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Koyama K, Yamauchi J. Mechanical drivers of intrinsic foot muscle for maximum toe flexor strength in upright standing across different body size. Foot (Edinb) 2024; 61:102128. [PMID: 39276714 DOI: 10.1016/j.foot.2024.102128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/17/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate maximum toe flexor strength, foot arch height, intrinsic toe flexor muscle size and foot arch stiffness among individuals with different body sizes, and to compare these variables between sitting and standing positions. Maximum toe flexor strength in sitting and standing, and intrinsic foot muscle thicknesses (flexor hallucis brevis: FHB, flexor digitorum brevis: FDB, abductor hallucis: AH and quadratus plantae: QP), were measured using a toe grip dynamometer and a B-mode ultrasound in healthy young men. FHB was thicker than AH, FDB and QP, AH was thicker than FDB and QP, and no significant difference was found between FDB and QP. Toe flexor strength was correlated with FHB and AH, and foot arch height was correlated with FHB. Toe flexor strength was greater in standing than in sitting. Stepwise multiple regression analysis identified FHB and AH as determinants of toe flexor strength in standing, and the relative muscle strength values per body weight in standing were determined by QP, foot arch index and foot arch stiffness. Overweight individuals had a decreased rate of increase in relative toe flexor strength compared to normal individuals. These results suggest that a large muscle thickness of intrinsic foot muscle a key contributor to toe flexor strength. Moreover, toe flexor muscle in upright standing could have the potential to generate force independently of intrinsic foot muscle size, but obese individuals who chronically put weight on their feet might impair the force amplification mechanism in upright standing.
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Pośnik M, Zielinska N, Gonera B, Olewnik Ł, Głowacka M, Maślanka K, Ruzik K. A Literature Review of the Morphological Variability in the Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot: Traps Awaiting Clinicians during Ultrasound. J Clin Med 2024; 13:4286. [PMID: 39124554 PMCID: PMC11313258 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13154286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Like other muscular compartments of the human body, the intrinsic muscles of the foot present considerable morphological variability. The aim of this review was to present variations that can potentially cause problems during surgery but might be detected during an ultrasound examination. Materials and methods: PubMed was searched for relevant articles. The identified papers were listed, and citation tracking was performed. Results: Even though lower limb structure is well studied, the variations associated with the intrinsic muscles of the foot and their related ultrasound examination are not. Conclusions: The muscles and tendons of the foot demonstrate similar degrees of variance as other regions of the human body; however, this subject is not as widely covered in the literature. Further ultrasound studies are needed to build awareness of morphological variability in this region, as the findings could prevent misdiagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pośnik
- Department of Anatomical Dissection and Donation, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Łódź, Poland; (M.P.); (K.M.)
| | - Nicol Zielinska
- Department of Clinical Anatomy, Masovian Academy in Płock, 09-402 Płock, Poland; (N.Z.); (B.G.); (K.R.)
| | - Bartosz Gonera
- Department of Clinical Anatomy, Masovian Academy in Płock, 09-402 Płock, Poland; (N.Z.); (B.G.); (K.R.)
| | - Łukasz Olewnik
- Department of Clinical Anatomy, Masovian Academy in Płock, 09-402 Płock, Poland; (N.Z.); (B.G.); (K.R.)
| | - Mariola Głowacka
- Nursing Department, Masovian Academy in Płock, 09-402 Płock, Poland;
| | - Krystian Maślanka
- Department of Anatomical Dissection and Donation, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Łódź, Poland; (M.P.); (K.M.)
| | - Kacper Ruzik
- Department of Clinical Anatomy, Masovian Academy in Płock, 09-402 Płock, Poland; (N.Z.); (B.G.); (K.R.)
