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Zhao J, Zhang Y, Zhang H, Wang S, He H, Shi G, Maimaitijiang W, Hou Y, Zhang L, Yin J, Wang Y, Cao J. Epidemiological Characteristics and Spatiotemporal Patterns of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Xinjiang, China, during 2004-2021. Trop Med Infect Dis 2024; 9:153. [PMID: 39058195 PMCID: PMC11281530 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed9070153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The spread of visceral leishmaniasis (VL), a serious global zoonotic parasitic disease, is mostly under control; however, several cases have been reported in recent decades in Xinjiang, China. This study aimed to analyze the epidemiological status and spatiotemporal clustering characteristics of VL in Xinjiang, China, between 2004 and 2021 to provide a basis for the development and implementation of surveillance and response measures. Data on VL incidence during 2004-2021 were collected from the National Diseases Reporting Information System of China. Global spatial autocorrelation analysis, identification of local indicators of spatial association, and spatial-temporal clustering analysis were conducted to identify the distribution and high-risk areas. A total of 2034 VL cases were reported, with a mean annual incidence of 0.50 per 100,000. There was a general decreasing trend in the incidence of VL during our study period. The majority of the cases were reported from October to February of the following year, and fewer cases were reported from April to July. Spatial autocorrelation analysis revealed that the incidence of VL was spatially clustered within a few counties. Significant differences were observed during the study period (Moran's I = 0.74, Z = 4.900, p < 0.05). The male-to-female ratio was 1.37:1, and most patients were in the age group 0-3 years. Cases were primarily distributed in seven regions and two autonomous prefectures, and Kashgar reported the highest number of cases (1688, 82.98%). Spatial analysis revealed that the aggregation of VL was predominantly observed in southwest Xinjiang. This was in alignment with the high-risk areas identified by spatiotemporal clustering analysis. The H-H clustering region was primarily observed in Gashi, Atushi, Shufu, Injisha, Kashgar, Yepuhu, and Bachu. These findings indicate that integrated control measures must be taken in different endemic areas to strengthen the VL control program in Xinjiang, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangshan Zhao
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830002, China; (J.Z.); (H.Z.); (S.W.); (H.H.); (G.S.); (W.M.); (Y.H.); (L.Z.)
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830000, China;
| | - Haiting Zhang
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830002, China; (J.Z.); (H.Z.); (S.W.); (H.H.); (G.S.); (W.M.); (Y.H.); (L.Z.)
| | - Shuo Wang
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830002, China; (J.Z.); (H.Z.); (S.W.); (H.H.); (G.S.); (W.M.); (Y.H.); (L.Z.)
| | - Haibo He
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830002, China; (J.Z.); (H.Z.); (S.W.); (H.H.); (G.S.); (W.M.); (Y.H.); (L.Z.)
| | - Guangzhong Shi
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830002, China; (J.Z.); (H.Z.); (S.W.); (H.H.); (G.S.); (W.M.); (Y.H.); (L.Z.)
| | - Wumaier Maimaitijiang
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830002, China; (J.Z.); (H.Z.); (S.W.); (H.H.); (G.S.); (W.M.); (Y.H.); (L.Z.)
| | - Yanyan Hou
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830002, China; (J.Z.); (H.Z.); (S.W.); (H.H.); (G.S.); (W.M.); (Y.H.); (L.Z.)
| | - Ling Zhang
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830002, China; (J.Z.); (H.Z.); (S.W.); (H.H.); (G.S.); (W.M.); (Y.H.); (L.Z.)
