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Artimovič P, Badovská Z, Toporcerová S, Špaková I, Smolko L, Sabolová G, Kriváková E, Rabajdová M. Oxidative Stress and the Nrf2/PPARγ Axis in the Endometrium: Insights into Female Fertility. Cells 2024; 13:1081. [PMID: 38994935 PMCID: PMC11240766 DOI: 10.3390/cells13131081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Successful pregnancy depends on precise molecular regulation of uterine physiology, especially during the menstrual cycle. Deregulated oxidative stress (OS), often influenced by inflammatory changes but also by environmental factors, represents a constant threat to this delicate balance. Oxidative stress induces a reciprocally regulated nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (Nrf2/PPARγ) pathway. However, increased PPARγ activity appears to be a double-edged sword in endometrial physiology. Activated PPARγ attenuates inflammation and attenuates OS to restore redox homeostasis. However, it also interferes with physiological processes during the menstrual cycle, such as hormonal signaling and angiogenesis. This review provides an elucidation of the molecular mechanisms that support the interplay between PPARγ and OS. Additionally, it offers fresh perspectives on the Nrf2/PPARγ pathway concerning endometrial receptivity and its potential implications for infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Artimovič
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Trieda SNP 1, 040 11 Košice, Slovakia; (P.A.); (I.Š.); (L.S.); (G.S.); (E.K.); (M.R.)
| | - Zuzana Badovská
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Trieda SNP 1, 040 11 Košice, Slovakia; (P.A.); (I.Š.); (L.S.); (G.S.); (E.K.); (M.R.)
| | - Silvia Toporcerová
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Trieda SNP 1, 040 11 Košice, Slovakia;
| | - Ivana Špaková
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Trieda SNP 1, 040 11 Košice, Slovakia; (P.A.); (I.Š.); (L.S.); (G.S.); (E.K.); (M.R.)
| | - Lukáš Smolko
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Trieda SNP 1, 040 11 Košice, Slovakia; (P.A.); (I.Š.); (L.S.); (G.S.); (E.K.); (M.R.)
| | - Gabriela Sabolová
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Trieda SNP 1, 040 11 Košice, Slovakia; (P.A.); (I.Š.); (L.S.); (G.S.); (E.K.); (M.R.)
| | - Eva Kriváková
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Trieda SNP 1, 040 11 Košice, Slovakia; (P.A.); (I.Š.); (L.S.); (G.S.); (E.K.); (M.R.)
| | - Miroslava Rabajdová
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Trieda SNP 1, 040 11 Košice, Slovakia; (P.A.); (I.Š.); (L.S.); (G.S.); (E.K.); (M.R.)
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MaruYama T, Miyazaki H, Komori T, Osana S, Shibata H, Owada Y, Kobayashi S. Curcumin analog GO-Y030 inhibits tumor metastasis and glycolysis. J Biochem 2023; 174:511-518. [PMID: 37656908 PMCID: PMC11002536 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvad066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor metastasis is one of the worst prognostic features of cancer. Although metastasis is a major cause of cancer-related deaths, an effective treatment has not yet been established. Here, we explore the antitumor effects of GO-Y030, a curcumin analog, via various mechanisms using a mouse model. GO-Y030 treatment of B16-F10 melanoma cells inhibited TGF-β expression and glycolysis. The invasion assay results showed almost complete invasion inhibition following GO-Y030 treatment. Mouse experiments demonstrated that GO-Y030 administration inhibited lung tumor metastasis without affecting vascular endothelial cells. Consistent with this result, GO-Y030 treatment led to the downregulation of MMP2 and VEGFα, inhibiting tumor invasion and metastasis. The silencing of eIF4B, a downstream molecule of S6, attenuated MMP2 expression. Our study demonstrates the novel efficacy of GO-Y030 in inhibiting tumor metastasis by regulating metastasis-associated gene expression via inhibiting dual access, glycolytic and TGF-β pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi MaruYama
- Department of Organ Anatomy, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Seiryo 2-1, Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
- Department of Immunology, Akita University, Graduate School of Medicine, Hondo 1-1, Akita, Akita, 010-8543, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Miyazaki
- Department of Organ Anatomy, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Seiryo 2-1, Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Taishi Komori
- Molecular Biology of Bones and Teeth Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research(NIDCR), National Institutes of Health, 30 convent drive, Building 30, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Shion Osana
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Electro-Communications, Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, Chofugaoka 1-5-1, Chofu, Tokyo, 182-8585, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Shibata
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Akita University, Graduate School of Medicine, Hondo 1-1, Akita, Akita, 010-8543, Japan
| | - Yuji Owada
- Department of Organ Anatomy, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Seiryo 2-1, Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Shuhei Kobayashi
- Department of Organ Anatomy, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Seiryo 2-1, Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
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Guo H, Xue W, Zhao Q, Zhao H, Hu Z, Zhang X, Duan G. Correlation and significance of COX-2, Ki67, VEGF and other immune indexes with the growth of malignant pulmonary nodules. J Cardiothorac Surg 2022; 17:290. [DOI: 10.1186/s13019-022-02039-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Objective
This study intends to explore the factors affecting the growth of pulmonary nodules in the natural process by immunohistochemical method.
