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Cocurullo M, Paganos P, Wood NJ, Arnone MI, Oliveri P. Molecular and Cellular Characterization of the TH Pathway in the Sea Urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Cells 2023; 12:cells12020272. [PMID: 36672206 PMCID: PMC9856734 DOI: 10.3390/cells12020272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid Hormones (THs) are a class of signaling molecules produced by coupling iodine with tyrosine residues. In vertebrates, extensive data support their important role in a variety of processes such as metabolism, development and metamorphosis. On the other hand, in invertebrates, the synthesis and role of the THs have been, so far, poorly investigated, thus limiting our understanding of the function and evolution of this important animal signaling pathway. In sea urchins, for example, while several studies focused on the availability and function of external sources of iodotyrosines, preliminary evidence suggests that an endogenous TH pathway might be in place. Here, integrating available literature with an in silico analysis, various homologous genes of the vertebrate TH molecular toolkit have been identified in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. They include genes involved in the synthesis (Sp-Pxdn), metabolism (Sp-Dios), transport (Sp-Ttrl, Sp-Mct7/8/10) and response (Sp-Thr, Sp-Rxr and Sp-Integrin αP) to thyroid hormones. To understand the cell type(s) involved in TH synthesis and/or response, we studied the spatial expression of the TH toolkit during urchin development. Exploiting single-cell transcriptomics data in conjunction with in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, we identified cell types that are potentially producing or responding to THs in the sea urchin. Finally, growing sea urchin embryos until the larva stage with and without a source of inorganic iodine, we provided evidence that iodine organification is important for larval skeleton growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cocurullo
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy
| | - Periklis Paganos
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy
| | - Natalie J. Wood
- Centre for Life’s Origins and Evolution, Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Maria I. Arnone
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.I.A.); (P.O.)
| | - Paola Oliveri
- Centre for Life’s Origins and Evolution, Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Correspondence: (M.I.A.); (P.O.)
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Kim HU, Jeong H, Chung JM, Jeoung D, Hyun J, Jung HS. Comparative analysis of human and bovine thyroglobulin structures. J Anal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s40543-022-00330-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractIn biology, evolutionary conserved protein sequences show homologous physiological phenotypes in their structures and functions. If the protein has a vital function, its sequence is usually conserved across the species. However, in highly conserved protein there still remains small differences across the species. Upon protein–protein interaction (PPI), it is observed that the conserved proteins can have different binding partners that are considered to be caused by the small sequence variations in a specific domain. Thyroglobulin (TG) is the most commonly found protein in the thyroid gland of vertebrates and serves as the precursor of the thyroid hormones, tetraiodothyronine and triiodothyronine that are critical for growth, development and metabolism in vertebrates. In this study, we comparatively analyzed the sequences and structures of the highly conserved regions of TG from two different species in relation to their PPIs. In order to do so, we employed SIM for sequence alignment, STRING for PPI analysis and cryo-electron microscopy for 3D structural analysis. Our Cryo-EM model for TG of Bos taurus determined at 7.1 Å resolution fitted well with the previously published Cryo-EM model for Homo sapiens TG. By demonstrating overall structural homology between TGs from different species, we address that local amino acid sequence variation is sufficient to alter PPIs specific for the organism. We predict that our result will contribute to a deeper understanding in the evolutionary pattern applicable to many other proteins.
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Xavier ACW, Maciel RMB, Vieira JGH, Dias-da-Silva MR, Martins JRM. Insights into the posttranslational structural heterogeneity of thyroglobulin and its role in the development, diagnosis, and management of benign and malignant thyroid diseases. ARCHIVES OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 2016; 60:66-75. [PMID: 26909485 PMCID: PMC10118920 DOI: 10.1590/2359-3997000000103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Thyroglobulin (Tg) is the major glycoprotein produced by the thyroid gland, where it serves as a template for thyroid hormone synthesis and as an intraglandular store of iodine. Measurement of Tg levels in serum is of great practical importance in the follow-up of differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC), a setting in which elevated levels after total thyroidectomy are indicative of residual or recurrent disease. The most recent methods for serum Tg measurement are monoclonal antibody-based and are highly sensitive. However, major challenges remain regarding the interpretation of the results obtained with these immunometric methods, particularly in patients with endogenous antithyroglobulin antibodies or in the presence of heterophile antibodies, which may produce falsely low or high Tg values, respectively. The increased prevalence of antithyroglobulin antibodies in patients with DTC, as compared with the general population, raises the very pertinent possibility that tumor Tg may be more immunogenic. This inference makes sense, as the tumor microenvironment (tumor cells plus normal host cells) is characterized by several changes that could induce posttranslational modification of many proteins, including Tg. Attempts to understand the structure of Tg have been made for several decades, but findings have generally been incomplete due to technical hindrances to analysis of such a large protein (660 kDa). This review article will explore the complex structure of Tg and the potential role of its marked heterogeneity in our understanding of normal thyroid biology and neoplastic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina W Xavier
- Departamento de Medicina, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Rui M B Maciel
- Departamento de Medicina, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - José Gilberto H Vieira
- Departamento de Medicina, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Magnus R Dias-da-Silva
- Departamento de Medicina, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - João R M Martins
