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Terefe B, Habtie A, Chekole B. Insecticide-treated net utilization and associated factors among pregnant women in East Africa: evidence from the recent national demographic and health surveys, 2011-2022. Malar J 2023; 22:349. [PMID: 37964377 PMCID: PMC10647126 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04779-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pregnant woman, the fetus, and the newborn child are all at risk from malaria infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Employing insecticide-treated mosquito nets (ITNs) is one of the most efficient methods for avoiding malaria among expectant mothers. However, there is no literature that describes ITN use among pregnant women in East Africa or the contributing factors. Therefore, this study sought to identify the factors affecting pregnant women's ITN utilization in East Africa. METHODS The most recent DHS (Demographic and Health Survey) data for the 11 East African countries from 2011 to 2022 was used. 13,729 pregnant women were examined. To identify factors associated with ITN use, a binary and multiple logistic regression model was built. Variables having a p-value of less than or equal to 0.2 in the binary logistic regression analysis were taken into consideration for the multivariable analysis. In the multiple logistic regression analysis, the adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR) with the 95% Confidence Interval (CI) was provided to proclaim the statistical significance and degree of correlation. RESULTS The survey found that just 47.05% (95% CI 46.21, 47.88) of pregnant mothers reported using ITNs. The highest and lowest values were seen in Uganda (64.13%) and Zimbabwe (6.08%). Women age 25-34y (aOR = 1.19; 95% CI 1.11, 1.29), 35-49y (aOR = 1.26; 95% CI 1.13, 1.41) as compared to 15-24 years, poorer (aOR = 1.15; 95% CI 1.04-1.27), middle (aOR = 1.21; 95% CI 1.09, 1.35), and rich (aOR = 1.18; 95% CI 1.06, 1.31) wealth indexes as compared to poorest, having > 5 family size (AOR = 0.84; 95% CI 0.78, 0.91) primary (aOR = 1.49; 95% CI 1.36, 1.65), and secondary/higher education (aOR = 1.52; 95% CI 1.35, 1.70) as compared to not educated, and married women (aOR = 1.64; 95% CI 1.44, 1.86) have shown a statistically significant association with ITN utilization among pregnant women. CONCLUSION With a variety of risk variables, including age, wealth, family size, and education, pregnant women in East Africa rarely use ITNs. There is a need to create and strengthen malaria prevention programmes, especially among pregnant women who do not use ITNs, based on the variables mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bewuketu Terefe
- Department of Community Health Nursing, School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
| | - Adane Habtie
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wolkite University, Wolkite, Ethiopia
| | - Bogale Chekole
- Department of Comprehensive Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wolkite University, Wolkite, Ethiopia
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Ampofo GD, Ahiakpa AK, Osarfo J. Interventions for malaria prevention in pregnancy; factors influencing uptake and their effect on pregnancy outcomes among post-natal women in a tertiary facility in the Volta Region of Ghana. SAGE Open Med 2023; 11:20503121231199653. [PMID: 37719169 PMCID: PMC10503280 DOI: 10.1177/20503121231199653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Malaria in pregnancy is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes including maternal anaemia and low birthweight. Uptake of preventive interventions is sub-optimal in sub-Saharan Africa including Ghana. Understanding local-level factors that influence uptake of these interventions can enhance control. The study assessed uptake of intermittent preventive treatment of malaria during pregnancy using sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (IPTp-SP) and insecticide-treated net (ITN) use, their determinants and effects on pregnancy outcomes. Methods A cross-sectional study involving 349 post-partum women was conducted from 25 August 2022 to 9 October 2022 at the Ho Teaching Hospital. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on participant socio-demographics, ITN use, number of doses of sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine received, knowledge of malaria in pregnancy, haemoglobin levels and birth weight among others. Summary statistics were reported as frequencies, percentages and means. Associations between exposure and outcome variables were assessed using logistic regression methods and odds ratios reported with 95% confidence intervals. Statistical significance was concluded at p < 0.05. Results More than 80% (291) of respondents received ⩾3 doses of intermittent preventive treatment using sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine and 64.8% (226) slept under ITNs the night before the survey. Age >25 years, employment, good knowledge of malaria in pregnancy, parity ⩾2 and initiating antenatal care visits in the first trimester facilitated the uptake of these interventions. Receiving ⩾3 doses of sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine was associated with having normal-weight babies (adjusted odds ratio 2.80, 95% CI: 1.07, 7.34; p = 0.036) while ITN use was associated with having term babies (adjusted odds ratio 2.72, 95% CI: 1.24, 5.90; p = 0.013) and normal maternal haemoglobin concentration at term (adjusted odds ratio 1.57, 95% CI: 1.01, 2.47; p = 0.044). Conclusions The interventions were beneficial against low birthweight and preterm births which predispose to neonatal deaths and poor cognitive function in children. Malaria in pregnancy health campaigns should be intensified, especially among younger-aged primigravidae, to increase their knowledge of the condition as a way to further improve uptake of these preventive interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abraham Kwadzo Ahiakpa
- Department of Community Health, School of Medicine, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Joseph Osarfo
- Joseph Osarfo, Department of Community Health, School of Medicine, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Volta Region, Ghana.
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Afagbedzi SK, Alhassan Y, Kenu E, Malm K, Bandoh DAB, Peprah NY, Ansah OO, Guure C. Universal coverage and utilization of free long-lasting insecticidal nets for malaria prevention in Ghana: a cross-sectional study. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1140604. [PMID: 37304125 PMCID: PMC10248059 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1140604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria continues to be one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity, especially among children and pregnant women. The use of Long-Lasting Insecticide Nets (LLINs) has been recognized and prioritized as a major intervention for malaria prevention in Ghana. This study aims to establish the factors influencing the universal coverage and utilization of LLINs in Ghana. Methods The data used for this study was from a cross-sectional survey carried out to assess LLINs ownership and use in 9 out of the 10 old regions of Ghana from October 2018 to February 2019 where free LLIN distribution interventions were implemented. The EPI "30 × 7" cluster sampling method (three-stage sampling design) was modified to "15 × 14" and used for the study. A total of 9,977 households were interviewed from 42 districts. Descriptive statistics using percentages as well as tests of associations such as Pearson Chi-square and the magnitude of the associations using simple and multivariable logistic regression were implemented. Results Of the 9,977 households in the study, 88.0% of them owned at least one LLIN, universal coverage was 75.6%, while utilization was 65.6% among households with at least one LLIN. In the rural and urban areas, 90.8% and 83.2% of households, respectively, owned at least one LLIN. The was a 44% increase in universal coverage of LLINs in rural areas compared to urban areas (AOR: 1.44, 95% CI: 1.02-2.02). There were 29 higher odds of households being universally covered if they received LLIN from the PMD (AOR: 29.43, 95% CI: 24.21-35.79). Households with under-five children were 40% more likely to utilize LLIN (AOR: 1.40, 95% CI: 1.26-1.56). Respondents with universal coverage of LLIN had 25% increased odds of using nets (AOR: 1.25 95% CI: 1.06-1.48). Rural dwelling influences LLIN utilization, thus there was about 4-fold increase in household utilization of LLINs in rural areas compared to urban areas (AOR: 3.78, 95% CI: 2.73-5.24). Household size of more than 2 has high odds of LLINs utilization and awareness of the benefit of LLINs (AOR: 1.42, 95% CI: 1.18-1.71). Conclusion About nine in 10 households in Ghana have access at least to one LLIN, three-quarters had universal coverage, and over two-thirds of households with access used LLIN. The predictors of universal coverage included region of residence, rural dwellers, and PMD campaign, while households with child under-five, in rural areas, and with universal coverage were positively associated with utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth Kwaku Afagbedzi
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Yakubu Alhassan
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Ernest Kenu
- Department of Epidemiology and Disease Control, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Keziah Malm
- National Malaria Control Programme, Ghana Health Service, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Nana Yaw Peprah
- National Malaria Control Programme, Ghana Health Service, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Chris Guure
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
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Yeboah D, Boah M, Adokiya MN. Caregivers' use of insecticide-treated nets is associated with the use of ITNs by children under the age of five in Ghana. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280065. [PMID: 36607997 PMCID: PMC9821783 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria poses a greater risk to children under the age of five years due to its high morbidity and mortality rates. The use of Insecticide-Treated Net (ITN) has been proven to be an effective preventive intervention in the control of malaria. However, its utilisation remains low. This study assessed the association of mother or caregiver's utilisation of ITN on its use by their children under five years of age in Ghana. METHODS This study used data from the 2019 Ghana Malaria Indicator Survey (GMIS). The study analysed a weighted sample of 1,876 women aged 15-49 years who had at least one child under the age of five. In this study, the outcome variable is mosquito bed net use in children under five years. We performed descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and multinomial logistic regressions. RESULTS Of the women studied, 58.59% [95% CI: 55.39, 61.71] slept under mosquito bed nets the previous night. The utilisation of ITN in children under five was 61.88% [95% CI: 58.43, 65.2] on the night before the study. The adjusted logistic regression revealed that mothers/caregivers who slept under a mosquito bed net were more likely to have their children under five years of age sleeping under a mosquito bed net (RRR = 2.47, 95% CI: 1.48, 4.12; p <0.001). In addition, the use of ITN in children under five was also found to be predicted by the number of ANC visits, the number of children under five in the household, and wealth status. CONCLUSION The study found that the use of ITN by mothers/caregivers and their children remains low in Ghana. Nevertheless, we found that when a mother uses ITN, her children under the age of five are more likely to use it as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daudi Yeboah