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Choi S, Jun HP. Effects of Rehabilitative Exercise and Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation on Muscle Morphology and Dynamic Balance in Individuals with Chronic Ankle Instability. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2024; 60:1187. [PMID: 39064616 PMCID: PMC11279363 DOI: 10.3390/medicina60071187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Muscle atrophy caused by chronic ankle instability (CAI) can incur muscle weakness, altered movement patterns, and increased risk of injury. Previous studies have investigated the effects of rehabilitative exercises and neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) on characteristics in CAI individuals, but few studies have examined their effects on foot and ankle muscle morphology. This study aimed to determine the effects of rehabilitative exercises and NMES on muscle morphology and dynamic balance in individuals with CAI. Materials and Methods: Participants with CAI (n = 47) were randomly divided into control (CG), rehabilitative exercise (REG), NMES (NG), and rehabilitative exercise and NMES combined (RNG) groups. The six-week intervention program consisting of rehabilitative exercises and NMES was applied to groups excluding CG. Muscle morphology and dynamic balance were evaluated using a portable wireless diagnostic ultrasound device and dynamic balance tests. For statistical analysis, an effect size with 95% confidence interval was calculated to assess mean differences according to intervention. Results: After six weeks, significant increases in morphology and dynamic balance were observed for all muscles except flexor hallucis longus (p > 0.05) in the intervention groups except for CG. However, no significant changes were observed in the CG (p > 0.05). Conclusions: These findings suggest that intervention programs may help prevent muscle atrophy and improve balance in CAI individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hyung-pil Jun
- Department of Physical Education, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea;
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Kosugi S, Kono K, Ishida T, Nishida Y. Reliability of muscle thickness and muscle echo intensity evaluation of the posterior medial tibia in long-distance athletes using an ultrasound imaging device. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2024; 39:319-322. [PMID: 38876645 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2024.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to verify the reliability of muscle thickness and luminance evaluation of the deep leg muscles using an ultrasound device. DESIGN Cohort study. SETTING Track and field, Participants: high school track and field long distance athletes (N = 10, female: 50.0%, age = 16.0 ± 2.8 years, BMI = 18.2 ± 2.3 kg/m2) PARTICIPANTS: This study included Japanese high school track and long-distance field athletes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The thickness and echo intensity of tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, and soleus muscles in the posterior medial tibia were clarified. RESULTS The echo intensity evaluation of the tibialis posterior muscle showed an additive error. CONCLUSION The study suggested that the results could be clinically applied clinically, except for the evaluation of echo intensity of the posterior tibialis muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Kosugi
- Kato orthopedic surgery, 1-397-1, Awanonishi, Gifu City, Gifu, 502-0006, Japan.
| | - Kenichi Kono
- International University of Health and Welfare, Narita Campus, 4-3, Kozunomori, Narita City, 286-8686, Japan
| | - Takeki Ishida
- International University of Health and Welfare, Narita Campus, 4-3, Kozunomori, Narita City, 286-8686, Japan
| | - Yusuke Nishida
- International University of Health and Welfare, Narita Campus, 4-3, Kozunomori, Narita City, 286-8686, Japan
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García-Arrabé M, Batuecas-Sánchez I, de Vidania S, Bravo-Aguilar M, Ruiz-Ruiz B, Romero-Morales C. Effects of technological running shoes versus barefoot running on the intrinsic foot muscles, ankle mobility, and dynamic control: a novel cross-sectional research. Braz J Phys Ther 2024; 28:101092. [PMID: 38964202 PMCID: PMC11269782 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjpt.2024.101092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Technological running shoes have become increasingly popular, leading to improvements in performance. However, their long-term effects on foot musculature and joint mobility have not been thoroughly studied. OBJECTIVE To compare the activation of the intrinsic foot muscles between runners wearing technological footwear and barefoot runners. Secondary objectives included assessing ankle dorsiflexion (DF) range of motion (ROM) and dynamic postural control in both groups. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 22 technological footwear runners and 22 barefoot runners. Ultrasonography was used to measure the thickness of the plantar fascia (PF) and the quadratus plantae (QP), abductor digiti minimus (ADM), abductor hallucis (AH), and flexor hallucis longus (FHL) muscles. Ankle mobility and dynamic postural control were also recorded. RESULTS Ultrasonography measurements showed statistically significant differences for PF thickness (mean difference [MD]: -0.10 cm; 95% CI: -0.13, -0.05 cm), QP cross-sectional area (CSA) (MD: -0.45 cm2; 95% CI: -0.77, -0.12 cm2), ADM CSA (MD: -0.49 cm2; 95% CI: -0.70, -0.17 cm2), and FHL thickness (MD: 0.82 cm; 95% CI: 0.53, 1.09 cm), with all measurements being lower in the group wearing technological footwear compared to the barefoot runners. Ankle DF ROM was also significantly greater for the barefoot runners (MD: -5.1°; 95% CI: -8.6, -1.7°). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest potential implications for the foot musculature and ankle mobility in runners using technological footwear.