| | - Jianhai Yin
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai 200025, China;
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China, Shanghai 200025, China
- World Health Organization Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yi Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai 200025, China;
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China, Shanghai 200025, China
- World Health Organization Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jianping Cao
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai 200025, China;
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China, Shanghai 200025, China
- World Health Organization Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
- The School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
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Liu Y, Deng C. Case Report: Visceral Leishmaniasis Falsely Diagnosed as Viral Hepatitis C Without Febrile Symptoms. Infect Drug Resist 2024; 17:2009-2014. [PMID: 38800583 PMCID: PMC11122169 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s456984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), also known as kala-azar, is caused by an intracellular parasite transmitted to humans by the bite of a sand fly, and with the source of the infection mainly being dogs. The main features of the disease are irregular fever, weight loss, hepatosplenomegaly and anaemia. Diagnosis relies mainly on bone marrow aspiration tests to find Leishman-Donovan(LD) bodies. And we report the case without febrile symptoms and hepatitis C virus antibody was probably false positive. Case Presentation The case was a 74-year-old male residing in Yangquan City, Shanxi Province, a VL endemic area. He presented with generalised malaise, hepatosplenomegaly and scarring pigmentation on the skin as a result of scratching. Laboratory tests showed pancytopenia, positive hepatitis C virus antibody (HCV-Ab), positive direct anti-human globulin test (DAT), positive anti-cardiolipin antibody IgG, IgM (+), and increased immunoglobulin IgG. Symptomatic treatments such as hepatoprotection and blood transfusion were given, but the patient's symptoms still persisted and his spleen and liver further enlarged. Further repeat tests were performed and found to be negative for hepatitis C virus antibodies and antigens. The patient was eventually found to be infected with Leishmania protozoa by rk39 rapid diagnostic test and metagenomic next-generation sequencing(mNGS). And the patient quickly relieved after one course of treatment with sodium stibogluconate. Conclusion Patients with VL may cause abnormalities in the immune system, leading to false positives for various antibodies without clear febrile symptoms, resulting in misdiagnosis or delayed diagnosis. It is important to consider VL in cases where there is a significant hepatosplenomegaly with a relevant epidemiological history. If the diagnosis cannot be confirmed through bone marrow aspiration and the patient is not suitable for splenic aspiration, the rk39 test can be used for initial exclusion and further verified through mNGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanli Liu
- The First Clinical Medical School, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunqing Deng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People’s Republic of China
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Yang C, Li S, Lu D, He Z, Wang D, Qian D, Liu Y, Zhou R, Ji P, Chen JH, Zhang H. Reemergence of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Henan Province, China. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:318. [PMID: 37368736 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8060318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) was widely prevalent in Henan Province in the 1950s. Through active efforts by the government, there were no local cases reported from 1984 to 2015. In 2016, local VL cases reoccurred, and there was an increasing trend of VL cases in Henan Province. To provide a scientific control of VL, an investigation was conducted in Henan Province from 2016 to 2021. The data from VL cases were obtained from the Disease Surveillance Reporting System of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. The rK39 immunochromatographic test (ICT) and PCR assay were performed among high-risk residents and all dogs in the patients' village. ITS1 was amplified, sequenced, and subjected to phylogenetic analyses. A total of 47 VL cases were reported in Henan Province during 2016-2021. Of the cases, 35 were local, and they were distributed in Zhengzhou, Luoyang, and Anyang. The annual average incidence was 0.008/100,000, showing an upward trend year by year (χ2 = 3.987, p = 0.046). Their ages ranged from 7 months to 71 years, with 44.68% (21/47) in the age group of 0-3 years and 46.81% (22/47) in the age group ≥15 years. The cases occurred throughout the year. The high-risk populations were infants and young children (age ≤3), accounting for 51.06% (24/47), followed by farmers at 36.17% (17/47). The ratio of males to females was 2.13:1. The positive rates of rK39 ICT and PCR were 0.35% (4/1130) and 0.21% (1/468) in the residents. The positive rates of rK39 ICT and PCR were 18.79% (440/2342) and 14.92% (139/929) in the dogs. The ITS1 amplification products in the patients and positive dogs were sequenced. The homology between the target sequence and Leishmania infantum was more than 98%. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that the patients and the positive dogs were infected by the same type of Leishmania, which was consistent with the strains in the hilly endemic areas in China. This paper showed that patients and domestic dogs were infected by the same type of L. infantum and that the positive rate in dogs was relatively high in Henan Province. Because the measures of patient treatment and culling of infected dogs were not effective in reducing VL incidence in Henan Province, it is urgent to develop new approaches for the control of VL, such as wearing insecticide-impregnated collars on dogs, treating the positive dogs, spraying insecticide for sandflies control, and improving residents' self-protection awareness to prevent the further spread of VL in Henan Province.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyun Yang
- Department of Parasite Disease Control and Prevention, Henan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou 450016, China
- Henan Provincial Medical Key Laboratory of Parasitic Pathogen and Vector, No. 105 South Agricultural Road Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou 450016, China
| | - Suhua Li
- Department of Parasite Disease Control and Prevention, Henan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou 450016, China
- Henan Provincial Medical Key Laboratory of Parasitic Pathogen and Vector, No. 105 South Agricultural Road Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou 450016, China
| | - Deling Lu
- Department of Parasite Disease Control and Prevention, Henan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou 450016, China