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Disease Control, School of Public Health, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Michael Boah
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Disease Control, School of Public Health, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Martin Nyaaba Adokiya
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Disease Control, School of Public Health, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana
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Budu E, Okyere J, Mensah F, Azure SA, Seidu AA, Ameyaw EK, Ahinkorah BO. Inequalities in the use of insecticide-treated nets by pregnant women in Ghana, 2011 and 2017. Malar J 2022; 21:376. [PMID: 36494802 PMCID: PMC9733114 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04388-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pregnant women and children are the most vulnerable group of people usually affected by malaria. The use of insecticide-treated nets is one of the proven interventions for mitigating malaria and its associated deaths in endemic regions, including Ghana. Meanwhile, there is limited evidence on the extent of inequality in insecticide-treated nets use by pregnant women in Ghana. This study assessed the inequalities in insecticide-treated nets use by pregnant women in Ghana. METHODS Data from the 2011 and 2017 versions of the Ghana Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys were used. The 2019 updated World Health Organization (WHO) HEAT software (version 3.1) was used for all analyses. Four equity stratifiers were employed to disaggregate insecticide-treated nets use by pregnant women in Ghana. These are economic status, level of education, place of residence, and sub-national region. Four measures were used to compute inequality namely Difference (D), Population Attributable risk (PAR), Population Attributable Fraction (PAF) and Ratio (R). RESULTS The analyses indicated a rise in pregnant women's insecticide-treated nets use from 32.6% in 2011 to 49.7% in 2017. Except sub-national region, all the factors showed mild inequality in insecticide-treated nets use. For instance, with respect to the economic status of pregnant women, only a slight inequality was exhibited by one of the simple measures in both 2011 (R = 0.3; 95% UI = 0.2-0.6) and 2017 (R = 0.5; 95% UI = 0.3-0.7). Marginal inequality in insecticide-treated nets use was noted in 2011 (R = 0.6; 95% UI = 0.5-0.9) and 2017 (R = 0.8; 95% UI = 0.6-0.9) for level of education. In the same vein, slight inequality was realized with respect to place of residence in 2011 (R = 0.4; 95% UI = 0.3-0.6) and 2017 (R = 0.6; 95% UI = 0.5-0.7). For sub-national region, both simple (D = 50.5; 95% UI = 30.7-70.4) and complex (PAF = 91.3; 95% UI = 72.3-110.3) measures demonstrated substantial inequality in 2011. In the case of 2017, considerable inequality in insecticide-treated nets use occurred (D = 58; 95% UI = 42.2-73.8, PAF = 51.9; 95% UI = 36.2-67.6). CONCLUSION In conclusion, insecticide-treated nets utilization by pregnant Ghanaian women increased between 2011 and 2017. The findings show that Ghana's Ministry of Health in collaboration with anti-malarial non-governmental organizations must review patterns of insecticide-treated nets distribution and intensify advocacy among educated pregnant women, those in urban settings and the rich, to assuage the magnitude of inequality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Budu
- grid.415489.50000 0004 0546 3805Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, P. O. Box, 77, Accra, Ghana
| | - Joshua Okyere
- grid.413081.f0000 0001 2322 8567Department of Population and Health, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana ,grid.9829.a0000000109466120Department of Nursing, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Felix Mensah
- grid.413081.f0000 0001 2322 8567Department of Data Science and Economic Policy, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Simon Agongo Azure
- grid.412737.40000 0001 2186 7189Population and Reproductive Health Division, School of Public Health, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Port Harcourt, Nigeria ,Department of Community Health, College of Health, Yamfo, Ghana
| | - Abdul-Aziz Seidu
- grid.511546.20000 0004 0424 5478Centre for Gender and Advocacy, Takoradi Technical University, Takoradi, Ghana ,grid.1011.10000 0004 0474 1797College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Edward Kwabena Ameyaw
- grid.411382.d0000 0004 1770 0716Institute of Policy Studies and School of Graduate Studies, Lingnan University, Hong Kong, China ,L & E Research Consult Ltd., Wa, Upper West Region Ghana
| | - Bright Opoku Ahinkorah
- grid.117476.20000 0004 1936 7611School of Public Health, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Bamou R, Tchuinkam T, Kopya E, Awono-Ambene P, Njiokou F, Mwangangi J, Antonio-Nkondjio C. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding malaria control among communities living in the south Cameroon forest region. IJID REGIONS 2022; 5:169-176. [PMID: 36467507 PMCID: PMC9713328 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijregi.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study assessed knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding malaria among communities living in the equatorial forest region of south Cameroon. METHODS The study was conducted in Olama and Nyabessan. Interviews were undertaken using a semi-structured questionnaire for data collection on KAP, while malaria rapid diagnostic testing, using SD BIOLINE kits, was employed for malaria parasite detection. RESULTS In total, 186 heads of households (HoH), comprising 105 (56.45%) males and 81 (43.45%) females, were interviewed. The majority of HoH demonstrated good knowledge of malaria (86.56%; n = 161) and control measures, with a high proportion of long-lasting insecticidal net (LLIN) ownership (96.8%; n = 180). More than two-thirds (81.1%; n = 151) of households owned at least one LLIN for two people. The majority of HoH (85.40%) declared visiting hospitals or clinics in cases of suspected malaria. Malaria parasite prevalence was high in the two study sites (63.9% in Nyabessan and 48.65% in Olama), and varied according to age, house type, and sleeping time. CONCLUSION The study indicated that despite good knowledge of malaria, high possession and utilization of control measures by population, transmission of malaria still persist in the area. The study stress the need for implementing additional control measures to improve the fight against malaria in the area.
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Key Words
- Cameroon
- HoH, head of household
- IRS, indoor residual spraying
- KAP
- KAP, knowledge, attitude, and practice
- LLIN, long-lasting insecticidal net
- MoH, Ministry of Health. PBO, piperonyl butoxide
- NMCP, National Malaria Control Program
- WHO, World Health Organization
- forested area
- mRDT, malaria rapid diagnostic test
- malaria determinants
- malaria prevalence
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Bamou
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Applied Biology and Ecology Research Unit (VBID-URBEA), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science of the University of Dschang
- Organisation de Coordination pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Timoléon Tchuinkam
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Applied Biology and Ecology Research Unit (VBID-URBEA), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science of the University of Dschang
| | - Edmond Kopya
- Organisation de Coordination pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaounde, Cameroon
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Parfait Awono-Ambene
- Organisation de Coordination pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Flobert Njiokou
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Joseph Mwangangi
- Center for Geographic Medicine Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Kilifi, Kenya
- Centre for Vector Disease Control, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Kwale, Kenya
| | - Christophe Antonio-Nkondjio
- Organisation de Coordination pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaounde, Cameroon
- Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
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Oladipo HJ. Increasing challenges of malaria control in sub-Saharan Africa: Priorities for public health research and policymakers. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2022; 81:104366. [PMID: 36046715 PMCID: PMC9421173 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2022.104366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The ever-increasing cases and mortality due to malaria remains one of the most important public health threats, especially in sub-Saharan Africa-where this burden is considerably high. In 2020, sub-Saharan Africa accounted for about 95% of all cases and 96% of all malaria deaths with about 80% of these deaths reported in children under the age of 5. This review, adopting a public health focus, aimed to understand the challenges of malaria control in sub-Saharan Africa despite ongoing public health interventions. Our review highlights two important findings. First, the increasing resistance of malaria parasites to artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) and its partner drugs coupled with increased vector resistance to pyrethroids and insecticides is reversing the progress of public health interventions in keeping malaria under control. Second, the wanning for the efficacy of the WHO-approved vaccine i.e. RTS,S from 60 to 70% following 18 months of observation, and its short-term availability remains an impediment to achieving the WHO target of producing malaria vaccines with more than 75% efficacy by 2030. Our findings underline the need to reassess research priorities with a focus on vaccine production in sub-Saharan Africa. Furthermore, African governments and policymakers must be committed to invest both the political and financial capital in vaccine production and distribution.