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Affiliation(s)
- María García-Arrabé
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Iván Batuecas-Sánchez
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia de Vidania
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Bravo-Aguilar
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Ruiz-Ruiz
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Romero-Morales
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain
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Wang J, Wang Y, Zhou B, Wang L, Lai Z. Age-Related Reduction of Foot Intrinsic Muscle Function and the Relationship with Postural Stability in Old Adults. Clin Interv Aging 2024; 19:1005-1015. [PMID: 38855030 PMCID: PMC11162186 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s454068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The risk of falls among the elderly significantly increases, which has become a serious public health concern. Falls can not only lead to serious complications such as fractures and brain injuries but also limit their mobility function, reducing quality of life. Foot intrinsic muscles (FIMs) are an essential part of foot core stability even overall postural stability. This study aimed to investigate the effects of aging on the function of FIMs and to explore the influence of FIMs on postural control in the elderly. Materials and Methods 56 healthy old participants (60-75 years) and 57 healthy young participants (18-29 years) joined this study. An ergoFet dynamometer was used to determine foot muscle strength (Doming, T1, T23 and T2345), and ankle muscle strength (plantarflexion and dorsiflexion). The morphology of FIMs and extrinsic foot muscle was determined using a Doppler ultrasound system, whereas the postural stability was assessed through Limits of Stability test. Independent samples t-test was used to determine the differences in strength and morphological parameters and Spearman correlation analysis was used to determine whether an association existed between muscle strength and postural stability parameters in the elderly. Results Compared with young adults, foot muscle strength and ankle muscle strength (Doming, T1, T23, T2345, dorsiflexion, and plantarflexion, all p <0.05) and the morphology of foot muscles (all p <0.05) were significantly reduced in the elderly. The strength of FIMs and the limit of stability (r = 0.302-0.424, all p <0.05) were significantly correlated in the elderly. Conclusion Compared with young adults, the weakness of strength as well as the morphological decline of the intrinsic and extrinsic foot muscles were found in the elderly. In addition, a correlation was observed between FIM's strength and postural stability in the elderly, suggesting their potential role in posture stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Wang
- The Third School of Clinical Medicine (School of Rehabilitation Medicine), Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- The Third School of Clinical Medicine (School of Rehabilitation Medicine), Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bangguo Zhou
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences (Shanghai University of Sport), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhangqi Lai
- The Third School of Clinical Medicine (School of Rehabilitation Medicine), Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Fong Yan A, Quinlan S, Cheung RTH. Minimalist school shoes improve intrinsic foot muscle size, strength, and arch integrity among primary school students. J Sports Sci 2024; 42:1157-1163. [PMID: 39087807 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2386213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Minimalist walking shoes have been shown to improve foot muscle size and strength in active adults, but not in our previous study involving children, which could relate to the more structured footwear used in our study. Hence, this study examined the effects of true minimalists on intrinsic foot muscle size and strength, foot arch integrity, and physical function among primary school children. After a baseline assessment, 30 primary school students aged between 9 and 12 were given a pair of minimalist shoes (minimalist index = 92%) as their regular school shoes for two school terms, followed by a re-assessment. Seventeen of the 30 participants in the minimalist group completed the study. Compared to the control group, the minimalist group showed significantly increased cross-sectional area of abductor hallucis (p = 0.047, Cohen's d = 0.57) and flexor digitorum brevis (p = 0.037, Cohen's d = 0.80), increased strength of the hallux (p = 0.015, Cohen's d = 0.76) and lesser toes (p = 0.014, Cohen's d = 0.66), greater arch height (p = 0.020, Cohen's d = 0.52) and standing long jump distance (p = 0.001, Cohen's d = 9.79). The control group exhibited improved standing long jump performance only (p = 0.020, Cohen's d = 10.70). Minimalist shoes worn daily to school promote intrinsic foot muscle size and strength, and improve foot arch integrity among primary school students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alycia Fong Yan
- Sydney Musculoskeletal Health, Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Shayan Quinlan
- Sydney Musculoskeletal Health, Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Roy T H Cheung
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, Australia
- Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Australia
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Ogut E. Reconsidering the nomenclature of the flexor digiti minimi muscles: a proposed solution to ambiguity in anatomical description. BENI-SUEF UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2024; 13:30. [DOI: 10.1186/s43088-024-00491-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The nomenclature surrounding the 'flexor digiti minimi brevis' muscle prompts deliberation concerning its accuracy and potential variations. Addressing this uncertainty entails expunging the term 'brevis' from nomenclature references to the muscle, opting instead for the term 'flexor digiti minimi.' This nomenclatural adjustment currently being advocated raises inquiries about the necessity for descriptors denoting the muscle's specific placement along the upper or lower extremities. This study was conducted with a dual objective: to illuminate this topic and consolidate existing research on this issue.
