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Kumar G, Sarathi R, Sharma A. Effective proliferation control of MCF7 breast cancer using microsecond duration electrical pulse. J Cancer Res Ther 2023; 19:1725-1730. [PMID: 38376271 DOI: 10.4103/jcrt.jcrt_414_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electro-permeablization using a pulse generator is a novel non-invasive approach for cancer therapy. It serves as a cell permeability enhancing agent for cancer treatment. OBJECTIVE In this article in vitro investigation of the effect of 1.0 kV/cm, 1.5 kV/cm and 2.0 kV/cm, 50 µs duration pulsed electric field on MCF-7 cell line has been done. Furthermore, combinational therapy of curcumin and electrical pulses has been also investigated. MATERIAL AND METHOD A variable voltage (100 V-1200 V, 100 V step) and 50 µs duration pulse generator has been designed, which is further used for the investigation of electroporation and destructive electrical field intensity. Investigation of the effect of electrical pulses on cancer cells has been performed using Trypan Blue Exclusion Test, MTT Assay and Clonogenic Assay. RESULTS It has been observed that electrical field intensity of 2 kV/cm, 50 µsec duration, 10 pulses at repetition rate of 1 pulse per second corresponding to total energy of 4 J is more than enough for causing necrotic cell death due to permanent damage of cell membrane of the cancer cell. Also, it has been observed that electrical pulse application enhances curcumin uptake by cells. CONCLUSION Electrical pulses can effectively inhibit the cancer cell growth and proliferation. Furthermore, observation shows that electroporation enhances the curcumin uptake, therefore, it can be used for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyanendra Kumar
- Department of Electrical Engineering Science, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - R Sarathi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Archana Sharma
- Department of Electrical Engineering Science, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Accelerator and Pulse Power Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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2
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Lv Y, Liu H, Feng Z, Zhang J, Chen G, Yao C. The Enlargement of Ablation Area by Electrolytic Irreversible Electroporation (E-IRE) Using Pulsed Field with Bias DC Field. Ann Biomed Eng 2022; 50:1964-1973. [PMID: 35852648 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-022-03017-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Irreversible electroporation (IRE) by high-strength electric pulses is a biomedical technique that has been effectively used for minimally invasive tumor therapy while maintaining the functionality of adjacent important tissues, such as blood vessels and nerves. In general, pulse delivery using needle electrodes can create a reversible electroporation region beyond both the ablation area and the vicinity of the needle electrodes, limiting enlargement of the ablation area. Electrochemical therapy (EChT) can also be used to ablate a tumor near electrodes by electrolysis using a direct field with a constant current or voltage (DC field). Recently, reversible electroporated cells have been shown to be susceptible to electrolysis at relatively low doses. Reversible electroporation can also be combined with electrolysis for tissue ablation. Therefore, the objective of this study is to use electrolysis to remove the reversible electroporation area and thereby enlarge the ablation area in potato slices in vitro using a pulsed field with a bias DC field (constant voltage). We call this protocol electrolytic irreversible electroporation (E-IRE). The area over which the electrolytic effect induced a pH change was also measured. The results show that decreasing the pulse frequency using IRE alone is found to enlarge the ablation area. The ablation area generated by E-IRE is significantly larger than that generated by using IRE or EChT alone. The ablation area generated by E-IRE at 1 Hz is 109.5% larger than that generated by IRE, showing that the reversible electroporation region is transformed into an ablation region by electrolysis. The area with a pH change produced by E-IRE is larger than that produced by EChT alone. Decreasing the pulse frequency in the E-IRE protocol can further enlarge the ablation area. The results of this study are a preliminary indication that the E-IRE protocol can effectively enlarge the ablation area and enhance the efficacy of traditional IRE for use in ablating large tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanpeng Lv
- School of Electrical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Heqing Liu
- School of Electrical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Zhikui Feng
- School of Electrical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- School of Electrical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Genyong Chen
- School of Electrical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Chenguo Yao
- School of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
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3
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Fusco R, Di Bernardo E, D'Alessio V, Salati S, Cadossi M. Reduction of muscle contraction and pain in electroporation-based treatments: An overview. World J Clin Oncol 2021; 12:367-381. [PMID: 34131568 PMCID: PMC8173331 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v12.i5.367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the first studies of electrochemotherapy (ECT), small cutaneous metastases were treated and only mild or moderate pain was observed; therefore, pain was not considered a significant issue. As the procedure began to be applied to larger cutaneous metastases, pain was reported more frequently. For that reason, reduction of both muscle contractions and pain have been investigated over the years.