- Henan Provincial Medical Key Laboratory of Parasitic Pathogen and Vector, No. 105 South Agricultural Road Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou 450016, China
| | - Zhiquan He
- Department of Parasite Disease Control and Prevention, Henan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou 450016, China
- Henan Provincial Medical Key Laboratory of Parasitic Pathogen and Vector, No. 105 South Agricultural Road Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou 450016, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Parasite Disease Control and Prevention, Henan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou 450016, China
- Henan Provincial Medical Key Laboratory of Parasitic Pathogen and Vector, No. 105 South Agricultural Road Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou 450016, China
| | - Dan Qian
- Department of Parasite Disease Control and Prevention, Henan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou 450016, China
- Henan Provincial Medical Key Laboratory of Parasitic Pathogen and Vector, No. 105 South Agricultural Road Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou 450016, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Parasite Disease Control and Prevention, Henan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou 450016, China
- Henan Provincial Medical Key Laboratory of Parasitic Pathogen and Vector, No. 105 South Agricultural Road Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou 450016, China
| | - Ruimin Zhou
- Department of Parasite Disease Control and Prevention, Henan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou 450016, China
- Henan Provincial Medical Key Laboratory of Parasitic Pathogen and Vector, No. 105 South Agricultural Road Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou 450016, China
| | - Penghui Ji
- Department of Parasite Disease Control and Prevention, Henan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou 450016, China
- Henan Provincial Medical Key Laboratory of Parasitic Pathogen and Vector, No. 105 South Agricultural Road Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou 450016, China
| | - Jun-Hu Chen
- National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China (NHC) Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- Department of Parasite Disease Control and Prevention, Henan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou 450016, China
- Henan Provincial Medical Key Laboratory of Parasitic Pathogen and Vector, No. 105 South Agricultural Road Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou 450016, China
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Guan Z, Chen C, Huang C, Zhang H, Zhou Y, Zhou Y, Wu J, Zhou Z, Yang S, Li L. Epidemiological features and spatial-temporal distribution of visceral leishmaniasis in mainland China: a population-based surveillance study from 2004 to 2019. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:517. [PMID: 34620225 PMCID: PMC8499449 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-05002-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although visceral leishmaniasis (VL) was largely brought under control in most regions of China during the previous century, VL cases have rebounded in western and central China in recent decades. The aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiological features and spatial-temporal distribution of VL in mainland China from 2004 to 2019. METHODS Incidence and mortality data for VL during the period 2004-2019 were collected from the Public Health Sciences Data Center of China and annual national epidemic reports of VL, whose data source was the National Diseases Reporting Information System. Joinpoint regression analysis was performed to explore the trends of VL. Spatial autocorrelation and spatial-temporal clustering analysis were conducted to identify the distribution and risk areas of VL transmission. RESULTS A total of 4877 VL cases were reported in mainland China during 2004-2019, with mean annual incidence of 0.0228/100,000. VL incidence showed a decreasing trend in general during our study period (annual percentage change [APC] = -4.2564, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -8.0856 to -0.2677). Among mainly endemic provinces, VL was initially heavily epidemic in Gansu, Sichuan, and especially Xinjiang, but subsequently decreased considerably. In contrast, Shaanxi and Shanxi witnessed significantly increasing trends, especially in 2017-2019. The first-level spatial-temporal aggregation area covered two endemic provinces in northwestern China, including Gansu and Xinjiang, with the gathering time from 2004 to 2011 (relative risk [RR] = 13.91, log-likelihood ratio [LLR] = 3308.87, P < 0.001). The secondary aggregation area was detected in Shanxi province of central China, with the gathering time of 2019 (RR = 1.61, LLR = 4.88, P = 0.041). The epidemic peak of October to November disappeared in 2018-2019, leaving only one peak in March to May. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that VL is still an important endemic infectious disease in China. Epidemic trends in different provinces changed significantly and spatial-temporal aggregation areas shifted from northwestern to central China during our study period. Mitigation strategies, including large-scale screening, insecticide spraying, and health education encouraging behavioral change, in combination with other integrated approaches, are needed to decrease transmission risk in areas at risk, especially in Shanxi, Shaanxi, and Gansu provinces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Guan
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Can Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chenyang Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- Henan Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yiyi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuqing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhengbin Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shigui Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lanjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Jiang D, Ma T, Hao M, Qian Y, Chen S, Meng Z, Wang L, Zheng C, Qi X, Wang Q, Ding F. Spatiotemporal patterns and spatial risk factors for visceral leishmaniasis from 2007 to 2017 in Western and Central China: A modelling analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 764:144275. [PMID: 33385656 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a neglected disease caused by trypanosomatid protozoa in the genus Leishmania, which is transmitted by phlebotomine sandflies. Although this vector-borne disease has been eliminated in several regions of China during the last century, the reported human VL cases have rebounded in Western and Central China in recent decades. However, understanding of the spatial epidemiology of the disease remains vague, as the spatial risk factors driving the spatial heterogeneity of VL. In this study, we analyzed the spatiotemporal patterns of annual human