Methods
40 cases of pulmonary nodules followed up for more than 3 years were divided into growth group (n = 20) and stable group (n = 20). The expressions of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), Ki67, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), CD44V6, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), double microsome 2 (MDM2) and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 in pulmonary nodules were detected by immunohistochemical method so as to explore the relationship between it and the growth of pulmonary nodules.
Results
Compared with stable pulmonary nodules, the positive rates of COX-2, Ki67 and VEGF in the growth group were 85%, 80% and 55%, respectively. There was significant difference between the stable group and the growth group (P < 0.05). The correlation between other indexes and the growth of pulmonary nodules was not statistically significant (Pcd44v6 = 0.104;PEGFR = 0.337; PMDM2 = 0.49; PTGF-β1 = 0.141). In the subgroup of patients with non-invasive lung cancer, there was a correlation between VEGF and the growth of pulmonary nodules (P < 0.05).
Conclusion
The high expression of COX-2, Ki67 and VEGF proteins may be significantly related to the growth of pulmonary nodules, and VEGF may be an important factor affecting the growth of malignant pulmonary nodules. This study intends to provide a research direction for further searching for the essential causes of the growth of pulmonary nodules.
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Omar AR, Ibrahim M, Jaafar H, Siti-Azrin AH, Zunaina E. Evaluation of Cyclooxygenase-2 and p53 Expression in Pterygium Tissue Following Preoperative Intralesional Ranibizumab Injection. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 8:733523. [PMID: 35004714 PMCID: PMC8739785 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.733523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and p53 are the postulated aetiopathogenesis in pterygium. VEGF is responsible for the induction of COX-2 expression, whereas p53 plays an important role in the regulation of VEGF. This study aimed to evaluate the immunohistochemistry of COX-2 and p53 expressions from excised pterygium tissue from patients who received intralesional ranibizumab (anti-VEGF) injection 2 weeks prior to pterygium surgery. Materials and Methods: An interventional comparative study involving patients presenting with primary pterygium was conducted between September 2015 and November 2017. The patients were randomized into either the intervention or control group. Patients in the intervention group were injected with intralesional ranibizumab (0.5 mg/0.05 ml) 2 weeks prior to surgery. Both groups underwent pterygium excision followed by conjunctival autograft. Immunohistochemistry staining was performed to evaluate COX-2 and p53 expressions in the excised pterygium tissue. Results: A total of 50 patients (25 in both the intervention and control groups) were recruited. There were 34 (68%) patients with grade III pterygium and 16 (32%) patients with grade IV pterygium. There was statistically significant difference in reduction of COX-2 expression in the epithelial layer [84.0% (95% CI: 63.9, 95.5)] (p = 0.007) and stromal layer [84.0% (95% CI: 63.9, 95.5)] (p < 0.001) between intervention and control groups. There was no significant difference in the reduction of p53 expression between the two groups. Conclusion: This study demonstrated the possible use of intralesional anti-VEGF treatment prior to pterygium excision as a potential future modality of adjunctive therapy for pterygium surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Razif Omar
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Mohtar Ibrahim
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia.,Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Hasnan Jaafar
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia.,Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Ab Hamid Siti-Azrin
- Biostatistics and Research Methodology Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Embong Zunaina
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia.,Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