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Klu D, Aberese-Ako M, Manyeh AK, Immurana M, Doegah P, Dalaba M, Acquah E, Alhassan RK, Ansah EK. Mixed effect analysis of factors influencing the use of insecticides treated bed nets among pregnant women in Ghana: evidence from the 2019 Malaria Indicator Survey. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2022; 22:258. [PMID: 35346098 PMCID: PMC8958761 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-022-04586-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria during pregnancy is a major cause of maternal morbidity globally and leads to poor birth outcomes. The World Health Organization has recommended the use of insecticide treated bed nets (ITN) as one of the effective malaria preventive strategies among pregnant women in malaria endemic areas. This study, therefore, seeks to examine the individual and household factors associated with the use of ITNs among pregnant women in Ghana. Methods Data for this study was obtained from the 2019 Ghana Malaria Indicator Survey (GMIS) conducted between September 25 and November 24, 2019. The weighted sample comprised 353 pregnant women aged 15–49 years. Data was analyzed with SPSS version 22 using both descriptive and multilevel logistics regression modelling. Statistically significant level was set at p < 0.05. Results The study found that 49.2% of pregnant women in Ghana use ITN to prevent malaria. Pregnant women aged 35–49 years (AOR = 3.403, CI: 1.191–9.725), those with no formal education (AOR = 5.585, CI = 1.315–23.716), and those who had secondary education (AOR = 3.509, CI = 1.076–11.440) had higher odds of using ITN. Similarly, higher odds of ITN usage was found among who belonged to the Akan ethnic group (AOR = 7.234, CI = 1.497–34.955), dwell in male-headed households (AOR = 2.232, CI = 1.105–4.508) and those whose household heads are aged 60–69 years (AOR = 4.303, CI = 1.160–15.966). However, pregnant women who resided in urban areas (AOR = 0.355, CI = 0.216–0.582), those whose household heads aged 40–49 years (AOR = 0.175, CI = 0.066–0.467) and those who belonged to richer (AOR =0.184, CI = 0.050–0.679) and richest (AOR = 0.107, CI = 0.021–0.552) households had lower odds of using ITN for malaria prevention. Conclusions Individual socio-demographic and household factors such as pregnant women’s age, educational level, place of residence, ethnicity, sex and age of household head, and household wealth quintile are associated with the use of ITN for malaria prevention among pregnant women. These factors ought to be considered in strengthening malaria prevention campaigns and develop new interventions to help increase ITN utilization among vulnerable population living in malaria- endemic areas.
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Mekuria M, Binegde DN, Derega J, Teferi Bala E, Tesfa B, Deriba BS. Insecticide-Treated Bed Net Utilization and Associated Factors Among Households in Ilu Galan District, Oromia Region, Ethiopia. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH INSIGHTS 2022; 16:11786302221078122. [PMID: 35237045 PMCID: PMC8883365 DOI: 10.1177/11786302221078122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Insecticide-treated mosquito nets are often used as a physical barrier to prevent infection of malaria. In sub-Saharan Africa, one of the most important ways of lowering malaria burden is the utilization of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs). However, there is no sufficient information on ITN utilization and its associated factors in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the utilization of insecticide-treated bed nets and its associated factors among households in Ilu Galan district, Oromia Region, Ethiopia. METHODS A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in the Ilu Galan district to select 550 households using systematic random sampling techniques. Interviewer-administered questionnaire and observational checklists were used to collect data. The collected data was entered into Epi data version 3.1 and exported to SPSS version 23 for analysis. The results were presented by texts, tables, and graphs. Both binary and multivariate logistic regressions were used to assess factors associated with ITN utilization. RESULTS A total of 532 study participants responded to the questionnaire making a response rate of 96.7%. About 72.2%, [95% CI: 68.4%, 75.8%] of the respondents utilized insecticide-treated nets in the night before the day data was collected. Being female [AOR = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.36, 0.81], age less than 25 years [AOR = 0.38, 95% CI: 0.23, 0.95], monthly income >1000 ETB [AOR = 2.24, 95% CI: 1.14, 4.69], and having more than 3 beds [AOR = 2.04, 95% CI: 1.29, 3.51] were significantly associated with ITN utilization. CONCLUSIONS Insecticide-treated nets utilization was found to be low in this study. There is a gap between the ownership and ITN utilization. Sex, age, monthly income, and number of beds were factors associated with ITN utilization. The provision of behavioral change communication to the community on the importance of ITN utilization is compulsory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mulugeta Mekuria
- Department of Public Health, Ambo University College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ambo, Ethiopia
| | | | - Jirenga Derega
- Department of Public Health, Ambo University College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ambo, Ethiopia
| | - Elias Teferi Bala
- Department of Public Health, Ambo University College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ambo, Ethiopia
| | - Bikila Tesfa
- Department of Nursing, Salale University College of Health Sciences, Fitche, Ethiopia
| | - Berhanu Senbeta Deriba
- Department of Public Health, Salale University College of Health Sciences, Fitche, Ethiopia
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Akuffo R, Wilson M, Sarfo B, Dako-Gyeke P, Adanu R, Anto F. Insecticide-treated net (ITN) use, factors associated with non-use of ITNs, and occurrence of sand flies in three communities with reported cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Ghana. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0261192. [PMID: 34914742 PMCID: PMC8675665 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The insecticide treated bed net (ITN) has been proven for malaria control. Evidence from systematic review also suggests benefits of ITN roll out in reducing the incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) and other vector borne diseases. Methods Using a community-based cross-sectional study design, ITN use, factors associated with non-use of ITNs, and occurrence of sand flies were investigated in three communities with reported cases of CL in the Oti region of Ghana. Results A total of 587 households comprising 189 (32.2%), 200 (34.1%), and 198 (33.7%) households from Ashiabre, Keri, and Sibi Hilltop communities with de facto population of 3639 participated in this study. The proportion of households that owned at least one ITN was 97.1%. The number of households having at least one ITN for every two members was 386 (65.8%) and 3159 (86.8%) household population had access to ITN. The household population that slept in ITN the night before this survey was 2370 (65.1%). Lack of household access to ITN (AOR = 1.80; CI: 1.31, 2.47), having a family size of more than 10 members (AOR = 2.53; CI: 1.20, 4.24), having more than 10 rooms for sleeping in a household (AOR = 10.18; CI: 1.28, 81.00), having 2–4 screened windows (AOR = 1.49; CI: 1.00, 2.20), and having 8–10 screened windows (AOR = 3.57; CI: 1.25, 10.17) were significantly associated with increased odds of not sleeping in ITN the night before the survey. A total of 193 female sand flies were trapped from various locations within the study communities. Conclusions Factors associated with ITN non-use such as lack of household access to ITN should be incorporated into future efforts to improve ITN use. Species of sand flies and their potential vectorial role in the study communities should also be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Akuffo
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- University of Ghana Medical Centre, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Michael Wilson
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Bismark Sarfo
- School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Richard Adanu
- School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Francis Anto
- School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
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Demand for vaccination in Sub-Saharan Africa: The vertical legacy of the slave trade. Soc Sci Med 2021; 293:114640. [PMID: 34952326 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We combine historical data on the slave trade by ethnic group with individual-level data geolocated at the cluster level from the 2010-2014 Demographic and Health Surveys to examine the relationship between ancestors' exposure to the slave trade and children vaccination status against measles. Exploiting within-location variation, and hence isolating the vertical cultural transmission channel of the slave trade, we find that children from mothers whose ancestors were exposed to the slave trade are less likely to be vaccinated than children living in the same location but with mothers from a slave-free ethnic group. The effect is larger than that of standard determinants of health demand, such as education or revenue. Exploiting other health behaviors, we point to mistrust as the channel through which the slave trade affects current demand for vaccination. We find evidence of increased adverse effect of slave trade exposure on contemporaneous demand for vaccination among the descendants whose family has a higher preference for traditional practices and higher incentives to transmit their inherited cultural traits. While we know that there is not a uniform health policy code deemed appropriate for all geographical areas, our results suggest that there is space to integrate ethnic groups' historical-specificity in health policy design and communication.