VL cases in Western and Central China from 2007 to 2017. Based on the related spatial maps, the boosted regression tree (BRT) model was adopted to explore the relationships between VL and spatial correlates as well as predicting both the existing and potential infection risk zones of VL in Western and Central China. The mined links reveal that elevation, minimum temperature, relative humidity, and annual accumulated precipitation make great contributions to the spatial heterogeneity of VL. The maps show that Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Gansu, western Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and Sichuan are predicted to fall in the highest infection risk zones of VL. Approximately 61.60 million resident populations lived in the high-risk regions of VL in Western and Central China. Our results provide a better understanding of how spatial risk factors driving VL spread as well as identifying the potential endemic risk region of VL, thereby enhancing the biosurveillance capacity of public health authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tian Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mengmeng Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yushu Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shuai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ze Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Liping Wang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China
| | - Canjun Zheng
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xiao Qi
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Fangyu Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Zheng C, Wang L, Li Y, Zhou XN. Visceral leishmaniasis in northwest China from 2004 to 2018: a spatio-temporal analysis. Infect Dis Poverty 2020; 9:165. [PMID: 33267898 PMCID: PMC7713028 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-020-00782-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although visceral leishmaniasis (VL), a disease caused by parasites, is controlled in most provinces in China, it is still a serious public health problem and remains fundamentally uncontrolled in some northwest provinces and autonomous regions. The objective of this study is to explore the spatial and temporal characteristics of VL in Sichuan Province, Gansu Province and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region in China from 2004 to 2018 and to identify the risk areas for VL transmission. METHODS Spatiotemporal models were applied to explore the spatio-temporal distribution characteristics of VL and the association between VL and meteorological factors in western China from 2004 to 2018. Geographic information of patients from the National Diseases Reporting Information System operated by the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention was defined according to the address code from the surveillance data. RESULTS During our study period, nearly 90% of cases occurred in some counties in three western regions (Sichuan Province, Gansu Province and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region), and a significant spatial clustering pattern was observed. With our spatiotemporal model, the transmission risk, autoregressive risk and epidemic risk of these counties during our study period were also well predicted. The number of VL cases in three regions of western China concentrated on a few of counties. VL in Kashi Prefecture, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region is still serious prevalent, and integrated control measures must be taken in different endemic areas. CONCLUSIONS The number of VL cases in three regions of western China concentrated on a few of counties. VL in Kashi Prefecture, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region is still serious prevalent, and integrated control measures must be taken in different endemic areas. Our findings will strengthen the VL control programme in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canjun Zheng
- Chinese Center for Diseases Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Liping Wang
- Chinese Center for Diseases Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- Chinese Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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Chen H, Fan C, Gao H, Yin Y, Wang X, Zhang Y, Wang H. Leishmaniasis Diagnosis via Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:528884. [PMID: 33072623 PMCID: PMC7538539 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.528884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease caused by Leishmania. Although the incidence of leishmaniasis in China is currently low, it has not been completely eradicated. In 2019, visceral leishmaniasis was diagnosed in three patients using bone marrow microscopic examination and metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS). The bone marrow mNGS results from the three patients indicated that 99.9, 99.6, and 30.3% of non-human reads matched the Leishmania genome, and plasma mNGS results from one of the patients revealed that 46.2% of non-human reads matched the Leishmania genome. In the second patient's plasma, no Leishmania sequences were detected by plasma mNGS, and the third patient's plasma was unavailable. The pathogen in all three patients was identified as Leishmania infantum. Leishmania amastigotes were observed by microscopic examination of bone marrow smears in all three patients, but were not found in peripheral blood smears. This indicates that the sensitivity of mNGS is higher than that of smear microscopy and that mNGS can be used to identify Leishmania at the species level. All three patients were elderly male farmers, two from Shanxi and one from Beijing. All three patients had splenomegaly and pancytopenia. Originally, these patients were misdiagnosed and treated for extended periods in other hospitals. Diagnoses of visceral leishmaniasis took place 6, 2, and 2 months after the onset of symptoms in the three patients. In conclusion, this study confirms that bone marrow mNGS can be used to quickly and accurately confirm a diagnosis in patients with suspected leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chunhong Fan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Gao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuyao Yin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojuan Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yawei Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