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Caron MMJ, Castermans TMR, van Rietbergen B, Haartmans MJJ, van Rhijn LW, Witlox AMA, Welting TJM. Impairment of Cyclo-oxygenase-2 Function Results in Abnormal Growth Plate Development and Bone Microarchitecture but Does Not Affect Longitudinal Growth of the Long Bones in Skeletally Immature Mice. Cartilage 2021; 12:387-398. [PMID: 30880429 PMCID: PMC8236650 DOI: 10.1177/1947603519833149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite the general awareness that cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) is crucial for endochondral ossification, the role of COX-2 in skeletal development is largely unknown. We hypothesized that inhibition or genetic loss of COX-2 leads to impaired growth plate development and consequently impaired postnatal development of the long bones. DESIGN Skeletally immature (5 weeks old) B6;129S-Ptgs2tm1Jed/J wildtype mice were treated for 10 weeks with celecoxib (daily oral administration 10 mg/kg) or placebo and compared with B6;129S-Ptgs2tm1Jed/J homozygous knockout mice (n = 12 per group). RESULTS Fifteen weeks postnatally, no significant difference in growth plate (zone) thickness was found between groups. However, significantly higher proteoglycan content and lower expression levels of collagen type II and X staining in the growth plates of celecoxib-treated mice, and to a lesser extent in COX-2 knockout mice. In addition, a significantly decreased cell number and cell size were observed in the hypertrophic zone of the growth plates of both experimental groups. Micro-computed tomography analysis of the subchondral bone region directly beneath the growth plate showed significantly higher bone density and trabecular thickness, following celecoxib treatment. Despite the detected differences in growth plate extracellular matrix composition and subchondral bone morphology, no difference was found in the length of the tibia in celecoxib-treated mice or COX-2 knockout mice. CONCLUSIONS Genetic loss of COX-2 or treatment with celecoxib did not result in detectable differences in gross murine formation of the tibia or femur. However, there were notable phenotypic features detected in the maturation of the growth plate (hypertrophic zone and subchondral bone) as a result of the celecoxib treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjolein M. J. Caron
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands,Marjolein M. J. Caron, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University Medical Center. P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Tessy M. R. Castermans
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Bert van Rietbergen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands,Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Mirella J. J. Haartmans
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Lodewijk W. van Rhijn
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Adhiambo M. A. Witlox
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Tim J. M. Welting
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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The Role of VEGFA, COX2, HUR and CUGBP2 in Predicting the Response to Neoadjuvant Therapy in Rectal Cancer Patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 56:medicina56040192. [PMID: 32331433 PMCID: PMC7230171 DOI: 10.3390/medicina56040192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background and objectives: The effectiveness of neoadjuvant therapy, which is commonly used for stage II-III rectal cancer (RC) treatment, is limited. Genes associated with the pathogenesis of RC could determine response to this treatment. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the potential predictive value of VEGFA, COX2, HUR and CUGBP2 genes and the associations between post-treatment changes in gene expression and the efficacy of neoadjuvant therapy. Materials and Methods: Biopsies from RC and healthy rectal tissue of 28 RC patients were collected before neoadjuvant therapy and 6-8 weeks after neoadjuvant therapy. The expression levels of VEGFA, COX2, HUR, CUGBP2 genes were evaluated using a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: The results reveal a significantly higher expression of VEGFA, COX2 and HUR mRNA in RC tissue compared to healthy rectal tissue (p < 0.05), and elevated VEGFA gene expression in pre-treatment tissues was associated with a better response to neoadjuvant therapy based on T-stage downstaging (p < 0.05). The expression of VEGFA, HUR and CUGBP2 genes significantly decreased after neoadjuvant therapy (p < 0.05). Responders to treatment demonstrated a significantly stronger decrease of VEGFA and COX2 expression after neoadjuvant therapy than non-responders (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The findings of this study suggest that the pre-treatment VEGFA gene expression might have predictive value for the response to neoadjuvant therapy, while the post-treatment decrease in VEGFA and COX2 gene expression could indicate the effectiveness of neoadjuvant therapy in RC patients.