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Fru PN, Cho FN, Tassang AN, Fru CN, Fon PN, Ekobo AS. Ownership and Utilisation of Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets in Tiko Health District, Southwest Region, Cameroon: A Cross-Sectional Study. J Parasitol Res 2021; 2021:8848091. [PMID: 33623716 PMCID: PMC7875632 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8848091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Malaria is and remains a serious health concern in Africa. In Cameroon, where malaria is endemic and a major public health problem, the major control measure put in place is the use of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs). In the Tiko Health District (THD), the challenges have been to assess and to evaluate the ownership and utilisation of LLINs. This study sought to assess the ownership and utilisation rates of LLINs in the THD. Methodology. A cross-sectional survey involving 418 households was conducted in four health areas in the THD. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on LLIN ownership and utilisation as well as sociodemographic characteristics. RESULTS The ownership of at least one LLIN per household, coverage, and accessibility were, respectively, 89%, 56.2%, and 66.3%, while installing LLINs on all beds in the household, sleeping under LLINs the previous night (SULPN), and universal utilisation were 72%, 24.9%, and 14.1%, respectively. Factors significantly associated with the ownership of at least one LLIN per household were respondent's age and gender. Heat (21.1%) and forgetfulness (6.5%) were the main reasons postulated for irregular utilisation of LLINs. CONCLUSION The ownership LLINs failed to guarantee utilisation and definitely effective control of malaria in the THD, as expected. Continuous and appropriate use of LLINs is indispensable, in addition to periodic sanitation, booster campaigns of LLIN distribution, and evaluation research for effective prevention and control of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulette Ngum Fru
- Department of Public Health and Hygiene, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63 Buea, Cameroon
- District Health Service Tiko, South West Regional Delegation of Health, Ministry of Public Health, Cameroon
| | - Frederick Nchang Cho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63 Buea, Cameroon
- Catholic School of Health Sciences, Saint Elizabeth Hospital Complex, P.O. Box 8 Shisong-Nso, Cameroon
- Central African Network for Tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS and Malaria (CANTAM), University of Buea, P.O. Box 63 Buea, Cameroon
- Global Health Systems Solutions, Cameroon
| | - Andrew N. Tassang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon
- Buea Regional Hospital Annex, Buea, Cameroon
- Atlantic Medical Foundation, Mutengene, Cameroon
| | - Celestina Neh Fru
- Atlantic Medical Foundation, Mutengene, Cameroon
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Faculty of Social and Management Sciences, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63 Buea, Cameroon
| | - Peter Nde Fon
- Department of Public Health and Hygiene, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63 Buea, Cameroon
- Solidarity Hospital, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Albert Same Ekobo
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, Cameroon
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Nlinwe NO, Singong YC, Florentine TMR. Evaluation of malaria preventive measures among adult patients attending the Bamendjou and Foumbot district hospitals of the West Region of Cameroon. Malar J 2021; 20:60. [PMID: 33482826 PMCID: PMC7821540 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03592-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although a significant decrease in entomological and epidemiological indicators was reported in Cameroon since the introduction of insecticide-treated bed nets, malaria prevalence remains high also in some parts of the West Region of Cameroon. This study was designed to evaluate malaria preventive measures among patients attending the Bamendjou and Foumbot District hospitals of the West Region of Cameroon. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study carried out within a period of 3 months, from January to March 2020. Data was obtained using a structured questionnaire and laboratory analysis. The CareStart™ Pf Malaria HRP2 qualitative rapid diagnostic test was used for malaria diagnosis. The questionnaire was designed to collect information on respondent's socio-demographic characteristics, and the use of malaria preventive measures. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, regression analysis, and Chi-square (and Fisher's exact) test. RESULTS A total of 170 study participants were recruited in Foumbot and 197 in Bamendjou. Malaria was significantly (P < 0.0001) more prevalent in Foumbot (47.06%) than in Bamendjou (19.8%). In Foumbot, non-use of insect repellent spray (P = 0.0214), insect repellent body cream (P = 0.0009), mosquito spray (P = 0.0001) and not draining stagnant water (P = 0.0004) predisposed to higher risk of malaria. In Bamendjou, non-use of insect repellent spray (P = 0.0012), long-lasting insecticidal bed nets (P = 0.0001), window and door nets (P = 0.0286), predisposed to a higher risk of malaria. CONCLUSIONS Malaria prevalence was high among the study participants especially in Foumbot. An adequate follow-up to ensure effective execution of the recently launched third phase of LLINs distribution campaign in Cameroon is recommended. Additionally, integrated vector management is required to ensure effective control of malaria transmission in Foumbot and Bamendjou.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nfor Omarine Nlinwe
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, The University of Bamenda, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bambili, P.O Box 39, Bamenda, North West Region, Cameroon.
| | - Yengong Clinton Singong
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, The University of Bamenda, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bambili, P.O Box 39, Bamenda, North West Region, Cameroon
| | - Tenkam Makamdoum Ruth Florentine
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, The University of Bamenda, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bambili, P.O Box 39, Bamenda, North West Region, Cameroon
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Assessment of Malaria Predisposing Factors among Crop Production Farmers Attending the Ndop District Hospital, Northwest Region of Cameroon. J Parasitol Res 2020; 2020:1980709. [PMID: 32802483 PMCID: PMC7416250 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1980709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The widespread impacts of malaria in the tropical regions of the developing world are not only on healthcare issues but also an agricultural output. Malaria causes manpower loss when it strikes farmers at critical planting, weeding, and harvesting times. Given the above, the expected outcome to malaria prevention programs in farming communities remains a far cry, especially where the predisposing factors are not properly identified and long-lasting solutions proffered. Consequently, this study was designed to assess the malaria predisposing factors among the crop production farmers attending the Ndop District Hospital. The microscopy method was used to determine the presence of malaria parasitaemia. The following categorical variables were considered predisposing factors: Sex, history on malaria illness/treatment, use of long-lasting insecticide nets (LLINs) and knowledge on malaria transmission/prevention. A four-point Likert-type rating scale was adopted for the scoring of the responses given on the predisposing factors, while Fisher's exact test was used to assess the associations between malaria and each of the predisposing factors. The prevalence of malaria parasitaemia among the crop production farmers was 20% (143/715). The predisposing factors tested were found to be significantly associated to the occurrence of malaria among the crop production farmers. Therefore, the combination of improved existing and innovative malaria control strategies may possibly ensure sustained malaria decrease among the farmers in the Ndop Health District.
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Effect of Impregnated Mosquito Bed Nets on the Prevalence of Malaria among Pregnant Women in Foumban Subdivision, West Region of Cameroon. J Parasitol Res 2020; 2020:7438317. [PMID: 32733698 PMCID: PMC7383309 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7438317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria is one of the major public health problems in many tropical developing countries including Cameroon. Impregnated mosquito bed nets are one of the control measures put in place by the WHO and adopted by the Cameroon's Ministry of Public Health to fight against malaria in pregnancy. This study was a population-based cross-sectional study that investigated the level of adherence, respondent's knowledge, altitude, and practices toward malaria prevention and control. Methods To investigate this, a sample size of 410 pregnant women who were inhabitants of Foumban Subdivision was examined. Data on net ownership versus usage, pregnancy status, and socioeconomic background were collected using a questionnaire. Parasitological tests for malaria parasites were carried out using peripheral blood samples obtained from finger pricks of the pregnant women for the preparation of thick blood smear and RDTs. Results Two hundred and eighteen tested positive (53.4%) with the highest prevalence occurring during the first trimester (79.6%) and in primigravidae (68.8%). Participants believed that mosquito bed nets can protect them against malaria infection. The highest number (81.0%) of the women who had mosquito nets acquired them during antenatal visits. Among those who possessed nets, 42.7% adhered to sleeping under them and few (50%) experienced problems of sweating, discomfort, and heat. Also, the study revealed a high prevalence rate of 63.8% for those who did not use nets during pregnancy as compared to those who owned and used them. Conclusion The findings indicated that increased access to impregnated mosquito bed nets is required to lower the risk of malaria infection amongst pregnant women. The Cameroon government should improve health education to families within the locality and pursue an integrated approach to fight against mosquitoes during the rainy season.
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Under-Five Mortality in Buea Health District, Southwest Cameroon: Evidence from a Community-Based Birth Cohort Study of Rate, Causes, and Age-Specific Patterns. Int J Pediatr 2020; 2020:9605492. [PMID: 32426000 PMCID: PMC7222531 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9605492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Updating the knowledge base on the causes and patterns of under-five mortality (U5M) is crucial for the design of suitable interventions to improve survival of children under five. Objectives To assess the rate, causes, and age-specific patterns of U5M in Buea Health District, Cameroon. Methods A retrospective cohort study involving 2000 randomly selected households was conducted. Live births registered between September 2004 and September 2009 were recorded. The under-five mortality rate (U5MR) was defined by the number of deaths that occurred on or before 5 years of age per 1000 live births. Causes of death were assigned using the InterVA-4 software. Results A total of 2210 live births were recorded. There were 92 deaths, and the U5MR was 42 per 1000 live births. The mean age at death was 11 ± 15.9 months. The most frequent causes of death were neonatal causes (37%), malaria (28%), and pneumonia (15%). Deaths during infancy accounted for 64.1% of U5M, with 43.5% neonatal (86% occurring within the first 24 hours of life) and 20.7% postneonatal. The main causes of death in infancy were birth asphyxia (37.5%), pneumonia (17.5%), complications of prematurity (10%), and malaria (10%). Child deaths accounted for 35.8% of U5M. Malaria, pneumonia, and diarrhoeal illnesses accounted for the majority of child deaths. Conclusions Almost half of U5M occurred during the neonatal period. Improvements in intrapartum care and the prevention and effective treatment of neonatal conditions, malaria, and pneumonia could considerably reduce U5M in Buea.