- Departamento de Medicina, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Holzer G, Morishita Y, Fini JB, Lorin T, Gillet B, Hughes S, Tohmé M, Deléage G, Demeneix B, Arvan P, Laudet V. Thyroglobulin Represents a Novel Molecular Architecture of Vertebrates. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:16553-66. [PMID: 27311711 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.719047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones modulate not only multiple functions in vertebrates (energy metabolism, central nervous system function, seasonal changes in physiology, and behavior) but also in some non-vertebrates where they control critical post-embryonic developmental transitions such as metamorphosis. Despite their obvious biological importance, the thyroid hormone precursor protein, thyroglobulin (Tg), has been experimentally investigated only in mammals. This may bias our view of how thyroid hormones are produced in other organisms. In this study we searched genomic databases and found Tg orthologs in all vertebrates including the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus). We cloned a full-size Tg coding sequence from western clawed frog (Xenopus tropicalis) and zebrafish (Danio rerio). Comparisons between the representative mammal, amphibian, teleost fish, and basal vertebrate indicate that all of the different domains of Tg, as well as Tg regional structure, are conserved throughout the vertebrates. Indeed, in Xenopus, zebrafish, and lamprey Tgs, key residues, including the hormonogenic tyrosines and the disulfide bond-forming cysteines critical for Tg function, are well conserved despite overall divergence of amino acid sequences. We uncovered upstream sequences that include start codons of zebrafish and Xenopus Tgs and experimentally proved that these are full-length secreted proteins, which are specifically recognized by antibodies against rat Tg. By contrast, we have not been able to find any orthologs of Tg among non-vertebrate species. Thus, Tg appears to be a novel protein elaborated as a single event at the base of vertebrates and virtually unchanged thereafter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Holzer
- From the Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Yoshiaki Morishita
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Jean-Baptiste Fini
- Evolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, Département Régulations, Développement et Diversité Moléculaire, CNRS UMR 7221, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 7 rue Cuvier 75231 Paris cedex 05, France, and
| | - Thibault Lorin
- From the Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Benjamin Gillet
- From the Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Sandrine Hughes
- From the Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Marie Tohmé
- From the Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Gilbert Deléage
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et d'ingénierie Thérapeutique, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5086, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon cedex 07, France
| | - Barbara Demeneix
- Evolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, Département Régulations, Développement et Diversité Moléculaire, CNRS UMR 7221, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 7 rue Cuvier 75231 Paris cedex 05, France, and
| | - Peter Arvan
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109,
| | - Vincent Laudet
- From the Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France,
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Molecular Assembly of Thyroglobulin Induced by In Vitro Nitric Oxide Treatments: Implication Its Role in Thyroid Cells. Protein J 2013; 32:619-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s10930-013-9524-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Szychta P, Szychta W, Gesing A, Lewiński A, Karbownik-Lewińska M. TSH receptor antibodies have predictive value for breast cancer - retrospective analysis. Thyroid Res 2013; 6:8. [PMID: 23680448 PMCID: PMC3662571 DOI: 10.1186/1756-6614-6-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Associations between breast cancer and thyroid disorders are reported in numerous studies. Relationships between thyroperoxidase antibodies (TPOAb), thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAb) and breast cancer have been previously demonstrated. However, no analysis has been performed concerning an association between thyrotropin (TSH) receptor antibodies (TSHRAb) and breast cancer. The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of breast cancer or benign breast tumors in patients with Graves’ disease and to analyze a possible relationship between Graves’ disease and these two groups of breast diseases with emphasis to epidemiology and laboratory findings. Patients and methods Clinical and laboratory details of 2003 women hospitalized for endocrine disorders were retrospectively analyzed, using an unpaired Student’s t-test, logistic regression analysis, χ2 test of independence or the two-sided ratio comparison test. Results The coexistence of Graves’ disease and breast cancer was statistically significant. We observed TSHRAb and TgAb more frequently in patients with breast cancer. We found that TSHRAb is the only variable possessing predictive value for breast cancer. Conclusions The strong relationship between Graves’ disease and breast cancer is proposed. We suggest that TSHRAb could be described as a positive determinant of breast cancer. The present data call attention to the usefulness of screening for breast cancer in long-term follow-up of patients with autoimmune thyroid disorders, especially of those with Graves’ disease. Similarly, screening for autoimmune thyroid disorders should be performed in patients with nodular breast disease. Additionally, the article draws ideas for further research in order to develop targeted treatment for more successful outcome in patients with breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Szychta
- Department of Oncological Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, 7/9 Zeligowski St,, 90-752, Lodz, Poland.
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De Jaco A, Dubi N, Camp S, Taylor P. Congenital hypothyroidism mutations affect common folding and trafficking in the α/β-hydrolase fold proteins. FEBS J 2012; 279:4293-305. [PMID: 23035660 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The α/β-hydrolase fold superfamily of proteins is composed of structurally related members that, despite great diversity in their catalytic, recognition, adhesion and chaperone functions, share a common fold governed by homologous residues and conserved disulfide bridges. Non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms within the α/β-hydrolase fold domain in various family members have been found for congenital endocrine, metabolic and nervous system disorders. By examining the amino acid sequence from the various proteins, mutations were found to be prevalent in conserved residues within the α/β-hydrolase fold of the homologous proteins. This is the case for the thyroglobulin mutations linked to congenital hypothyroidism. To address whether correct folding of the common domain is required for protein export, we inserted the thyroglobulin mutations at homologous positions in two correlated but simpler α/β-hydrolase fold proteins known to be exported to the cell surface: neuroligin3 and acetylcholinesterase. Here we show that these mutations in the cholinesterase homologous region alter the folding properties of the α/β-hydrolase fold domain, which are reflected in defects in protein trafficking, folding and function, and ultimately result in retention of the partially processed proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum. Accordingly, mutations at conserved residues may be transferred amongst homologous proteins to produce common processing defects despite disparate functions, protein complexity and tissue-specific expression of the homologous proteins. More importantly, a similar assembly of the α/β-hydrolase fold domain tertiary structure among homologous members of the superfamily is required for correct trafficking of the proteins to their final destination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella De Jaco
- Department of Pharmacology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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