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Hu Z, Hu Y, Jiang H. Overexpression of COX-2 and clinicopathological features of gastric cancer: a meta-analysis. Transl Cancer Res 2020; 9:2200-2209. [PMID: 35117580 PMCID: PMC8798741 DOI: 10.21037/tcr.2020.03.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Background To evaluate the correlation between COX-2 overexpression and clinicopathological features of gastric cancer, thus providing theoretical basis for anti-COX-2 targeted therapy. Methods The literature about COX-2 expression and gastric cancer was searched in PubMed, Wangfang, VIP, CNKI from the inception to September 2019, with “gastric cancer”, “COX-2”, “cyclooxygenase” as keywords. Stata 15.0 was used to analyze. Age, gender, differentiation, infiltration depth, lymph node metastasis, tumor size, TNM staging were analyzed by OR (95% CI). Results Nine studies involving 1,289 patients with gastric cancer were identified, among which 878 cases existed COX-2 overexpression. COX-2 overexpression was related to the infiltration depth (OR=1.76; 95% CI: 1.01–1.306; P<0.01) and lymph node metastasis (OR=3.08; 95% CI: 1.64–5.79; P<0.01). While, it was not related to age, gender, differentiation and tumor size. Conclusions COX-2 overexpression is valuable in predicting infiltration depth and lymph node metastasis, and could be a predictor of poor prognosis in gastric cancer. COX-2-targeted therapy can be considered as one of the comprehensive treatments for gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhili Hu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China.,Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xiangnan University, Chenzhou 423000, China
| | - Yangzhi Hu
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xiangnan University, Chenzhou 423000, China
| | - Haiping Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
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Zhang X, Zhang J, Zhou H, Fan G, Li Q. Molecular Mechanisms and Anticancer Therapeutic Strategies in Vasculogenic Mimicry. J Cancer 2019; 10:6327-6340. [PMID: 31772665 PMCID: PMC6856738 DOI: 10.7150/jca.34171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vasculogenic mimicry (VM) is a vascular formation mechanism used by aggressive tumor cells. VM provides an alternative pathway for adequate blood perfusion and challenges the traditional angiogenesis mechanism that depends only on endothelial cells (ECs), as VM-forming tumor cells express a mixed endothelial/tumor phenotype. VM is closely correlated with tumor invasion, migration, and progression. Hence, anticancer therapeutic strategies targeting VM biogenesis are essential. It is widely acknowledged that the VM formation mechanism involves multiple pathways. The purpose of this review is to describe the potential molecular mechanisms related to different pathways and discuss the involvement of microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs) in VM formation. Moreover, we discuss the significance of VM in clinical practice and present new anticancer therapeutic strategies that target VM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of medicine, No.100 Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080, P.R. China
| | - Jigang Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of medicine, No.100 Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080, P.R. China
| | - Heming Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of medicine, No.100 Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080, P.R. China
| | - Guorong Fan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of medicine, No.100 Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080, P.R. China
| | - Qin Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of medicine, No.100 Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080, P.R. China
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Rong X, Huang B, Qiu S, Li X, He L, Peng Y. Tumor-associated macrophages induce vasculogenic mimicry of glioblastoma multiforme through cyclooxygenase-2 activation. Oncotarget 2018; 7:83976-83986. [PMID: 27824617 PMCID: PMC5356639 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a malignant brain tumor with characteristics of strong aggressiveness which depend on vigorous microvascular supply. Vasculogenic mimicry (VM), a new microvascular circulation not involving endothelial cells, is reported as one part of the vascularization of GBM. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), mostly present as immunosuppressive M2 phenotype in GBM, are well known as a promoter for tumor angiogenesis. However, whether TAMs can induce VM in GBM remains uncertain. In the present study, immunohistochemistry showed that higher numbers of macrophages infiltrating in the VM-positive area where tumor cells also highly express COX-2. By using the coculture model of U87 cell line and Interleukin-4-activated M2 macrophages, we found that the capability of VM formation was increased and COX-2 expression was up-regulated in U87 cells. Moreover, knockdown of COX-2 by siRNA Oligonucleotides or abrogating activity of COX-2 by specific inhibitors resulted in impairment of VM formation. Besides, in the process of VM formation, PGE2/EP1/PKC pathway was activated in U87 cells and inhibition of COX-2 led to down-regulation of PGE2 and PKC. In in vivo experiment, we found that COX-2 loss of function in the U87 xenograft model lead to less vascular mimicry. Collectively, our study demonstrates that M2 macrophages are capable of promoting generation of VM in GBM with COX-2 dependent, providing potential mechanisms of the interaction between inflammatory microenvironment and perivascular microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Rong
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Bo Huang
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Shuwei Qiu