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Zhang G, Zhong J, Wang T, Zhong L. A case of visceral leishmaniasis found by left oblique hernia: A case report. Exp Ther Med 2020; 19:2697-2701. [PMID: 32256751 PMCID: PMC7086162 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.8487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is an infectious disease caused by Leishmania protozoa. Since sporadic cases of this disease are noted in non-endemic areas and are associated with a limited outbreak, the disease is easily overlooked. In addition, other illnesses exhibit similar symptoms. It is difficult for clinicians to establish an accurate diagnosis and develop effective treatments for this disease. The present study reported a case of a 25-year-old young man admitted to the hospital due to oblique hernia. The case was diagnosed as VL. The patient presented with persistent night sweats and fatigue as described in his admission history. However, the body temperature was normal. Routine examination revealed that the patient exhibited chronic hepatitis B infection, pancytopenia, hepatosplenomegaly, increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate, significant plasma cell infiltration in bone marrow aspirate and hypergammaglobulinemia. The retrospective analysis of the present case can improve the diagnostic accuracy and treatment rate of VL in non-epidemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Renji Hospital, Medical College, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200001, P.R. China
| | - Jihua Zhong
- Department of Hematology, Renji Hospital, Medical College, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200001, P.R. China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Hematology, Renji Hospital, Medical College, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200001, P.R. China
| | - Lu Zhong
- Department of Hematology, Renji Hospital, Medical College, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200001, P.R. China
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Zhang JR, Guo XG, Chen H, Liu JL, Gong X, Chen DL, Chen JP. Pathogenic Leishmania spp. detected in lizards from Northwest China using molecular methods. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:446. [PMID: 31818287 PMCID: PMC6902407 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2174-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmaniosis, a disease caused by pathogenic Leishmania parasites, remains an unresolved health problem in the New World and the Old World. It is well known that lizards can be infected by a subgenus of Leishmania parasites, i.e. Sauroleishmania, which is non-pathogenic to humans. However, evidence suggests that lizards may also harbor pathogenic Leishmania species including the undetermined Leishmania sp., discovered in our previous work. Leishmania DNA in lizard blood can be detected by using molecular methods, such as the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS Three hundred and sixteen lizards, representing 13 species of four genera, were captured for blood samples collection in Northwest China. Two reliable molecular markers (cytochrome b and heat shock protein 70 genes) were used for detection in the lizard blood samples, to confirm a widespread presence of pathogenic Leishmania parasites and the distribution pattern of Leishmania spp. in lizards from Northwest China. The PCR data indicated positive detection rate for Leishmania in all the tested lizards with an overall prevalence of 57.91% (183/316). Apart from lizard parasites like Leishmania tarentolae and Leishmania sp., several pathogenic Leishmania including L. turanica, L. tropica and L. donovani complex were identified by using phylogenetic analysis. Co-existence of different haplotypes was observed in most Leishmania DNA-positive lizards with an overall rate of 77.6% (142/183). Even mixed infections with different Leishmania species appeared to occur in the lizards with an overall rate of 37.7% (69/183). CONCLUSIONS Lizards can harbor pathogenic Leishmania spp. Co-existence of different haplotypes or even species of Leishmania indicates mixed infections in natural lizard host. Lizards may contribute to the spread of Leishmania parasites. The pathogenic Leishmania species detected in lizards from Northwest China may be of great eco-epidemiological importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Rong Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xian-Guang Guo
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Han Chen
- Department of Parasitology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jin-Long Liu
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Xiong Gong
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Da-Li Chen
- Department of Parasitology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Jian-Ping Chen
- Department of Parasitology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Ding F, Wang Q, Fu J, Chen S, Hao M, Ma T, Zheng C, Jiang D. Risk factors and predicted distribution of visceral leishmaniasis in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China, 2005-2015. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:528. [PMID: 31703720 PMCID: PMC6839266 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3778-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a neglected disease that is spread to humans by the bites of infected female phlebotomine sand flies. Although this vector-borne disease has been eliminated in most parts of China, it still poses a significant public health burden in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Understanding of the spatial epidemiology of the disease remains vague in the local community. In the present study, we investigated the spatiotemporal distribution of VL in the region in order to assess the potential threat of the disease. METHODS Based on comprehensive infection records, the spatiotemporal patterns of new cases of VL in the region between 2005 and 2015 were analysed. By combining maps of environmental and socioeconomic correlates, the boosted regression tree (BRT) model was adopted to identify the environmental niche of VL. RESULTS The fitted BRT models were used to map potential infection risk zones of VL in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, revealing that the predicted high infection risk zones were mainly concentrated in central and northern Kashgar Prefecture, south of Atushi City bordering Kashgar Prefecture and regions of the northern Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture. The final result revealed that approximately 16.64 million people inhabited the predicted potential infection risk areas in the region. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide a better understanding of the potential endemic foci of VL in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region with a 1 km spatial resolution, thereby enhancing our capacity to target the potential risk areas, to develop disease control strategies and to allocate medical supplies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyu Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jingying Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shuai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Mengmeng Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Tian Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Canjun Zheng
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Dong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Key Laboratory of Carrying Capacity Assessment for Resource and Environment, Ministry of Land & Resources, Beijing, 100101, China.
