
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Meng-Wan Zhang
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China.,Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong KongShatin, Hong Kong
| | - Juan Ma
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China.,Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong KongShatin, Hong Kong
| | - Fa-Li Zhang
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China.,Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong KongShatin, Hong Kong
| | - Ya Ke
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong KongShatin, Hong Kong
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Liu R, Cao S, Hua Y, Keep RF, Huang Y, Xi G. CD163 Expression in Neurons After Experimental Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Stroke 2017; 48:1369-1375. [PMID: 28360115 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.117.016850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE CD163, a receptor for hemoglobin, is involved in hemoglobin clearance after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). In contrast to microglial/macrophage CD163, neuronal CD163 hemoglobin has not been well studied. This study examined the expression of neuronal CD163 in a pig model of ICH and in vitro rat cortical neurons and the impact of deferoxamine on that expression. METHODS There were 2 parts to this study. In the in vivo part, piglets had injection of autologous blood into the right frontal lobe. The time course of CD163 expression and the effect of deferoxamine on the expression of CD163 after ICH were determined in the grey matter. In the in vitro part, the levels of CD163 and neuronal death and the effect of deferoxamine were examined in rat cortical neurons culture treated with hemoglobin. RESULTS CD163-positive cells were found, and the CD163 protein levels were upregulated in the ipsilateral grey matter after ICH. The CD163 levels peaked at days 1 and 3. The CD163-positive cells were colocated with NeuN-positive, heme oxygenase-2-positive, and terminal deoxynucleatidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling-positive cells. Deferoxamine treatment attenuated ICH-induced CD163 upregulation and significantly reduced both brain CD163 and hemoglobin levels at day 3. Treating neuronal cultures with hemoglobin for 24 hours resulted in CD163 upregulation and increased cell death. Deferoxamine significantly attenuated the hemoglobin-induced neuronal death and CD163 upregulation. CONCLUSIONS CD163 is expressed in neurons and upregulated after ICH. Deferoxamine reduced ICH-induced CD163 upregulation and brain cell death in vivo and hemoglobin-induced CD163 upregulation and neuronal death in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Liu
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.L., S.C., Y.H., R.F.K., G.X.); and Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China (R.L., Y.H.)
| | - Shenglong Cao
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.L., S.C., Y.H., R.F.K., G.X.); and Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China (R.L., Y.H.)
| | - Ya Hua
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.L., S.C., Y.H., R.F.K., G.X.); and Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China (R.L., Y.H.)
| | - Richard F Keep
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.L., S.C., Y.H., R.F.K., G.X.); and Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China (R.L., Y.H.)
| | - Yining Huang
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.L., S.C., Y.H., R.F.K., G.X.); and Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China (R.L., Y.H.)
| | - Guohua Xi
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.L., S.C., Y.H., R.F.K., G.X.); and Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China (R.L., Y.H.).
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Wang YJ, Peng QY, Deng SY, Chen CX, Wu L, Huang L, Zhang LN. Hemin protects against oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced apoptosis activation via neuroglobin in SH-SY5Y cells. Neurochem Res 2017; 42:2208-2217. [PMID: 28316021 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2230-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the mechanism underlying the neuroprotective effect of hemin in oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)-treated neurons. OGD-treated SH-SY5Y cells (human neuroblastoma cells) were used in the study. The cellular viability of SH-SY5Y cells was assessed by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, and the cell apoptosis rate was determined by flow cytometry analysis with Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate and propidium iodide staining with or without hemin pretreatment. Cell viability and apoptotic activation were detected after hemin administration combined with neuroglobin (Nqb), thioredoxin-1, peroxiredoxin-2, or heme oxygenase-1 siRNA transient transfection. The release of cytochrome c from mitochondria and the interaction between Ngb and cytochrome c were examined with hemin pretreatment. Hemin had a neuroprotective effect in OGD-treated SH-SY5Y cells, which was mainly mediated by the upregulation of Ngb. Moreover, the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria was inhibited by hemin-induced Ngb expression through facilitating the interaction of Ngb with cytochrome c in mitochondria. The present findings provided new insights into the neuroprotective mechanisms of hemin. It was concluded that low-dose hemin pretreatment had a neuroprotective effect in OGD-treated SH-SY5Y cells, through inhibiting cell apoptosis. The neuroprotective effects of hemin following hypoxic-ischemic neuronal damage were mainly mediated by Ngb. One underlying mechanism was hemin-induced overexpression of mitochondrial Ngb, which inhibited endogenous apoptosis via the association with cytochrome c.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Jia Wang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No 87, Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Qian-Yi Peng
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No 87, Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Song-Yun Deng
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No 87, Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Cai-Xia Chen
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No 87, Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Long Wu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No 87, Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Li Huang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No 87, Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Li-Na Zhang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No 87, Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, China.
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Microglial Polarization and Inflammatory Mediators After Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:1874-1886. [PMID: 26894396 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9785-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a subtype of stroke with high mortality and morbidity. When a diseased artery within the brain bursts, expansion and absorption of the resulting hematoma trigger a series of reactions that cause primary and secondary brain injury. Microglia are extremely important for removing the hematoma and clearing debris, but they are also a source of ongoing inflammation. This article discusses the role of microglial activation/polarization and related inflammatory mediators, such as Toll-like receptor 4, matrix metalloproteinases, high-mobility group protein box-1, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, heme oxygenase, and iron, in secondary injury after ICH and highlights the potential targets for ICH treatment.
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Oxidative Stress in Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Sources, Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Targets. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2016:3215391. [PMID: 26843907 PMCID: PMC4710930 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3215391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is associated with the highest mortality and morbidity despite only constituting approximately 10–15% of all strokes. Complex underlying mechanisms consisting of cytotoxic, excitotoxic, and inflammatory effects of intraparenchymal blood are responsible for its highly damaging effects. Oxidative stress (OS) also plays an important role in brain injury after ICH but attracts less attention than other factors. Increasing evidence has demonstrated that the metabolite axis of hemoglobin-heme-iron is the key contributor to oxidative brain damage after ICH, although other factors, such as neuroinflammation and prooxidases, are involved. This review will discuss the sources, possible molecular mechanisms, and potential therapeutic targets of OS in ICH.
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Owen JE, Bishop GM, Robinson SR. Uptake and Toxicity of Hemin and Iron in Cultured Mouse Astrocytes. Neurochem Res 2015; 41:298-306. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1795-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Kong X, Vukomanovic D, Nakatsu K, Szarek WA. Structure-Activity Relationships of 1,2-Disubstituted Benzimidazoles: Selective Inhibition of Heme Oxygenase-2 Activity. ChemMedChem 2015; 10:1435-41. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Chen-Roetling J, Lu X, Regan RF. Targeting heme oxygenase after intracerebral hemorrhage. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 2. [PMID: 25642455 DOI: 10.14800/ttnd.474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is the primary event in approximately 10% of strokes, and has higher rates of morbidity and mortality than ischemic stroke. Experimental evidence suggests that the toxicity of hemoglobin and its degradation products contributes to secondary injury that may be amenable to therapeutic intervention. Hemin, the oxidized form of heme, accumulates in intracranial hematomas to cytotoxic levels. The rate limiting step of its breakdown is catalyzed by the heme oxygenase (HO) enzymes, which consist of inducible HO-1 and constitutively-expressed HO-2. The effect of these enzymes on perihematomal injury and neurological outcome has been investigated in ICH models using both genetic and pharmacological approaches to alter their expression, with variable results reported. These findings are summarized and reconciled in this review; therapeutic strategies that may optimize HO expression and activity after ICH are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen-Roetling
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xiangping Lu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Raymond F Regan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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