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China.,Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Xiangpen Li
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Lei He
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Ying Peng
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
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Ali MM, H Borai I, Ghanem HM, H Abdel-Halim A, Mousa FM. The prophylactic and therapeutic effects of Momordica charantia methanol extract through controlling different hallmarks of the hepatocarcinogenesis. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 98:491-498. [PMID: 29287196 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.12.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Inspite of the wide facilities for controlling cancer growth, there are little drugs to inhibit its metastasis or prevent its angiogenesis. Discovering such natural or synthetic multi-targeted agent that might strike different targets is considered as a vital goal for tumor controlling. In a previous study, the chemoprotective effect of methanol extract of Momordicacharantia (MEMC) on albino western rats bearing hepatocarcinogenesis was evaluated. The mechanism by which MEMC exert its anticancer properties was unknown. Therefore, we aimed in this study to investigate the possible role of MEMC as anti-proliferative, anti-angiogenic and anti-metastatic agent to exert its chemoprotective effect. The study was conducted on sixty albino western rats divided into six groups, 10 rats each. Diethylnitrosamine (DENA) was injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) at a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight once, 2 weeks later rats were received carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) subcutaneously (3 ml/kg/week) continued for 10 weeks. MEMC was orally produced to rats (40 mg/kg) alone, as well as before, at the same time and after DENA injection. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), caspase-3,-8 (Casp-3,-8), histone deacetylase (HDAC) and matrixmetalloproteinases-2,-9 (MMP-2,-9) were evaluated. MEMC treatment significantly decreased Cox-2, VEGF, HDAC and MMP-2,-9 and increased Casp-3,-8 as compared to DENAgroup,which demonstrated that the anticancer effect of MEMC may be through the inhibition of angiogenesis, proliferation and metastasis and the activation of apoptosis. The improvement in before-treated group was more pronounced than that in after- and simultaneous-treated groups, indicating thatMEMC may act as a prophylactic agent more than being a therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamdouh M Ali
- Biochemistry Department, Division of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Ibrahim H Borai
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hala M Ghanem
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Abeer H Abdel-Halim
- Biochemistry Department, Division of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622, Giza, Egypt
| | - Fatma M Mousa
- Biochemistry Department, Division of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622, Giza, Egypt
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Liu R, Xu KP, Tan GS. Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors in lung cancer treatment: Bench to bed. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 769:127-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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12
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Deleted in malignant brain tumors 1 (DMBT1) elicits increased VEGF and decreased IL-6 production in type II lung epithelial cells. BMC Pulm Med 2015; 15:32. [PMID: 25885541 PMCID: PMC4426184 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-015-0027-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deleted in malignant brain tumors 1 (DMBT1) is an innate defence protein expressed in the lungs of preterm infants and adults. Recent studies showed that DMBT1 is important in angiogenesis and can bind to different growth factors including VEGF. We aimed at examining relationships between VEGF and IL-6 levels to DMBT1 expression in the lungs of preterm and term infants and in lung epithelial cells in vitro. METHODS We examined by ELISA VEGF levels in 120 tracheal aspirates of 57 preterm and term infants and tested for correlation with different perinatal factors as well as with DMBT1 levels. To examine the effect of DMBT1 on VEGF and IL-6 expression we compared type II lung epithelial A549 cells stably transfected with a DMBT1 expression plasmid (DMBT1+ cells) to A549 cells stably transfected with an empty expression plasmid (DMBT1- cells). The concentrations of VEGF and IL-6 were determined via ELISA in the supernatant of the unstimulated cells and after stimulation with LPS, TNFα and Phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA). RESULTS The VEGF levels in the tracheal aspirates of preterm and term infants were significantly correlated with DMBT1 levels (p = 0.0032), the postnatal age (p = 0.0073) and the presence of neonatal infection/sepsis (p = 0.0002). Unstimulated DMBT1+ A549 cells showed significantly higher VEGF expression (p = 0.0017) than DMBT1- cells. Significantly elevated VEGF levels were also confirmed for DMBT1+ cells after stimulation with TNFα (p = 0.0008), LPS (p = 0.0232) and PMA (p = 0.0025). The IL-6 levels were comparable in DMBT1+ versus DMBT1- cells without stimulation (p = 0.6028), but they were significantly reduced in DMBT1+ cells after stimulation with TNFα (p = 0.0003), LPS (p = 0.0088) and PMA (p = 0.0039). CONCLUSIONS The data indicate that DMBT1 promotes VEGF and suppresses IL-6 production in alveolar tissues, which could point to DMBT1 having a possible role in the transition from inflammation to regeneration and being a potentially useful clinical marker.