AIM To present an overview of different protocols described in literature that aim to reduce muscle contractions and pain caused by the electroporation (EP) effect in both ECT and irreversible EP treatments.
METHODS Thirty-three studies published between January 1999 and November 2020 were included. Different protocol designs and electrode geometries that reduce patient pain and the number of muscle contractions and their intensity were analysed.
RESULTS The analysis showed that both high frequency and bipolar/biphasic pulses can be used to reduce pain and muscle contractions in patients who undergo EP treatments. Moreover, adequate electrode design can decrease EP-related morbidity. Particularly, needle length, diameter and configuration of the distance between the needles can be optimised so that the muscle volume crossed by the current is reduced as much as possible. Bipolar/biphasic pulses with an inadequate pulse length seem to have a less evident effect on the membrane permeability compared with the standard pulse protocol. For that reason, the number of pulses and the voltage amplitude, as well as the pulse duration and frequency, must be chosen so that the dose of delivered energy guarantees EP efficacy.
CONCLUSION Pain reduction in EP-based treatments can be achieved by appropriately defining the protocol parameters and electrode design. Most results can be achieved with high frequency and/or bipolar/biphasic pulses. However, the efficacy of these alternative protocols remains a crucial point to be assessed further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Fusco
- Department of Medical Oncology, IGEA SpA, Carpi 41012, Modena, Italy
| | - Elio Di Bernardo
- Department of Medical Oncology, IGEA SpA, Carpi 41012, Modena, Italy
| | - Valeria D'Alessio
- Department of Medical Oncology, IGEA SpA, Carpi 41012, Modena, Italy
| | - Simona Salati
- Department of Medical Oncology, IGEA SpA, Carpi 41012, Modena, Italy
| | - Matteo Cadossi
- Department of Medical Oncology, IGEA SpA, Carpi 41012, Modena, Italy
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Liu L, Zhang J, Li S, Yin L, Tai J. Silencing of TMEM158 Inhibits Tumorigenesis and Multidrug Resistance in Colorectal Cancer. Nutr Cancer 2019; 72:662-671. [PMID: 31389251 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2019.1650192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Transmembrane protein 158 (TMEM158) plays pivotal roles in many cancers, including colorectal cancer (CRC). It has been reported that it is a recently identified upregulated gene during Ras-induced senescence. However, the clinical significance and biological functions of TMEM158 in CRC remain largely unknown. In this study, we found that TMEM158 was highly expressed in CRC tissues and cell lines compared with the corresponding noncancerous samples and normal colon epithelial cells. In vitro studies showed that TMEM158 silencing inhibited proliferation, and migration and increased apoptosis of CRC cells, whereas overexpression of TMEM158 increased proliferation, migration, and apoptosis escape of CRC cells. Mechanically, the levels of drug resistance-associated molecules, including multidrug resistance 1 and multidrug resistance protein 1, as well as the expression of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 were significantly upregulated. In addition, TMEM158 knockdown significantly inhibited tumor growth in vivo. Collectively, these results demonstrated that TMEM158 is a significant regulator of tumorigenesis and drug resistance in CRC and provided evidence that TMEM158 may be a promising target for CRC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Liu
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiantao Zhang
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shiquan Li
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Libin Yin
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiandong Tai
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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5
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The Electrode Modality Development in Pulsed Electric Field Treatment Facilitates Biocellular Mechanism Study and Improves Cancer Ablation Efficacy. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2017; 2017:3624613. [PMID: 29065589 PMCID: PMC5438864 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3624613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Pulsed electric field treatment is now widely used in diverse biological and medical applications: gene delivery, electrochemotherapy, and cancer therapy. This minimally invasive technique has several advantages over traditional ablation techniques, such as nonthermal elimination and blood vessel spare effect. Different electrodes are subsequently developed for a specific treatment purpose. Here, we provide a systematic review of electrode modality development in pulsed electric field treatment. For electrodes invented for experiment in vitro, sheet electrode and electrode cuvette, electrodes with high-speed fluorescence imaging system, electrodes with patch-clamp, and electrodes with confocal laser scanning microscopy are introduced. For electrodes invented for experiment in vivo, monopolar electrodes, five-needle array electrodes, single-needle bipolar electrode, parallel plate electrodes, and suction electrode are introduced. The pulsed electric field provides a promising treatment for cancer.