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Gultie T, Ayele G, Tariku B, Kondale M, Zerdo Z, Merdekiyos B, Tsalla T, Kote M, Bekele A, Shigaz M, Gebremichael G, Gebremeskel F, Baharu A. Trend of declining bed net utilization among pregnant women in Ethiopia: new data from the Arba Minch Health and Demographic Surveillance System, 2010-2016. Malar J 2020; 19:142. [PMID: 32268903 PMCID: PMC7140317 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03211-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bed net utilization is one of the important methods of malaria prevention. Malaria during pregnancy is one of the fatal diseases which mostly leads to the death of the mother and the fetus. Some of the complications of malaria during pregnancy are: intrauterine growth restrictions, intrauterine fetal death, and stillbirth. The main challenge of malaria treatment is that most of the anti-malarial drugs are not safe to use during pregnancy. The use of bed net is the most effective method of prevention of malaria during pregnancy. There is a paucity of information on bed net utilization among pregnant women in the study setting. Hence, this study aims to assess the trends of bed net utilization among pregnant women in Arba Minch Health and Demography Surveillance Site (HDSS), Southern Ethiopia. Methods The study was conducted in the Arba Minch HDSS. The observation started in 2010 till 2016, using a repeated cross-sectional study design. The data was collected using interviewer administered questionnaire biannually with a total of 14 rounds of data collection from 2010 to 2016. A total of 2657 pregnant women were included in the study. Descriptive statistics such as frequency and proportion were used to present the findings of each variable. Results Out of 2657 mothers included in the study, more than half, 1521 (63.6%), of the study participants were in the age group between 20 and 29 years. About one-third of the study population 793 (29.8) were having no schooling. The trend of bed net utilization decreased from 83.6% in 2010 to 36.5% in 2016. Conclusion The trends of bed net utilization decreased from 2010 to 2016 in Arba Minch HDSS. Utilization of bed net by pregnant women in the area need to be increased as it is malaria endemic. The government should strengthen the existing bed net distribution strategy. Further research is needed to investigate the cause of decreasing bed net utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teklemariam Gultie
- Department of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia.
| | - Gistane Ayele
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Befikadu Tariku
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Mekdes Kondale
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Zerihun Zerdo
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Behailu Merdekiyos
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Tsegaye Tsalla
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Mesfin Kote
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | | | - Mulugeta Shigaz
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Gebrekiros Gebremichael
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Feleke Gebremeskel
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Alazar Baharu
- Department of Computer Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
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Household characteristics as determinants of ownership of mosquito nets in urban households in Nigeria. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2019.e00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Antonio-Nkondjio C, Ndo C, Njiokou F, Bigoga JD, Awono-Ambene P, Etang J, Ekobo AS, Wondji CS. Review of malaria situation in Cameroon: technical viewpoint on challenges and prospects for disease elimination. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:501. [PMID: 31655608 PMCID: PMC6815446 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3753-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria still has a devastating impact on public health and welfare in Cameroon. Despite the increasing number of studies conducted on disease prevalence, transmission patterns or treatment, there are to date, not enough studies summarising findings from previous works in order to identify gaps in knowledge and areas of interest where further evidence is needed to drive malaria elimination efforts. The present study seeks to address these gaps by providing a review of studies conducted so far on malaria in Cameroon since the 1940s to date. Over 250 scientific publications were consulted for this purpose. Although there has been increased scale-up of vector control interventions which significantly reduced the morbidity and mortality to malaria across the country from a prevalence of 41% of the population reporting at least one malaria case episode in 2000 to a prevalence of 24% in 2017, the situation is not yet under control. There is a high variability in disease endemicity between epidemiological settings with prevalence of Plasmodium parasitaemia varying from 7 to 85% in children aged 6 months to 15 years after long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) scale-up. Four species of Plasmodium have been recorded across the country: Plasmodium falciparum, P. malariae, P. ovale and P. vivax. Several primate-infecting Plasmodium spp. are also circulating in Cameroon. A decline of artemisinin-based combinations therapeutic efficacy from 97% in 2006 to 90% in 2016 have been reported. Several mutations in the P. falciparum chloroquine resistance (Pfcrt) and P. falciparum multidrug resistance 1 (Pfmdr1) genes conferring resistance to either 4-amino-quinoleine, mefloquine, halofanthrine and quinine have been documented. Mutations in the Pfdhfr and Pfdhps genes involved in sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine are also on the rise. No mutation associated with artemisinin resistance has been recorded. Sixteen anopheline species contribute to malaria parasite transmission with six recognized as major vectors: An. gambiae, An. coluzzii, An. arabiensis, An. funestus, An. nili and An. moucheti. Studies conducted so far, indicated rapid expansion of DDT, pyrethroid and carbamate resistance in An. gambiae, An. coluzzii, An. arabiensis and An. funestus threatening the performance of LLINs. This review highlights the complex situation of malaria in Cameroon and the need to urgently implement and reinforce integrated control strategies in different epidemiological settings, as part of the substantial efforts to consolidate gains and advance towards malaria elimination in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Antonio-Nkondjio
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), B. P.288 Yaoundé, Cameroun
- Centre for Research in Infectious Disease (CRID), P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Vector Biology Liverpool School of Tropical medicine Pembroke Place, Liverpool, UK
| | - Cyrille Ndo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, P.O. Box 24157, Douala, Cameroon
- Centre for Research in Infectious Disease (CRID), P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Flobert Njiokou
- Centre for Research in Infectious Disease (CRID), P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Jude D. Bigoga
- Laboratory for Vector Biology and control, National Reference Unit for Vector Control, The Biotechnology Center, Nkolbisson-University of Yaounde I, P.O. Box 3851, Messa, Yaounde, Cameroon
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Parfait Awono-Ambene
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), B. P.288 Yaoundé, Cameroun
| | - Josiane Etang
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), B. P.288 Yaoundé, Cameroun
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, P.O. Box 24157, Douala, Cameroon
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University Gießen, Winchester Str. 2, 35394 Gießen, Germany
| | - Albert Same Ekobo
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Charles S. Wondji
- Centre for Research in Infectious Disease (CRID), P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Vector Biology Liverpool School of Tropical medicine Pembroke Place, Liverpool, UK
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Malede A, Aemero M, Gari SR, Kloos H, Alemu K. Barriers of persistent long-lasting insecticidal nets utilization in villages around Lake Tana, Northwest Ethiopia: a qualitative study. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:1303. [PMID: 31619208 PMCID: PMC6796332 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-7692-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria remains a major public health problem in Ethiopia. The use of LLINs is an effective approach to reducing transmission. Persistent use of LLINs is determined by numerous factors. Quantitative studies have assessed LLIN ownership and utilization, but the behavioral, socio-cultural, socioeconomic and net distribution contexts that impact their use have not been examined in depth. This study aimed to explore barriers of persistent LLIN use among communities around Lake Tana. Methods Twenty-three community residents who owned LLINs (15) or not (8) during the study period and 38 key informants were interviewed from April to June 2017. Phenomenological study was employed to explore the local contexts and factors that influence persistent use of LLINs. Individuals were purposefully selected to capture different views. Community residents were selected based on their permanent residence and LLIN use experience. Key informants were health extension workers, local leaders, students, and health professionals. The data were managed using QSR International NVivo Version 10 software and coded, and themes were identified. Results Killing ability of nets against arthropods other than mosquitoes reportedly made use of LLINs a favored malaria prevention method despite their ineffectiveness after 3 months. Conical nets were preferred due to their compatibility with varied sleeping structures. Numerous factors influenced persistent use, notably erroneous perceptions about LLINs, malaria and mosquitoes; bedbug infestation; inconvenience; unintended uses; distribution problem of nets; and socio-cultural and economic factors. Unintended uses were often associated with local needs and seldom linked with social issues and deficiencies in information about malaria and LLINs. Collateral benefits were considered important, principally in terms of disinfestation of bedbugs. Conclusions Non-persistent LLIN use was associated with inconvenient bed net design and early damage; non-potency of the insecticide against other arthropods; facilitation of bedbug infestation; unintended uses; wrong perceptions about malaria, mosquitoes, and LLINs; and inadequate follow-up regarding LLINs utilization. Distribution of conical nets and provision of adequate information on LLINs and malaria may promote persistent use. Using an insecticide that also kills arthropods other than mosquitoes may reduce unintended uses and increase persistent use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmamaw Malede
- Ethiopian Institute of Water Resources, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Mulugeta Aemero
- Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Biomedical & Laboratory Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Sirak Robele Gari
- Ethiopian Institute of Water Resources, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Helmut Kloos