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Qiao L, Liang N, Zhang J, Xie J, Liu F, Xu D, Yu X, Tian Y. Advanced research on vasculogenic mimicry in cancer. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 19:315-26. [PMID: 25598425 PMCID: PMC4407602 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vasculogenic mimicry (VM) is a brand-new tumour vascular paradigm independent of angiogenesis that describes the specific capacity of aggressive cancer cells to form vessel-like networks that provide adequate blood supply for tumour growth. A variety of molecule mechanisms and signal pathways participate in VM induction. Additionally, cancer stem cell and epithelial-mesenchymal transitions are also shown to be implicated in VM formation. As a unique perfusion way, VM is associated with tumour invasion, metastasis and poor cancer patient prognosis. Due to VM's important effects on tumour progression, more VM-related strategies are being utilized for anticancer treatment. Here, with regard to the above aspects, we make a review of advanced research on VM in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Qiao
- Department of Oncology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong Pro, China
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Li Y, Li S, Sun D, Song L, Liu X. Expression of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase and cyclooxygenase-2 in non-small cell lung cancer: Correlations with angiogenesis and prognosis. Oncol Lett 2014; 8:1589-1594. [PMID: 25202373 PMCID: PMC4156203 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2014.2371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the function of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in angiogenesis and their association with the prognosis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Using immunohistochemical staining, the expression of 15-PGDH and COX-2, and the microvessel density (MVD) levels were evaluated in 35 NSCLC specimens. Paracancerous normal lung tissue was collected as control samples from six patients. The correlation of 15-PGDH with COX-2, clinicopathological characteristics, MVD and overall survival (OS) was studied. NSCLC tissues showed a significantly lower expression level of 15-PGDH (P=0.009) and a significantly higher expression level of COX-2 (P=0.004) compared with normal lung tissue. The expression level of 15-PGDH was negatively correlated with MVD (P<0.001) and COX-2 expression (P=0.032). A low expression level of 15-PGDH, a high expression level of COX-2 and high levels of MVD were significantly correlated with a shorter OS time (15-PGDH, P<0.0001; COX-2, P=0.038; MVD, P<0.0001). This study provided clinical evidence that a low expression level of 15-PGDH is associated with a poor prognosis in NSCLC. Furthermore, it was shown that 15-PGDH and COX-2 reciprocally regulate cancer angiogenesis, which may affect the prognosis of patients with NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Center of Gerontology and Geriatrics, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Suli Li
- National Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Dan Sun
- Department of Geriatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, P.R. China
| | - Linlin Song
- Department of Geriatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, P.R. China
| | - Xinmin Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, P.R. China
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Wang L, Zhang LF, Wu J, Xu SJ, Xu YY, Li D, Lou JT, Liu MF. IL-1β-mediated repression of microRNA-101 is crucial for inflammation-promoted lung tumorigenesis. Cancer Res 2014; 74:4720-30. [PMID: 24958470 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-0960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory stimuli clearly contribute to lung cancer development and progression, but the underlying pathogenic mechanisms are not fully understood. We found that the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β is dramatically elevated in the serum of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In vitro studies showed that IL-1β promoted the proliferation and migration of NSCLC cells. Mechanistically, IL-1β acted through the COX2-HIF1α pathway to repress the expression of microRNA-101 (miR-101), a microRNA with an established role in tumor suppression. Lin28B was identified as critical effector target of miR-101 with its repression of Lin28B, a critical aspect of tumor suppression. Overall, IL-1β upregulated Lin28B by downregulating miR-101. Interestingly, cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition by aspirin or celecoxib abrogated IL-1β-mediated repression of miR-101 and IL-1β-mediated activation of Lin28B along with their stimulatory effects on NSCLC cell proliferation and migration. Together, our findings defined an IL-1β-miR-101-Lin28B pathway as a novel regulatory axis of pathogenic inflammatory signaling in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China. Center for RNA Research, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology-University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling-Fei Zhang
- Center for RNA Research, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology-University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China. Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu-Jun Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang-Yang Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dangsheng Li
- Shanghai Information Center for Life Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Tao Lou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Mo-Fang Liu