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Cheng Z, Guo J, Chen L, Luo N, Yang W, Qu X. Overexpression of TMEM158 contributes to ovarian carcinogenesis. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2015; 34:75. [PMID: 26239324 PMCID: PMC4524016 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-015-0193-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Transmembrane protein 158 (TMEM158) is a recently identified upregulated gene during Ras-induced senescence. Its association with various cancers has been recently reported. However, the expression and biological function of TMEM158 in ovarian cancer is still unclear. This study was aimed to elucidate the roles of TMEM158 in cell proliferation, adhesion and cell invasion of ovarian cancer cells. Methods We analyzed TMEM158 mRNA level in ovarian cancer tissues and adjacent no-tumorous tissues by real-time PCR. We then suppressed TMEM158 expression of ovarian cancer cells by RNA interference and examined the effects of TMEM158 knockdown on cancerous transformation of ovarian cancer cells. Results The RNA-sequencing data of the ovarian cancer cohort from The Cancer Genome Atlas project (TCGA) and our real-time PCR data showed that TMEM158 was overexpressed in ovarian cancer. Knockdown of TMEM158 by RNA interference in ovarian cancer cells significantly inhibited cell proliferation, which may be due to the increase of G1-phase arrest. Silencing of TMEM158 also inhibited cell adhesion, cell invasion as well as tumorigenicity in nude mice. Moreover, knockdown of TMEM158 notably repressed cell adhesion via down-regulating the expression intercellular adhesion molecule1 (ICAM1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule1 (VCAM1). Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β) signaling pathway was also remarkably impaired by TMEM158 silencing. Conclusions Our data suggests that TMEM158 may work as an oncogene for ovarian cancer and that inhibition of TMEM158 may be a therapeutic strategy for ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongping Cheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200090, China. .,Institute of Gynecological Minimally Invasive Medicine, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200090, China.
| | - Jing Guo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200090, China. .,Institute of Gynecological Minimally Invasive Medicine, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200090, China.
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200090, China. .,Institute of Gynecological Minimally Invasive Medicine, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200090, China.
| | - Ning Luo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200090, China. .,Institute of Gynecological Minimally Invasive Medicine, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200090, China.
| | - Weihong Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200090, China. .,Institute of Gynecological Minimally Invasive Medicine, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200090, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Qu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200090, China. .,Institute of Gynecological Minimally Invasive Medicine, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200090, China.