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Kassahun Alemu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Orji ML, Onyire NB, Chapp-Jumbo A, Anyanwu OU, Eke CB. Perception and utilization of insecticide-treated mosquito net among caregivers of children in Abakaliki, Nigeria. Ann Afr Med 2019; 17:172-177. [PMID: 30588929 PMCID: PMC6330782 DOI: 10.4103/aam.aam_64_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Malaria contributes significantly to under-5 morbidity and mortality in Sub-Saharan African countries including Nigeria. The rollback malaria (RBM) initiative and millennium developmental goal 6 are the programs targeted at reduction in malaria burden. The target year here is 2015; it would be needful to determine the impact of these programs on lives of at-risk population. Objectives: To determine caregivers’ perception and utilization of insecticide-treated mosquito net (ITN) for their children/wards under 5 years of age. Methods: It was a cross-sectional, descriptive, hospital-based study conducted at Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, between April 1, 2014, and October 31, 2014. A structured questionnaire was used to assess caregivers’ perception and utilization of ITN. Relevant information collected from the respondents included awareness of what ITN is and its use, ownership, source and utilization of ITN, and frequency of antimalaria use for febrile episodes. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Windows Program (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) version 20.0 while the level of statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. Results: A total of 410 caregivers were interviewed; 362 (88.3%) were mothers. Three-hundred and eighty-four (93.7%) participants knew that ITN prevents mosquito bite that cause malaria infection, 81.2% (333/410) have at least one ITN in their homes, but only 215 (52.4%) use the ITN every night. Caregivers who used ITN regularly used antimalaria for their under-5 quarterly (34.9%) and rarely (33.9%). A significant relationship existed among socioeconomic class, knowledge of ITN, source of knowledge of ITN, frequency of anti-malaria use, and utilization of ITN. Conclusion: The study observed that awareness and ownership of ITN are high among study participants, but its utilization was suboptimal compared to RBM target for 2010 (80.0%). Health education and free distribution of ITNs should be further strengthened particularly among mothers of childbearing age and younger children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lauretta Orji
- Department of Paediatrics, Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
| | - Nnamdi Benson Onyire
- Department of Paediatrics, Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
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Win Han Oo, Gold L, Moore K, Agius PA, Fowkes FJI. The impact of community-delivered models of malaria control and elimination: a systematic review. Malar J 2019; 18:269. [PMID: 31387588 PMCID: PMC6683427 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2900-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Community-delivered models have been widely used to reduce the burden of malaria. This review aimed to explore different community-delivered models and their relative effectiveness in terms of coverage and malaria-metric outcomes in order to inform the design and implementation of Community Health Worker (CHW) programmes for malaria control and elimination. Methods A systematic review of studies investigating the impact of community-delivered models on coverage and malaria-metric (parasitaemia and hyperparasitaemia, malaria case and mortality, anaemia, and fever) outcomes compared to non- community-delivered models was undertaken by searching in five databases of published papers and grey literature databases. Data were extracted from studies meeting inclusion and quality criteria (assessed using relevant tools for the study design) by two independent authors. Meta-analyses were performed where there was sufficient homogeneity in effect and stratified by community-delivered models to assess the impact of each model on coverage and malaria-metric outcomes. Results 28 studies were included from 7042 records identified. The majority of studies (25/28) were performed in high transmission settings in Africa and there was heterogeneity in the type of, and interventions delivered as part of the community-delivered models. Compared to non- community-delivered models, community-delivered models increased coverage of actual bed net usage (Relative Risk (RR) = 1.64 95% CI 1.39, 1.95), intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy (RR = 1.36 95% CI 1.29, 1.44) and appropriate and timely treatment of febrile children, and improved malaria-metric outcomes such as malaria mortality (RR = 0.58 95% CI 0.52, 0.65). However, the considerable heterogeneity was found in the impact of community-delivered models in reducing, parasitaemia and hyperparasitaemia prevalence, anaemia incidence, fever prevalence and malaria caseload. Statistical comparisons of different community-delivered models were not undertaken due to the heterogeneity of the included studies in terms of method and interventions provided. Conclusion Overall, the community-delivered model is effective in improving the coverage of malaria interventions and reducing malaria-associated mortality. The heterogeneity of the community-delivered models and their impact on malaria-metric indices suggests that evidence for context-specific solutions is required. In particular, community-delivered models for malaria elimination, integrated with services for other common primary health problems, are yet to be evaluated. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12936-019-2900-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Win Han Oo
- School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Hwy, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia. .,Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.
| | - Lisa Gold
- School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Hwy, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - Kerryn Moore
- Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.,Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, 235 Bouverie St, Carlton, Melbourne, VIC, 3053, Australia
| | - Paul A Agius
- Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.,Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Level 3, George Singer Building Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Freya J I Fowkes
- Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.,Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, 235 Bouverie St, Carlton, Melbourne, VIC, 3053, Australia.,Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Talipouo A, Ngadjeu CS, Doumbe-Belisse P, Djamouko-Djonkam L, Sonhafouo-Chiana N, Kopya E, Bamou R, Awono-Ambene P, Woromogo S, Kekeunou S, Wondji CS, Antonio-Nkondjio C. Malaria prevention in the city of Yaoundé: knowledge and practices of urban dwellers. Malar J 2019; 18:167. [PMID: 31072344 PMCID: PMC6509831 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2799-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria prevention in Cameroon mainly relies on the use of ITNs. Although several free distribution campaigns of treated nets have been conducted across the country, bed net usage remains very low. A household survey was conducted to assess knowledge of the population and practices affecting treated net usage in the city of Yaoundé. Methods A community-based descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted in January 2017 in 32 districts of the city of Yaoundé. Parents (household head, spouse or an elder representative) who consented to the study, were interviewed using a structured pre-tested questionnaire. Interviews were conducted in French or English. A questionnaire consisting of 22 questions was administered to know (i) people’s knowledge and attitude on preventive measures; and, (ii) attitudes concerning the treatment of malaria and estimated amount spent for malaria prevention and treatment. Results A total of 1643 household heads were interviewed. Over 94% of people interviewed associated malaria transmission to mosquito bites. The main methods used against mosquito bites were: treated bed nets (94%; n = 1526) and insecticide spray or coils (32.2%; n = 523). The majority of people interviewed reported using bed nets mainly to prevent from mosquito bites (84.4%, n = 1257), rather than for malaria prevention (47.3%). Knowledge and attitude analysis revealed that people with university or secondary level of education have better knowledge of malaria, prevention and treatment measures compared to those with the primary level (OR = 7.03; P < 0.001). Also, wealthy households were more aware of good practices concerning malaria prevention and treatment compared to poor ones. In the majority of districts of Yaoundé, over 50% of people interviewed per district, had good knowledge of malaria and prevention measures but less than 50% applied good practices concerning malaria treatment and prevention. The amount spent annually by a household for vector control was CFAF 11,589 ± 1133 (US$21.87 ± 2.14) and CFAF 66,403 ± 4012 (US$125.29 ± 7.57) for malaria treatment. Conclusion The study indicated that, despite good knowledge of malaria and prevention measures, few people apply good practices. More sensitization needs to be done to improve adherence to good practices concerning malaria prevention and treatment. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12936-019-2799-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdou Talipouo
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la Lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Carmene S Ngadjeu
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la Lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Patricia Doumbe-Belisse
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la Lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Landre Djamouko-Djonkam
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la Lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Faculty of Sciences, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 337, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Nadege Sonhafouo-Chiana
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la Lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Buea, P.O. Box 456, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Edmond Kopya
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la Lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Roland Bamou
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la Lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Faculty of Sciences, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 337, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Parfait Awono-Ambene
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la Lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Sylvain Woromogo
- Centre Inter Etats d'Enseignement Supérieur en Santé Publique d'Afrique Centrale (CIESPAC), P.O. Box 1536, Brazzaville, Congo
| | - Sevilor Kekeunou
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Charles S Wondji
- Vector Biology Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Christophe Antonio-Nkondjio
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la Lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon. .,Vector Biology Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.