- Center for RNA Research, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology-University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China. Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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Langhammer S. Rationale for the design of an oncology trial using a generic targeted therapy multi‑drug regimen for NSCLC patients without treatment options (Review). Oncol Rep 2013; 30:1535-41. [PMID: 23877481 PMCID: PMC3810357 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite more than 70 years of research concerning medication for cancer treatment, the disease still remains one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. Many cancer types lead to death within a period of months to years. The original class of chemotherapeutics is not selective for tumor cells and often has limited efficacy, while treated patients suffer from adverse side‑effects. To date, the concept of tumor‑specific targeted therapy drugs has not fulfilled its expectation to provide a key for a cure. Today, many oncology trials are designed using a combination of chemotherapeutics with targeted therapy drugs. However, these approaches have limited outcomes in most cancer indications. This perspective review provides a rationale to combine targeted therapy drugs for cancer treatment based on observations of evolutionary principles of tumor development and HIV infections. In both diseases, the mechanisms of immune evasion and drug resistance can be compared to some extent. However, only for HIV is a breakthrough treatment available, which is the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). The principles of HAART and recent findings from cancer research were employed to construct a hypothetical model for cancer treatment with a multi‑drug regimen of targeted therapy drugs. As an example of this hypothesis, it is proposed to combine already marketed targeted therapy drugs against VEGFRs, EGFR, CXCR4 and COX2 in an oncology trial for non‑small cell lung cancer patients without further treatment options.
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Bianchi E, Scarinci F, Grande C, Plateroti R, Plateroti P, Plateroti A, Fumagalli L, Capozzi P, Feher J, Artico M. Immunohistochemical Profile and VEGF, TGF-β and PGE2 in Human Pterygium and Normal Conjunctiva: Experimental Study and Review of the Literature. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2012; 25:607-15. [PMID: 23058011 DOI: 10.1177/039463201202500307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pterygium is made up of chronic proliferative fibro-vascular tissue growing on the ocular surface. This disease exhibits both degenerative and hyperplastic properties. Some fibroangiogenic factors have recently been shown to play a potential role in fibrovascular diseases via the angiogenesis process. The aim of this study is to evaluate VEGF, TGF-β and PGE2 expression in the epithelial, endothelial and stromal cells of human pterygium and normal conjunctiva in order to determine whether these factors participate in the development of pterygium. Ten specimens from patients with pterygium and two normal conjunctivas (cadavers) were analyzed by immunohistochemistry using specific antibodies against these growth factors. The technique used was ABC/HRP (Avidin complexed with biotinylated peroxidase). Immunoreactivity of VEGF was significantly increased in the epithelium, vascular endothelium and stromal cells in primary pterygium as compared with normal conjunctiva. A moderate expression of TGF-β in the pterygium was observed in the epithelial and stromal layers. On the contrary, immunolabeling of this growth factor in the human normal conjunctiva was weak. PGE2 was strongly expressed in the epithelium of patients with pterygium, as in control conjunctival tissues, and the immunolabeling was moderate in the stroma from the same patients. Our results suggest that these growth factors may contribute to the progression of primary pterygium by increasing angiogenesis, thus leading to the formation of new blood vessels from the pre-existing vasculature. We conclude that VEGF, TGF-β and PGE2 may be potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of this disease although proof of this evidence requires further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Bianchi
- Department of Sensory Organs, Rome, Italy
| | - F. Scarinci
- G.B. Bietti Eye Foundation-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - C. Grande
- Department of Sensory Organs, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | - L. Fumagalli
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Medico-legal and Locomotor System Sciences, University of Rome ‘Sapienza’, Rome, Italy
| | - P. Capozzi
- Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Ophthalmic Department Rome, Italy
| | - J. Feher
- Department of Sensory Organs, Rome, Italy
- Ophthalmic Neuroscience Program, Rome, Italy
| | - M. Artico
- Department of Sensory Organs, Rome, Italy