Main body of the abstract
Research encompassing the terms 'flexor digiti minimi' OR 'flexor digiti minimi brevis' was screened within this field. The inclusion criteria involved original articles, case reports, case series, relevant books, and book chapters. Excluded from this review were articles mentioning 'flexor digiti minimi' and 'digiti minimi' that were unrelated to the subject, as well as poster presentations, proceedings, conference materials, abstracts, and atlases.
Short conclusion
In summary, changing the name of the muscle enhances anatomical understanding, promotes clarity and precision in communication, facilitates research efforts, and helps prevent confusion in medical education and clinical practice. These benefits highlight the importance of revising nomenclature to reflect anatomical accuracy and improve healthcare outcomes. It also promotes consistency in studies and allows for more meaningful comparisons across studies, ultimately advancing our understanding of anatomical variations and their clinical significance. Furthermore, it allows for more effective teaching and learning experiences, enabling medical practitioners to make accurate diagnoses, develop effective treatment strategies.
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Okamura K, Hamaguchi M, Ueno Y, Kida T. Effect of Neuromuscular Electrostimulation With Blood Flow Restriction on Acute Muscle Swelling of the Abductor Hallucis. J Sport Rehabil 2024; 33:121-127. [PMID: 38154017 DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2023-0140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Plantar intrinsic foot muscle strength training is difficult to master to a degree sufficient to elicit muscle hypertrophy in most individuals. It is possible that combining neuromuscular electrostimulation (NMES) and blood flow restriction (BFR) can elicit plantar intrinsic foot muscle hypertrophy regardless of the individual's technique. This study aimed to determine the effects of NMES training with BFR on acute muscle swelling in the abductor hallucis. DESIGN Randomized, controlled, single-blind trial design. METHODS Forty-eight participants were randomly allocated to the NMES + BFR, NMES, or Sham NMES + BFR groups. All participants received abductor hallucis NMES for 15 minutes. Participants in the NMES + BFR and Sham NMES + BFR groups received NMES with BFR. The intensity of NMES was the sensory threshold in the Sham NMES + BFR group. The cross-sectional area of the abductor hallucis was measured pretraining and posttraining using ultrasonography by a single investigator blinded to the participants' allocations. RESULTS After 15 minutes of training, the cross-sectional area of the abductor hallucis was significantly increased in the NMES + BFR (P < .001) and the Sham NMES + BFR (P = .004) groups. Moreover, the rate of increase was significantly higher in the NMES + BFR group than in the NMES or the Sham NMES + BFR groups (P < .001 and P = .001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Since it is possible that the amount of muscle swelling immediately after training correlates with muscle hypertrophy when training is continued, the results of this study suggest that NMES training with BFR is a training method that can be expected to produce plantar intrinsic foot muscle hypertrophy. Further studies are needed to confirm the long-term effects of NMES training with BFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Okamura
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health and Welfare, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Manami Hamaguchi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health and Welfare, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuna Ueno
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health and Welfare, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Taira Kida
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health and Welfare, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
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Kobayashi T, Hirota K, Otsuki R, Onodera J, Kodesho T, Taniguchi K. Morphological and mechanical characteristics of the intrinsic and extrinsic foot muscles under loading in individuals with flat feet. Gait Posture 2024; 108:15-21. [PMID: 37976604 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2023.