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Genetic manipulation of Leishmania donovani threonyl tRNA synthetase facilitates its exploration as a potential therapeutic target. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006575. [PMID: 29897900 PMCID: PMC6025875 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aminoacyl tRNA synthetases are central enzymes required for protein synthesis. These enzymes are the known drug targets in bacteria and fungi. Here, we for the first time report the functional characterization of threonyl tRNA synthetase (LdThrRS) of Leishmania donovani, a protozoan parasite, the primary causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis. Methodology Recombinant LdThrRS (rLdThrRS) was expressed in E. coli and purified. The kinetic parameters for rLdThrRS were determined. The subcellular localization of LdThrRS was done by immunofluorescence analysis. Heterozygous mutants of LdThrRS were generated in Leishmania promastigotes. These genetically manipulated parasites were checked for their proliferation, virulence, aminoacylation activity and sensitivity to the known ThrRS inhibitor, borrelidin. An in silico generated structural model of L. donovani ThrRS was compared to that of human. Conclusions Recombinant LdThrRS displayed aminoacylation activity, and the protein is possibly localized to both the cytosol and mitochondria. The comparison of the 3D-model of LdThrRS to human ThrRS displayed considerable similarity. Heterozygous parasites showed restrictive growth phenotype and had attenuated infectivity. These heterozygous parasites were more susceptible to inhibition by borrelidin. Several attempts to obtain ThrRS homozygous null mutants were not successful, indicating its essentiality for the Leishmania parasite. Borrelidin showed a strong affinity for LdThrRS (KD: 0.04 μM) and was effective in inhibiting the aminoacylation activity of the rLdThrRS (IC50: 0.06 μM). Borrelidin inhibited the promastigotes (IC50: 21 μM) stage of parasites. Our data shows that LdThrRS is essential for L. donovani survival and is likely to bind with small drug-like molecules with strong affinity, thus making it a potential target for drug discovery efforts. Aminoacyl tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) are ubiquitous enzymes required for protein translation. They play a vital role in helping an organism's survival. Therefore, they have been suggested as favourable targets for the development of antileishmanial drugs. Leishmania, a protozoan parasite that causes leishmaniasis is known to encode 26 aaRSs. In the present study, we have worked on the functional characterization of L. donovani threonyl tRNA synthetase (LdThrRS) protein. We report that the L. donovani encodes a functional copy of ThrRS. The protein is localized in the cytosol and possibly also in mitochondria. The LdThrRS seems to be an essential gene for the parasite since null mutants did not survive. The deletion of one allele of the gene caused reduced growth and attenuated virulence in the heterozygous parasites. These parasites showed increased sensitivity to the known ThrRS inhibitor, borrelidin. Furthermore, borrelidin was found to inhibit the aminoacylation activity of LdThrRS thus, indicating that parasitic ThrRS can be exploited as a drug target for antileishmanial chemotherapy.