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7
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Chen X, Ren Z, Li C, Guo F, Zhou D, Jiang J, Chen X, Sun J, Yao C, Zheng S. Preclinical Study of Locoregional Therapy of Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Bioelectric Ablation with Microsecond Pulsed Electric Fields (μsPEFs). Sci Rep 2015; 5:9851. [PMID: 25928327 PMCID: PMC4415577 DOI: 10.1038/srep09851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) needs locoregional ablation as a curative or downstage therapy. Microsecond Pulsed Electric Fields (μsPEFs) is an option. A xenograft tumor model was set up on 48 nude mice by injecting human hepatocellular carcinoma Hep3B cells subcutaneously. The tumor-bearing mice were randomly divided into 3 groups: μsPEFs treated, sham and control group. μsPEFs group was treated by μsPEFs twice in 5 days. Tumor volume, survival, pathology, mitochondria function and cytokines were followed up. μsPEFs was also conducted on 3 swine to determine impact on organ functions. The tumors treated by μsPEFs were completely eradicated while tumors in control and sham groups grew up to 2 cm(3) in 3 weeks. The μsPEFs-treated group indicated mitochondrial damage and tumor necrosis as shown in JC-1 test, flow cytometry, H&E staining and TEM. μsPEFs activates CD56+ and CD68+ cells and inhibits tumor proliferating cell nuclear antigen. μsPEFs inhibits HCC growth in the nude mice by causing mitochondria damage, tumor necrosis and non-specific inflammation. μsPEFs treats porcine livers without damaging vital organs. μsPEFs is a feasible minimally invasive locoregional ablation option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhua Chen
- The Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The
First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University,
Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment
of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003,
China
| | - Zhigang Ren
- The Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The
First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University,
Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment
of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003,
China
| | - Chengxiang Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment
& System Security and New Technology, Chongqing University,
Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Fei Guo
- The State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment
& System Security and New Technology, Chongqing University,
Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Dianbo Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment
& System Security and New Technology, Chongqing University,
Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Jianwen Jiang
- The Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The
First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University,
Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment
of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003,
China
| | - Xinmei Chen
- The Department of Pharmacy, Shandong University of
Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250014,
China
| | - Jihong Sun
- The Department of Radiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital,
School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang,
310003, China
| | - Chenguo Yao
- The State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment
& System Security and New Technology, Chongqing University,
Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Shusen Zheng
- The Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The
First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University,
Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment
of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003,
China
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8
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Zhang Z, Li W, Procissi D, Tyler P, Omary RA, Larson AC. Rapid dramatic alterations to the tumor microstructure in pancreatic cancer following irreversible electroporation ablation. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2013; 9:1181-92. [PMID: 24024571 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.13.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM NanoKnife(®) (Angiodynamics, Inc., NY, USA) or irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a newly available ablation technique to induce the formation of nanoscale pores within the cell membrane in targeted tissues. The purpose of this study was to elucidate morphological alterations following 30 min of IRE ablation in a mouse model of pancreatic cancer. MATERIALS & METHODS Immunohistochemistry markers were compared with diffusion-weighted MRI apparent diffusion coefficient measurements before and after IRE ablation. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry apoptosis index measurements were significantly higher in IRE-treated tumors than in controls. Rapid tissue alterations after 30 min of IRE ablation procedures (structural and morphological alterations along with significantly elevated apoptosis markers) were consistently observed and well correlated to apparent diffusion coefficient measurements. DISCUSSION This imaging assay offers the potential to serve as an in vivo biomarker for noninvasive detection of tumor response following IRE ablation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoli Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University, 737 N. Michigan Avenue, 16th Floor, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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9