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The intrinsic and extrinsic foot softtissue structures that apply force and support the medial longitudinal arch (MLA) have been implicated in the development of flat feet. However, the relationship between the changes in MLA height under increasing load and the morphological and mechanical properties of individual intrinsic and extrinsic foot soft tissue structures is not fully understood. RESEARCH QUESTION To examine the morphological and mechanical characteristics of the foot soft tissue structures in flat feet when subjected to loading. METHODS This study consisted of two studies focusing on the extrinsic foot muscles (10 normal feet/11 flat feet) and intrinsic foot muscles (14 normal feet/13 flat feet). Images of the extrinsic and intrinsic foot muscles and plantar fascia (PF) under 10%, 50%, and 90% body weight conditions were obtained using ultrasound-based shear-wave elastography. RESULTS The cross-sectional area (CSA) of the peroneus brevis was larger in the flat-foot group than in the normal-foot group under all loading conditions. The CSAs of the intrinsic foot muscles (abductor hallucis, flexor digitorum brevis, and quadratus plantae) and thickness of the PF in the flat-foot group decreased significantly with increasing load. As for mechanical characteristics, the stiffness of the flexor digitorum longus and abductor hallucis was higher in the flat-foot group than in the normal group under high loading conditions. In addition, flat feet with greater flexibility tended to exhibit a greater decrease in PF thickness and smaller increase in stiffness. SIGNIFICANCE Excessive stretching of the intrinsic foot muscles and PF occurs in flat feet, and excessive contraction of the flexor digitorum longus may counteract the excessive lowering of the foot arch. Therefore, it is necessary to promote the contraction of the intrinsic foot musculature in feet with greater flexibility of the MLA during loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Kobayashi
- Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Science, Hokkaido Chitose College of Rehabilitation, Chitose, Japan; Second Division of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Kento Hirota
- Second Division of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan; Tokachi Physical Lab, Obihiro, Japan
| | - Ryo Otsuki
- Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Science, Hokkaido Chitose College of Rehabilitation, Chitose, Japan
| | - Juri Onodera
- Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Science, Hokkaido Chitose College of Rehabilitation, Chitose, Japan
| | - Taiki Kodesho
- Department of Sport Science and Research, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences (JISS), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keigo Taniguchi
- Second Division of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
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11
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De la Fuente C, Silvestre R, Botello J, Neira A, Soldan M, Carpes FP. Unique case study: Impact of single-session neuromuscular biofeedback on motor unit properties following 12 days of Achilles tendon surgical repair. Physiol Rep 2024; 12:e15868. [PMID: 38195250 PMCID: PMC10776338 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
We explored the first evidence of a single-session neuromuscular biofeedback effect on motor unit properties, neuromuscular activation, and the Achilles tendon (AT) length 12 days after undergoing AT surgical repair. We hypothesized that immediate neuromuscular biofeedback enhances motor unit properties and activation without causing AT lengthening. After 12 days AT surgical repair, Medial Gastrocnemius (MG) motor unit decomposition was performed on a 58-year-old male before and after a neuromuscular biofeedback intervention (surface electromyography (sEMG) and ultrasonography), involving unressited plantar flexion. The analysis included motor unit population properties, sEMG amplitude, force paradigm, and AT length. There were increased MG motor unit recruitment, peak and average firing rate, coefficient of variation, and sEMG amplitude, and decreased recruitment and derecruitment threshold in the repaired AT limb. The non-injured limb increased the motor unit recruitment, and decreased the coefficient of variation, peak and average firing rate, inter-pulse interval, derecruitment threshold and sEMG amplitude. The AT length experienced -0.4 and 0.3 cm changes in the repaired AT and non-injured limb, respectively. This single-session neuromuscular biofeedback 12 days after AT surgery shows evidence of enhanced motor unit properties and activation without signs of AT lengthening when unresisted plantar flexion is performed in the repaired AT limb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos De la Fuente
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, Postgraduate, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres BelloUniversidad Andres BelloSantiago de ChileChile
| | - Rony Silvestre
- Unidad de Biomecánica, Centro de Innovación, Clínica MEDSSantiagoChile
- Foot and Ankle Surgery DepartmentClinica MEDSSantiagoChile
| | - Julio Botello
- Carrera de Kinesiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de MedicinaPontificia Universidad Catolica de ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Alejandro Neira
- Escuela de Kinesiología, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la SaludUniversidad MayorSantiagoChile
| | - Macarena Soldan
- Unidad de Biomecánica, Centro de Innovación, Clínica MEDSSantiagoChile
- Escuela de Kinesiología, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la SaludUniversidad MayorSantiagoChile