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Buh A, Kota K, Bishwajit G, Yaya S. Prevalence and Associated Factors of Taking Intermittent Preventive Treatment in Pregnancy in Sierra Leone. Trop Med Infect Dis 2019; 4:E32. [PMID: 30736456 PMCID: PMC6473366 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed4010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria infection during pregnancy is a major public health problem in sub-Saharan Africa. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that gestational and congenital malaria can be prevented by using intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (IPTp-SP). IPTp-SP is a full therapeutic course of antimalarial medicine administered during pregnancy as a component of antenatal care. This study's objective was to assess the prevalence and predictors of IPTp-SP uptake in pregnancy in Sierra Leone. This study was based on the fifth round of the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS 5) conducted in Sierra Leone in 2016. Participants were 8526 women aged between 15⁻49 years. Outcome variables were uptake of IPTp-SP during the last pregnancy. Data were analysed using cross-tabulation and logistic regression methods. Results showed that the prevalence of taking IPTp-SP was 94.81% (92.40, 96.14), and that the prevalence of taking at least three doses was 93.24% (92.50, 94.81). In the multivariate logistic regression, education, parity, and antenatal care (ANC) use were significant predictors of IPTp-SP uptake. Women with higher education had lower odds of taking IPTp-SP (Odds Ratio = 0.647, 95%CI = 0.444, 0.943); having higher parity (>4) was associated with lower odds of taking IPTp-SP (OR = 0.663; 95%CI = 0.442, 0.994) and adequate ANC use increased the odds of taking IPTp-SP in both urban (OR = 1.450, 95%CI = 1.158, 3.128) and rural areas (OR = 1.903, 95%CI = 1.069, 1.966). In contrast, the positive association between ANC visits and adequate doses of taking IPTp-SP was true for rural women only (OR = 1.408, 95%CI = 1.174, 1.689). In conclusion, the use of IPTp-SP is close to being universal, with the prevalence being relatively higher in the rural areas. Based on our findings, promoting adequate antenatal care visits should be regarded as a key strategy to improve the use of IPTp-SP in Sierra Leone. Further studies could focus on exploring other predictors of IPTp-SP uptake that are not captured by MICS in Sierra Leone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amos Buh
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N6N5, Canada.
| | - Komlan Kota
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N6N5, Canada.
| | - Ghose Bishwajit
- School of International Development and Global Studies, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | - Sanni Yaya
- School of International Development and Global Studies, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.
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25
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Utilization and Associated Factors of Insecticide Treated Bed Net among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinic of Addis Zemen Hospital, North-Western Ethiopia: An Institutional Based Study. Malar Res Treat 2018; 2018:3647184. [PMID: 30675334 PMCID: PMC6323465 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3647184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Insecticide treated bed net (ITN) is one type of cost-effective vector control approach for the prevention of malaria. It has to be treated with insecticide and needs ongoing treatment with chemicals. Malaria infcetion during pregnancy is a amajor health problem in Ethiopia. Little is known about the utilization of ITN by pregnant women in the study area. This study was aimed to assess utilization and associated factors of insecticide-treated nets among pregnant women in Adis Zemen Hospital. Methods This hospital based cross-sectional study was conducted in Adis Zemen from May 1 to 30, 2018, among 226 pregnant mothers. After obtaining informed consent, data were collected using a pretested structured questionnaire via face to face interview. To reach the study unit, a systematic random sampling technique was used. The collected data were entered, cleaned, checked using Epi data version 3.1, and finally analyzed using SPSS version 20. Binary and multivariable logistic regressions were computed to identify significantly associated variables at 95% confidence interval. Result A total of 226 pregnant mothers attending antenatal clinics participated in making the response rate 100%. Among a total 226 subjects, 160(70.8%) of mothers had good utilization of insecticide bet net. Mothers who had an educational status of college and above were 2.8 times more likely to utilize insecticide-treated bed net than mothers who could not read and write (AOR; 2. 8: CI; 1.9, 6.5). Mothers whose age was >30 were 70% times less likely utilized insecticide-treated bed net than mothers whose age was 30 and less (AOR;.3: CI;.2,.6). Conclusion and Recommendation Utilization of insecticide-treated bed net by pregnant women is low in the study area. The participants' age, educational status, household monthly income, and husband educational status were significantly associated with utilization of insecticide-treated bed net. Different stakeholders shall give a special attention to awareness creation on advantageous of insecticide bed net.
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The Challenges and Knowledge Gaps in Malaria Therapy: A Stakeholder Approach to Improving Oral Quinine Use in the Treatment of Childhood Malaria in Ghana. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICS 2018; 2018:1784645. [PMID: 30538884 PMCID: PMC6261397 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1784645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background The study was undertaken to elicit the knowledge, views, and perceptions of key stakeholders on malaria, its bioburden, and treatment options, in order to ascertain the knowledge gabs and challenges, especially in the use of oral quinine in childhood malaria. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted using a well-structured Likert Scale and self-administered questionnaire. The principal site of the study was a government-run children's hospital located in the Ashiedu Keteke Sub-Metro of Accra. The study population included health workers, parents, and guardians or care givers. The participants were 300, purposively selected, and consisted of both men (41%) and women (59%) who were twenty years and above, whether employed (42%), self-employed (37%), or unemployed (21%). Results Majority of the participants (78%) demonstrated above average knowledge of malaria. However, their awareness of the causes, modes of transmission, signs, and symptoms as well as preventive mechanisms of malaria did not result in low incidence of malaria. About 77% of the respondents agreed they would seek treatment within 24 hours once signs and symptoms are detected. Though close to 50% undertook home treatment of malaria, majority eventually sought treatment at hospital or clinic. Above 92% of respondents knew that quinine is used to treat malaria and agreed its bitter taste greatly affects compliance, especially in children. Consequently, 95% of the respondents would be glad if its bitter taste is masked. Conclusion The study demonstrated the availability of substantial knowledge of the devastating effects of malaria, especially in children. Therefore, there is the need to ensure the availability and utilization of effective paediatric formulations in the fight against malaria. From this study, fast dissolving oral thin film with a good mouth feel, would be the formulation of choice for quinine.
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Utilization of Long-Lasting Insecticide Treated Nets and Parasitaemia at 6 Months after a Mass Distribution Exercise among Households in Mbarara Municipality, Uganda: A Cross-Sectional Community Based Study. Malar Res Treat 2018; 2018:4387506. [PMID: 30155242 PMCID: PMC6093084 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4387506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Utilization of long-lasting insecticide treated nets (LLINs) after free and mass distribution exercise has not been adequately studied. The objectives of this study were to assess ownership and utilization of LLINs following a mass distribution campaign in a Ugandan urban municipality. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study in western Uganda among households with children under 5 years, at 6 months after a mass LLIN distribution exercise. We administered a questionnaire to measure LLIN ownership and utilization. We also measured parasitaemia among children under five years. Results Of the 346 households enrolled, 342 (98.8%) still owned all the LLINs. LLIN use was reported among 315 (91.1%) adult respondents and among 318 (91.9%) children under five. Parasitaemia was detected among 10 (2.9%) children under five. Males (OR=2.65, 95% CI 0.99-7.07), single respondents (OR=10.35, 95% CI 1.64-65.46), having a fitting bed net size (OR= 3.59, 95% CI 1.71-7.59), and no childhood malaria episode reported in the home in the last 12 months (OR=1.69, 95% CI 1.02-2.83) were all associated with LLIN use. Conclusions Ownership of LLIN is very high, and parasitaemia among the children was very low. Low parasitaemia may be attributed to high LLIN utilization. Long term follow-up should be done to determine durability of the ownership and utilization.
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Doda Z, Solomon T, Loha E, Gari T, Lindtjørn B. A qualitative study of use of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) for intended and unintended purposes in Adami Tullu, East Shewa Zone, Ethiopia. Malar J 2018; 17:69. [PMID: 29409511 PMCID: PMC5801687 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2209-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria poses a significant public health threat globally, across Africa and in Ethiopia. The use of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) is currently a proven prevention mechanism. Evidence is building on what happens to LLINs following mass distribution campaigns, with mixed results from different studies, some reporting very low use for intended purposes, others an encouraging level of using for intended purposes. In Ethiopia, between 2005 and 2015, about 64 million LLINs were distributed through periodic mass campaigns with the aims to achieve 100% coverage and 80% utilization. However, studies from rural Ethiopia showed variable LLINs coverage and utilization rate. The MalTrial Project, a collaborative venture between Hawassa University, Ethiopia and NROAID, Norway, has started a trial project in 2014 in Adami Tullu District of central Ethiopia. Quantitative surveys have established evidence on LLINs ownership and utilization, but the behavioural, sociocultural and socioeconomic dynamics of why LLINs’ use for intended purposes is low or why they are employed for other purposes remained elusive. The present qualitative study, building on the quantitative findings and framework, therefore, attempted to fill gaps in these areas using qualitative methods in selected localities of the district. Methods The study employed 7 focus groups, 16 individual interviews and observation to undertake data collection in January 2017. The data were analysed using NVivo Version 11 (QSR International) to transcribe, code and identify themes using thematic analysis approach. Results The study found out that certain households were more likely to use nets for intended needs in proper ways; a range of factors, notably socio-cultural and poverty, highly influence users’ ideas about the right ways and decisions to use and care for the nets; knowledge gaps and wrong perception exist regarding the purposes and life cycle of the nets; LLINs are employed for repurposed uses once they are considered non-viable, old, or lose their physical integrity; existence of misuse was acknowledged and understood as wrong; and values about gender roles further shape uses, misuses and repurposed use of the nets. Conclusions Behavioural, socio-cultural, economic and ecological conditions coupled with deficiencies in perceived bed net design and distribution policies; weak education, communication and social support structures were important in understanding and accounting for why a low level of intended use and a rampant misuse and repurposed use in Adami Tullu community of Ethiopia. A major nexus to address in order to improve intended use of LLINs lies, first and foremost, in economic poverty and socio-cultural factors that underlie much of the misuse and repurposed use of the nets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zerihun Doda
- College of Social Sciences & Humanities, Hawassa University, P.O. Box 005, Hawassa, Ethiopia.