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Kirschmann DA, Seftor EA, Hardy KM, Seftor REB, Hendrix MJC. Molecular pathways: vasculogenic mimicry in tumor cells: diagnostic and therapeutic implications. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:2726-32. [PMID: 22474319 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-3237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tumor cell vasculogenic mimicry (VM) describes the functional plasticity of aggressive cancer cells forming de novo vascular networks, thereby providing a perfusion pathway for rapidly growing tumors, transporting fluid from leaky vessels, and/or connecting with endothelial-lined vasculature. The underlying induction of VM seems to be related to hypoxia, which may also promote the plastic, transendothelial phenotype of tumor cells capable of VM. Since its introduction in 1999 as a novel paradigm for melanoma tumor perfusion, many studies have contributed new insights into the underlying molecular pathways supporting VM in a variety of tumors, including melanoma, glioblastoma, carcinomas, and sarcomas. In particular, critical VM-modulating genes are associated with vascular (VE-cadherin, EphA2, VEGF receptor 1), embryonic and/or stem cell (Nodal, Notch4), and hypoxia-related (hypoxia-inducible factor, Twist1) signaling pathways. Each of these pathways warrants serious scrutiny as potential therapeutic, vascular targets, and diagnostic indicators of plasticity, drug resistance, and the aggressive metastatic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn A Kirschmann
- Children's Memorial Research Center, Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60614, USA
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Wang X, Lin H, Gu Y. Multiple roles of dihomo-γ-linolenic acid against proliferation diseases. Lipids Health Dis 2012; 11:25. [PMID: 22333072 PMCID: PMC3295719 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-11-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Considerable arguments remain regarding the diverse biological activities of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). One of the most interesting but controversial dietary approaches focused on the diverse function of dihomo-dietary γ-linolenic acid (DGLA) in anti-inflammation and anti-proliferation diseases, especially for cancers. This strategy is based on the ability of DGLA to interfere in cellular lipid metabolism and eicosanoid (cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase) biosynthesis. Subsequently, DGLA can be further converted by inflammatory cells to 15-(S)-hydroxy-8,11,13-eicosatrienoic acid and prostaglandin E1 (PGE1). This is noteworthy because these compounds possess both anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative properties. PGE1 could also induce growth inhibition and differentiation of cancer cells. Although the mechanism of DGLA has not yet been elucidated, it is significant to anticipate the antitumor potential benefits from DGLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, Shaanxi, China.
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Park CY, Choi JS, Lee SJ, Hwang SW, Kim EJ, Chuck RS. Cyclooxygenase-2-expressing macrophages in human pterygium co-express vascular endothelial growth factor. Mol Vis 2011; 17:3468-80. [PMID: 22219642 PMCID: PMC3249431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and to characterize COX-2-expressing stromal cells in human pterygium. METHODS Primary pterygium tissue of Korean patients (eight males and nine females) was analyzed. The clinical characteristics were classified, and immunohistochemical staining using primary antibodies against cyclooxygenease-2, vascular endothelial growth factor-A, cluster of differentiation (CD)68, CD3, CD20, and leukocyte common antigen was performed. RESULTS COX-2 expression was detected in all pterygium tissues evaluated (17 primary pterygia). Diffuse expression of COX-2 in the epithelial layer was observed in nine samples. Infiltration of strongly positive COX-2 cells into the epithelial layer was a more common observation than diffuse epithelial COX-2 expression. Scattered COX-2-expressing cells in the stromal layer were found in all samples. Some COX-2-positive cells were found within microvessels. In addition to stromal COX-2-expressing cells, a few vascular endothelial cells strongly expressed COX-2; however most of the vessels were negative for COX-2 expression. Stromal COX-2-expressing cells were positive for the macrophage marker CD68 and co-expressed vascular endothelial growth factor. COX-2 expression in normal conjunctiva was not observed in seven control samples. CONCLUSIONS These COX-2- and vascular endothelial growth factor-expressing macrophages may have relevance to the pathogenesis of pterygium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choul Yong Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dongguk University Seoul, Graduate School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jong Sun Choi
- Department of Pathology, Dongguk University Seoul, Graduate School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung Jun Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dongguk University Seoul, Graduate School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang Won Hwang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dongguk University Seoul, Graduate School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eo-Jin Kim
- Department of Pathology, Dongguk University Seoul, Graduate School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Roy S. Chuck
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
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Baird AM, Gray SG, O’Byrne KJ. IL-20 is epigenetically regulated in NSCLC and down regulates the expression of VEGF. Eur J Cancer 2011; 47:1908-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2011.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Revised: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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