- Escuela de KinesiologiaUniversidad de los AndesSantiagoChile
| | - Felipe P. Carpes
- Laboratory of NeuromechanicsFederal University of PampaUruguaianaRSBrazil
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Hirota K, Watanabe K, Negishi K, Miyamoto H, Taniguchi T, Teramoto A. Evaluation of the activities of the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the foot during toe flexion with or without interphalangeal joint flexion using ultrasound shear wave elastography. Foot (Edinb) 2023; 57:101945. [PMID: 37898055 DOI: 10.1016/j.foot.2022.101945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
The intrinsic muscles of the foot are important to maintain the arch of the foot and to participate in sports activities. Using ultrasound shear wave elastography, we investigated the effect of different toe flexion methods on the activity of the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the foot. The study included 15 healthy adults who performed toe flexion under 2 conditions: with interphalangeal (IP) joint flexion and without IP joint flexion. The applied load during flexion was 500 g. Muscle stiffness was measured in the abductor hallucis, flexor hallucis brevis, flexor digitorum brevis, quadratus plantae, flexor hallucis longus, and flexor digitorum longus muscles using ultrasound shear wave elastography. Muscle stiffness was statistically compared with IP flexion and without IP flexion (P < 0.05). The stiffness of the abductor hallucis (P < 0.0005), flexor hallucis brevis (P = 0.022), and flexor digitorum brevis muscles (P < 0.0005) was significantly greater without IP flexion than with IP flexion. In contrast, the muscle stiffness of the flexor hallucis longus (P = 0.001) and the flexor digitorum longus (P = 0.004) was significantly greater during with IP flexion than without IP flexion. This study shows that the abductor hallucis, flexor hallucis brevis, flexor digitorum brevis muscles are more active during toe flexion without IP flexion. These results suggest that the toe flexion method is important for more effective training of the intrinsic muscles of the foot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kento Hirota
- Graduate School of Health Science, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Kota Watanabe
- Second Division of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Negishi
- Graduate School of Health Science, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Miyamoto
- Department of Physical Therapy, Sendai Seiyo Gakuin College, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Taniguchi
- Department of Rehabilitation, Sapporo Tokushukai Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Teramoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
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Haelewijn N, Peters Dickie JL, Staes F, Vereecke E, Deschamps K. Current evidence regarding 2D ultrasonography monitoring of intrinsic foot muscle properties: A systematic review. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18252. [PMID: 37520980 PMCID: PMC10374929 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ultrasonography can discriminate between intrinsic and extrinsic foot muscle properties and has therefore gained considerable popularity as an indirect strength evaluation. However, an overview on the use of ultrasound for assessing intrinsic foot musculature (IFM) is currently lacking. Research question What is the current evidence regarding (1) 2D ultrasonography protocols and its reliability? (2) Reference values for cross-sectional area and dorso-plantar thickness evaluation in asymptomatic and symptomatic persons? Methods The PRISMA guidelines were used to conduct this systematic review. Eight databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Scopus, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus and EuropePMC) were searched up to November 1, 2021. Studies reporting quantitative 2D ultrasound findings of the intrinsic foot muscles with no limitation to sex, BMI, ethnicity or physical activity were included. Studies were assessed for methodological quality using the Downs and Black checklist. Results Fifty-three studies were retained. Protocols showed an overall good to great reliability, suggesting limits of agreement between 8 and 30% of relative muscle size with minimal detectable changes varying from 0.10 to 0.29 cm2 for cross-sectional area and 0.03-0.23 cm for thickness. Reference values are proposed for both cross-sectional area and thickness measurements of the abductor hallucis, flexor digitorum brevis, flexor hallucis brevis and quadratus plantae in asymptomatic persons. This could not be performed in the symptomatic studies due to a limited number of relevant studies addressing the symptomatic population, therefore a clinical overview is outlined. Clinically, IFM properties have been studied in ten distinct pathological conditions, predominantly pointing towards decreased muscle properties of the abductor hallucis. Significance We provide a clear and comprehensive overview of the literature regarding 2D ultrasonography of the IFM, making the available evidence more accessible to decision makers and researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Haelewijn