| | - Tarekegn Solomon
- School of Public and Environmental Health, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Eskindir Loha
- School of Public and Environmental Health, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Taye Gari
- School of Public and Environmental Health, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia.,Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Bernt Lindtjørn
- Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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29
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Ntonifor NH, Veyufambom S. Assessing the effective use of mosquito nets in the prevention of malaria in some parts of Mezam division, Northwest Region Cameroon. Malar J 2016; 15:390. [PMID: 27455995 PMCID: PMC4960689 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1419-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In Cameroon, malaria continues to be endemic and the first major cause of morbidity and mortality among the most vulnerable groups—children under 5 years of age, pregnant women, people living with HIV/AIDS and the poor. The use of long-lasting insecticide-treated bed nets (LLINs) is one of the recommended measures to prevent malaria. The present study was aimed at accessing the acceptability and effective use of LLINs on the prevalence of malaria in PMI Nkwen, Bambui and its environs. Methods Hospital-based diagnosis consisted of 476 blood samples that were screened using the rapid diagnostic kits to determine the prevalence of malaria among users and non-users of LLINs. A structured questionnaire was also administered to pregnant women and children less than 5 years of age (476 hospital-based and 350 from the community) which consisted of demographic information, availability, accessibility affordability, acceptability, effective use and problems encountered with the use of LLINs. Results Result obtained showed that out of the 476 hospital-based patients, 29 tested positive for malaria giving an overall prevalence of 6.09 %. Equally, results of the questionnaire showed that 743 (89.9 %) of the respondents owned LLINs with up to 649 (87.3 %) having been given to them free-of-charge, and that 578 (77.8 %) were using their LLINs to sleep, even though 18.2 % of the respondents used their LLINs for other purposes, such as fishing, nursing seeds and footfall nets. Malaria was minimal among users of LLINs than non-users and the results were significant at P ≤ 0.05. Also 71.9 % of the respondents said that their nets were in good condition while 52.2 % of them said the major problem with the usage of LLINs was heat and the feeling of suffocation. Conclusion These results indicate that LLINs have significantly reduced the prevalence of malaria among the studied population, and so the government should not relent its efforts in the distribution of these nets especially to the vulnerable groups in order eliminate malaria and other mosquito-borne diseases. Utilization of LLINs needs to be encouraged to match ownership, while free distribution of ITNs to vulnerable groups needs to be continuous and consistent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngum Helen Ntonifor
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bamenda, North West Region, Bambili, Bamenda, Cameroon.
| | - Serophine Veyufambom
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bamenda University of Science and Technology, North West Region, Bambili, Bamenda, Cameroon
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Watiro AH, Awoke W. Insecticide-treated net ownership and utilization and factors that influence their use in Itang, Gambella region, Ethiopia: cross-sectional study. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2016; 9:101-12. [PMID: 27330332 PMCID: PMC4898425 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s104311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria remains a major public health problem in Ethiopia. Consequently, Ethiopia designed the 2011–2015, Malaria Prevention and Control Strategic Plan to fight the vector. It was discovered that most of the studies conducted on the use of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) were not in line with the strategic plan of the country. This study aimed to assess ITN ownership and utilization, and includes barriers related to its use among the target-area population at household (HH) level. Materials and methods A cross-sectional design was employed in Itang for this study. Data were collected by trained nurses through face-to-face interview and observation. A total of 845 participants were selected through multistage sampling, and the size was determined by using a single-population proportion formula. EPI Info and SPSS was used for analysis, and all necessary statistical association was computed in order to explain the outcome variable through explanatory variables of this study. Results Among 845 HHs interviewed, 81.7% (690) had at least one ITN, while 52.3% (361) had used the ITN the night preceding the data-collection day. HH awareness of malaria prevention, number of ITNs, family size, number of family members sharing sleeping area/beds, sleeping patterns of adolescents, HH-head age, and inconvenience of using ITNs were found to be barriers to the use of ITNs in this study. Conclusion and recommendation The study concluded that very few HHs owned ITNs and there was very low usage of ITNs. In recommendation, the regional health bureau and district health office should consider bigger nets that can accommodate family members who share the same sleeping area/bed in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aklilu Habte Watiro
- Médecins Sans Frontières OCA (MSF Holland) Ethiopia Mission, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Worku Awoke
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
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Moon TD, Hayes CB, Blevins M, Lopez ML, Green AF, González-Calvo L, Olupona O. Factors associated with the use of mosquito bed nets: results from two cross-sectional household surveys in Zambézia Province, Mozambique. Malar J 2016; 15:196. [PMID: 27068575 PMCID: PMC4827200 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1250-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria remains a major threat to some 3.2 billion persons globally. Malaria contributes heavily to the overall disease burden in Mozambique and is considered endemic. A cornerstone of Mozambique’s vector control strategy has been to strive for universal coverage of insecticide-treated nets (ITN). Methods The study is a population-based cross-sectional survey of female heads-of-household in Zambézia Province, Mozambique conducted during August–September, 2010 and April–May, 2014. Analyses accounted for a stratified two-stage cluster sample design. Outcomes of interest included sleeping under a mosquito net during the previous night. Descriptive statistics were calculated for three oversampled districts and for the entire province. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to estimate factors associated with both changes over time and increased mosquito bed net usage. Results Of the 3916 households interviewed in 2010 and 3906 households in 2014, 64.3 % were in possession of at least one mosquito bed net. A higher proportion of households in Namacurra (90 %) reported possession of a mosquito net, compared to Alto Molócuè (77 %) and Morrumbala (34 %), respectively in 2014. Of pregnant respondents, 58.6 % reported sleeping under a mosquito net the previous night in 2010 compared to 68.4 % in 2014. Fifty percent of children 0–59 months slept under a mosquito net the previous night in 2010 compared to 60 % in 2014. Factors associated with use of a mosquito net for female head-of-household respondents were higher education, understanding Portuguese, larger household size, having electricity in the household, and larger household monthly income. As travel time to a health facility increased (per 1 h), respondents had 13 % lower odds of sleeping under a mosquito net (OR 0.87; 95 % CI 0.74–1.01, p = 0.07). Pregnant women in 2014 had a 2.4 times higher odds of sleeping under a bed net if they lived in Namacurra compared to Alto Molócuè (95 % CI 0.91–6.32, p = 0.002 for district). Higher maternal education, living in Namacurra, and acquisition of mosquito bed nets were associated with a child 0–59 months reporting sleeping under the net in the previous night in 2014. Conclusions Intensified focus on the poorest, least educated, and most distant from health services is needed to improve equity of ITN availability and usage. Additionally, while some districts have already surpassed goals in terms of coverage and utilization of ITN, renewed emphasis should be placed on bringing all geographic regions of the province closer to meeting these targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy D Moon
- Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health, 2525 West End Avenue, Suite 750, Nashville, TN, 37203, USA. .,Friends in Global Health, Maputo, Mozambique. .,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Caleb B Hayes
- Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health, 2525 West End Avenue, Suite 750, Nashville, TN, 37203, USA
| | - Meridith Blevins
- Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health, 2525 West End Avenue, Suite 750, Nashville, TN, 37203, USA.,Friends in Global Health, Maputo, Mozambique.,Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Ann F Green
- Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health, 2525 West End Avenue, Suite 750, Nashville, TN, 37203, USA.,Friends in Global Health, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Lazaro González-Calvo
- Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health, 2525 West End Avenue, Suite 750, Nashville, TN, 37203, USA.,Friends in Global Health, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Omo Olupona
- World Vision International, Maputo, Mozambique
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