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Ding C, Luo L. Measurement of entropy production in living cells under an alternating electric field. Cell Biol Int 2013; 37:233-8. [PMID: 23364867 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Entropy is a thermodynamic property toward equilibrium based on the dissipation of energy. Cells constitute such a thermodynamic system, in which entropy production is both inevitable and highly significant. Although the experimental measurement of entropy production in a cell is very difficult, a new method to accomplish this in living cells is reported herein. Through heating the sample by alternating electric fields and recording the heat flow from cells, the entropy production in two normal cell lines, MCF10A and HL-7702, and two cancerous cell lines, MDA-MB-231 and SMMC-7721, was measured and compared. The scaled electroinduced entropy production rate (SEEP) of cancer cells monotonically increases with electric field strength at 5-40 V/cm, while that of normal cells changes nonmonotonically with electric field strength, reaching a peak at 5-30 V/cm. For all cell lines, the cancerous-to-normal ratio of field-induced entropy production is clearly <1 in a large range of field strength from 5 to 25 V/cm. Therefore, this work presents an easy and effective strategy for experimentally investigating the thermodynamic properties of the cell, and gives deeper insight into the physical differences between normal and cancerous cells exposed to electric fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjiang Ding
- Laboratory of Theoretical Biophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
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Linkov G, Branski RC, Amin M, Chernichenko N, Chen CH, Alon G, Langmore S, Wong RJ, Kraus DH. Murine model of neuromuscular electrical stimulation on squamous cell carcinoma: potential implications for dysphagia therapy. Head Neck 2011; 34:1428-33. [PMID: 22083666 DOI: 10.1002/hed.21935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysphagia is a potential consequence of treatment for head and neck cancer. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) has evolved as a treatment option, with the goal of improved swallow function in patients with chronic dysphagia. However, the effects of NMES on tumorigenicity are unknown and often confound the initiation of this therapy, potentially limiting its efficacy in treating patients with head and neck cancer. METHODS Squamous cell carcinoma was grown in the flank of athymic, nude mice. Mice were randomized into treatment and control groups; the experimental group received daily NMES directly to the flank for 8 days. RESULTS Tumor volumes, recorded on days 0, 3, 7, and 10, demonstrated no significant differences between groups on each day of measurement. Immunohistochemical analysis of apoptosis, proliferation, and vascularization also failed to demonstrate statistically significant differences between treated and untreated groups. CONCLUSIONS NMES does not promote the growth of underlying tumor in our model. These data may provide preliminary evidence that applying electrical stimulation over the muscles of the anterior neck does not increase the risk of tumorigenicity. Early initiation of NMES in this challenging population may be feasible from an oncologic standpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Linkov
- Head and Neck Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
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Pakhomova ON, Gregory BW, Khorokhorina VA, Bowman AM, Xiao S, Pakhomov AG. Electroporation-induced electrosensitization. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17100. [PMID: 21347394 PMCID: PMC3036735 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Electroporation is a method of disrupting the integrity of cell membrane by electric pulses (EPs). Electrical modeling is widely employed to explain and study electroporation, but even most advanced models show limited predictive power. No studies have accounted for the biological consequences of electroporation as a factor that alters the cell's susceptibility to forthcoming EPs. Methodology/Principal Findings We focused first on the role of EP rate for membrane permeabilization and lethal effects in mammalian cells. The rate was varied from 0.001 to 2,000 Hz while keeping other parameters constant (2 to 3,750 pulses of 60-ns to 9-µs duration, 1.8 to 13.3 kV/cm). The efficiency of all EP treatments was minimal at high rates and started to increase gradually when the rate decreased below a certain value. Although this value ranged widely (0.1–500 Hz), it always corresponded to the overall treatment duration near 10 s. We further found that longer exposures were more efficient irrespective of the EP rate, and that splitting a high-rate EP train in two fractions with 1–5 min delay enhanced the effects severalfold. Conclusions/Significance For varied experimental conditions, EPs triggered a delayed and gradual sensitization to EPs. When a portion of a multi-pulse exposure was delivered to already sensitized cells, the overall effect markedly increased. Because of the sensitization, the lethality in EP-treated cells could be increased from 0 to 90% simply by increasing the exposure duration, or the exposure dose could be reduced twofold without reducing the effect. Many applications of electroporation can benefit from accounting for sensitization, by organizing the exposure either to maximize sensitization (e.g., for sterilization) or, for other applications, to completely or partially avoid it. In particular, harmful side effects of electroporation-based therapies (electrochemotherapy, gene therapies, tumor ablation) include convulsions, pain, heart fibrillation, and thermal damage. Sensitization can potentially be employed to reduce these side effects while preserving or increasing therapeutic efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga N. Pakhomova
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Betsy W. Gregory
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Vera A. Khorokhorina
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Angela M. Bowman
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Shu Xiao
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Andrei G. Pakhomov
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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