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Research Group, KU Leuven, Spoorwegstraat 12, 8200 Brugge, Belgium
| | - Jean-Louis Peters Dickie
- Neuromusculoskeletal Lab (NMSK), Secteur des Sciences de la Santé, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Filip Staes
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Research Group, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Evie Vereecke
- Department of Development & Regeneration, Muscles & Movement Group, KU Leuven, Etienne Sabbelaan 53, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Kevin Deschamps
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Research Group, KU Leuven, Spoorwegstraat 12, 8200 Brugge, Belgium
- Haute Ecole Leonard De Vinci, Division of Podiatry, Avenue E. Mounier 84, 1200 Sint-Lambrechts-Woluwe, Belgium
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14
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García-García D, Llamas-Ramos R, Calvo-Lobo C, Rodríguez-Sanz D, San Antolín-Gil M, Cabanillas-García JL, Sánchez-Gómez MC, Llamas-Ramos I. Activation Capacity of the Intrinsic Musculature of the Foot in Handball Athletes with Chronic Ankle Instability. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2115. [PMID: 37626612 PMCID: PMC10452644 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11082115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic ankle instability (CAI) is a common pathology in handball. The role of the intrinsic musculature of the foot in these players in relation to proprioception and stability has not been stablished. The objective of this study was to compare the ultrasound morphology of the heel fat pad of the foot in professional handball players to CAI in healthy players and establish relationships between CAI and physical and psychological variables. The study has been a descriptive observational case-control study in which 20 professional handball male players over 18 years of age were divided into 8 cases (CAI) and 12 controls (healthy). An ultrasound evaluation, the thickness and/or cross-sectional area at rest and the contraction measurement of the Abductor Digiti Minimi, Abductor Hallucis, Flexor Digitorum Brevis and Quadratus Plantae muscles were analyzed. Moreover, the compressibility index of the heel fat pad and the activation of the abdominal wall musculature (ultrasound), the flexion strength of the hallux and lesser toes (dynamometry), the foot functionality (Bristol Foot Score (BFS) questionnaire) and the psychological variables (self-reported questionnaires) were measured. There were no significant differences between the activation capacity values of the foot muscles of healthy and CAI athletes. Significant differences were found between groups regarding the BFS score (p = 0.007), d = 1.404), and significant correlations were also found between hallux flexion strength and lesser toes flexion strength in the total sample. Although there were no differences between the two groups, the identification of the activation pattern of these muscles in handball athletes is essential to the improvement of performance and preventing injuries such as CAI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rocío Llamas-Ramos
- Faculty of Nursing and Physiotherapy, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - César Calvo-Lobo
- Facultad de Enfermería, Fisioterapia y Podología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - David Rodríguez-Sanz
- Facultad de Enfermería, Fisioterapia y Podología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Juan Luis Cabanillas-García
- Departamento de Didáctica, Organización y Métodos de Investigación, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Mari Cruz Sánchez-Gómez
- Departamento de Didáctica, Organización y Métodos de Investigación, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Inés Llamas-Ramos
- Faculty of Nursing and Physiotherapy, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- University Hospital of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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15
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KOYAMA K. Effects of a 12-week barefoot exercise training on foot muscle functions and arch height. GAZZETTA MEDICA ITALIANA ARCHIVIO PER LE SCIENZE MEDICHE 2022. [DOI: 10.23736/s0393-3660.20.04356-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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16