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Lun ZR, Wu MS, Chen YF, Wang JY, Zhou XN, Liao LF, Chen JP, Chow LMC, Chang KP. Visceral Leishmaniasis in China: an Endemic Disease under Control. Clin Microbiol Rev 2015; 28:987-1004. [PMID: 26354822 PMCID: PMC4575399 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00080-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) caused by Leishmania spp. is an important vector-borne and largely zoonotic disease. In China, three epidemiological types of VL have been described: anthroponotic VL (AVL), mountain-type zoonotic VL (MT-ZVL), and desert-type ZVL (DT-ZVL). These are transmitted by four different sand fly species: Phlebotomus chinensis, P. longiductus, P. wui, and P. alexandri. In 1951, a detailed survey of VL showed that it was rampant in the vast rural areas west, northwest, and north of the Yangtze River. Control programs were designed and implemented stringently by the government at all administrative levels, resulting in elimination of the disease from most areas of endemicity, except the western and northwestern regions. The control programs consisted of (i) diagnosis and chemotherapy of patients, (ii) identification, isolation, and disposal of infected dogs, and (iii) residual insecticide indoor spraying for vector control. The success of the control programs is attributable to massive and effective mobilization of the general public and health workers to the cause. Nationally, the annual incidence is now very low, i.e., only 0.03/100,000 according to the available 2011 official record. The overwhelming majority of cases are reported from sites of endemicity in the western and northwestern regions. Here, we describe in some depth and breadth the current status of epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of the disease, with particular reference to the control programs. Pertinent information has been assembled from scattered literature of the past decades in different languages that are not readily accessible to the scientific community. The information provided constitutes an integral part of our knowledge on leishmaniasis in the global context and will be of special value to those interested in control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Rong Lun
- Center for Parasitic Organisms, Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of the Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Shui Wu
- Center for Parasitic Organisms, Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of the Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Fu Chen
- Center for Parasitic Organisms, Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of the Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Yun Wang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, the Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health, WHO Collaborating Center for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, the Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health, WHO Collaborating Center for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Fu Liao
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Xinjiang and Research Center for Laboratory Animals of Xinjiang, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Ping Chen
- Department of Parasitology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Larry M C Chow
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology and the State Key Laboratory for Chirosciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Kwang Poo Chang
- Department of Microbiology/Immunology, Chicago Medical School/Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Ye F, Liu T, King SD, You P. Mitochondrial genomes of two phlebotomine sand flies, Phlebotomus chinensis and Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Nematocera), the first representatives from the family Psychodidae. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:472. [PMID: 26381614 PMCID: PMC4573934 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1081-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmaniasis is a worldwide but neglected disease of humans and animal transmitted by sand flies, vectors that also transmit other important diseases. Mitochondrial genomes contain abundant information for population genetic and phylogenetic studies, important in disease management. However, the available mitochondrial sequences of these crucial vectors are limited, emphasizing the need for developing more mitochondrial genetic markers. METHODS The complete mitochondrial genome of Phlebotomus chinensis was amplified in eight fragments and sequenced using primer walking. The mitochondrial genome of Phlebotomus papatasi was reconstructed from whole-genome sequencing data available on Genbank. The phylogenetic relationship of 24 selected representatives of Diptera was deduced from codon positions 1 and 2 for 13 protein coding genes, using Bayesian inference (BI) and maximum likelihood (ML) methods. RESULTS We provide the first Phlebotomus (P. chinensis and P. papatasi) mitochondrial genomes. Both genomes contain 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, and an A + T-rich region. The gene order of Phlebotomus mitochondrial genomes is identical with the ancestral gene order of insect. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that Psychodidae and Tanyderidae are sister taxa. Potential markers for population genetic study of Phlebotomus species were also revealed. CONCLUSION The generated mitochondrial genomes of P. chinensis and P. papatasi represent a useful resource for comparative genomic studies and provide valuable future markers for the population genetic study of these important Leishmania vectors. Our results also preliminary demonstrate the phylogenetic placement of Psychodidae based on their mitochondrial genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Ye
- Co-Innovation Center for Qinba regions' sustainable development, College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China.
| | - Ting Liu
- Co-Innovation Center for Qinba regions' sustainable development, College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China.
| | - Stanley D King
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada, B3H 4J1.
| | - Ping You
- Co-Innovation Center for Qinba regions' sustainable development, College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China.
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de Amorim CF, Santos Albano Amóra S, Kazimoto TA, de Lima Costa KF, Silva LF, de Sousa MLR, Freitas YBN, Alves ND, Feijó FMC. Knowledge of the population about visceral leishmaniasis transmission in endemic areas near the banks of the Mossoró River in northeastern Brazil. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:3343-57. [PMID: 25809514 PMCID: PMC4377968 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120303343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is an anthropozoonosis with high prevalence and incidence in the Northeastern region of Brazil. This study aimed to determine whether people living near the Mossoró River in the city of Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, have knowledge of VL and to characterize the environmental properties of this region. Questionnaires were administered to 478 residents in three neighborhoods near the Mossoró River, addressing the population's knowledge about VL and environmental characteristics. Most survey participants were female, with ages between 18 and 40 years, 53.8% had completed primary education, and 61.5% owned pet dogs (p<0.05). The majority (95.9%) showed little knowledge about the characteristics inherent to sandflies, and 85.3% were unaware of the environments preferred by this vector (p<0.05). Sewage from the homes of respondents was mainly dumped into the river (44.6%), and 76.6% of the respondents complained about the accumulation of garbage in the streets (p<0.05). The association between education and knowledge about the transmission of VL and preferred vector locations was statistically significant (p<0.05). The lack of knowledge in the population about VL and the residential environment indicates a risk of maintaining sand fly habitats and hence disease transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Fernandes de Amorim
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ambiente, Tecnologia e Sociedade-Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Rua José Acrísio, 37, Abolição 1, 59619-250 Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
| | - Sthenia Santos Albano Amóra
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ambiente, Tecnologia e Sociedade-Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Rua José Acrísio, 37, Abolição 1, 59619-250 Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
| | - Thaís Aparecida Kazimoto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ambiente, Tecnologia e Sociedade-Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Rua José Acrísio, 37, Abolição 1, 59619-250 Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
| | - Kalídia Felipe de Lima Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ambiente, Tecnologia e Sociedade-Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Rua José Acrísio, 37, Abolição 1, 59619-250 Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
| | - Luanna Fernandes Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ambiente, Tecnologia e Sociedade-Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Rua José Acrísio, 37, Abolição 1, 59619-250 Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
| | - Maressa Laíse Reginaldo de Sousa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ambiente, Tecnologia e Sociedade-Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Rua José Acrísio, 37, Abolição 1, 59619-250 Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
| | - Yannara Barbosa Nogueira Freitas
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ambiente, Tecnologia e Sociedade-Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Rua José Acrísio, 37, Abolição 1, 59619-250 Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
| | - Nilza Dutra Alves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ambiente, Tecnologia e Sociedade-Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Rua José Acrísio, 37, Abolição 1, 59619-250 Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
| | - Francisco Marlon Carneiro Feijó
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ambiente, Tecnologia e Sociedade-Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Rua José Acrísio, 37, Abolição 1, 59619-250 Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
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TOFIGHI NAEEM A, MAHMOUDI S, SABOUI F, HAJJARAN H, POURAKBARI B, MOHEBALI M, ZARKESH MR, MAMISHI S. Clinical Features and Laboratory Findings of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Children Referred To Children Medical Center Hospital, Tehran, Iran during 2004-2011. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2014; 9:1-5. [PMID: 25642253 PMCID: PMC4289866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is one of the most important parasitic diseases endemic in northwestern and southern areas of Iran. The aim of the present study was to review the records of children hospitalized with VL in order to characterize the clinical features of children as well as laboratory finding in Children Medical Center Hospital, Tehran, Iran. METHODS The medical records of all children with a final diagnosis of VL were reviewed from 2004 to 2011. Demographic, clinical information, laboratory finding and treatment were considered. RESULTS A total number of 34 children with confirmed VL through 2004-2011 were included in the study. The most prevalent sign and symptoms were fever (97.1%), pallor and weakness (97.1%), appetite loss (61.8%), splenomegaly (97.1%) and hepatomegaly (88.2%). The most frequent laboratory abnormalities were hematological including anemia (97.1%), thrombocytopenia (91.2%) and leukopenia (67.6%). Direct agglutination test (DAT) was performed in 23 cases and all of them showed anti-Leishmania antibodies with titers of ≥ 1: 3200. In addition, 90% of patients had positive rK39 results. Identification of Leishmania in the aspirates of the bone marrow was found in 83.3% of patients. CONCLUSION Regional surveillance system in order to monitoring of leishmaniasis trends as well as detection of new emerging foci is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam TOFIGHI NAEEM
- Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shima MAHMOUDI
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farah SABOUI
- Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Homa HAJJARAN
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak POURAKBARI
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi MOHEBALI
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza ZARKESH
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Setareh MAMISHI
- Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Correspondence
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