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Swanson DC, Sponbeck JK, Swanson DA, Stevens CD, Allen SP, Mitchell UH, George JD, Johnson AW. Validity of ultrasound imaging for intrinsic foot muscle cross-sectional area measurements demonstrated by strong agreement with MRI. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2022; 23:146. [PMID: 35164718 PMCID: PMC8842549 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-022-05090-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Intrinsic foot muscles maintain foot structural integrity and contribute to functional movement, posture and balance. Thus, assessing intrinsic foot muscle size and strength are important. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been shown to accurately image the individual muscles but is costly and time consuming. Ultrasound (US) imaging may provide an alternative that is less costly and more readily available. The purpose of this study was to investigate the validity and intratester reliability of US imaging in measuring intrinsic foot muscle size in comparison to MRI. METHODS US and MRI were employed to measure the intrinsic foot muscle size involving 35 participants (females = 13; males = 22). The scanned intrinsic foot muscles included the flexor hallucis brevis (FHB), abductor hallucis (ABDH), flexor digitorum brevis (FDB), quadratus plantae (QP) and abductor digiti minimi (ADM). Pearson product correlation (r), intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), standard error of the measurement (SEm) and minimal detectable difference (MDD) were calculated. RESULTS High correlations were detected between the US and MRI cross-sectional area (CSA) measurements (r = .971 to 0.995). Test reliability was excellent for both MRI and US (ICC = 0.994 to 0.999). Limits of agreement between MRI and US measurements from ranged from 5.7 to 12.2% of muscle size. SEm values for US ranged from 0.026 to 0.044 cm2, while the SEm for MRI ranged from 0.018 to 0.023 cm2. MDD values for US ranged from 0.073 to 0.122 cm2, while MRI ranged from 0.045 to 0.064 cm2. CONCLUSIONS US appears to be a valid and reliable alternative to MRI when measuring intrinsic foot muscle CSA. While US is less costly and more readily available, the MRI results were shown to be slightly more precise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dallin C Swanson
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, 84602, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Joshua K Sponbeck
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, 84602, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Derek A Swanson
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, 84602, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Conner D Stevens
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, 84602, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Steven P Allen
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ira A. Fulton College of Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Ulrike H Mitchell
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, 84602, Provo, UT, USA
| | - James D George
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, 84602, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Aaron Wayne Johnson
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, 84602, Provo, UT, USA.
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17
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Quinlan S, Sinclair P, Hunt A, Yan AF. The long-term effects of wearing moderate minimalist shoes on a child's foot strength, muscle structure and balance: A randomised controlled trial. Gait Posture 2022; 92:371-377. [PMID: 34923257 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2021.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND From retrospective research, it is believed that children who predominantly spend their time shod have poorer foot strength and performance than those who are predominantly barefoot. Children's foot motion has been shown to be adversely affected by standard school shoes; however, the long-term effect of moderate minimalist shoes on foot strength, muscle structure and balance in children is unknown. RESEARCH QUESTION Does wearing moderate minimalist shoes, compared to stiff shoes, benefit a child's foot strength, muscle structure and performance over time? METHODS Seventy healthy children (9-12 yr) were randomly assigned to wear standard (control), or minimalist shoes (experimental) at school, for nine months. Cross-sectional areas (CSA) of Abductor Hallucis (AH) and Flexor Digitorum Brevis (FDB) muscles, and toe flexor strength (TFS) of hallux and lesser toes separately, were primary outcome measures. Single leg balance (SLB), Y-balance test (YBT) and standing long jump (SLJ) were secondary outcome measures. Pre- and post-intervention measurements were analysed for between group differences with ANCOVA. RESULTS Minimalist shoes resulted in moderate but statistically non-significant increases in muscle CSA (AH η2p =.04, FDB η2p =.05) and TFS (hallux η2p =.05, lesser toes η2p =.04). Significant moderate to large improvements in YBT in the experimental group were found in the postero-medial (P = .04, η2p =.07) and postero-lateral (P = .01, η2p =.10) directions. YBT (anterior, postero-medial and postero-lateral) was correlated with hallux TFS (R =.29,.27 and.33 respectively), lesser toes TFS (R =.28,.35 and.38 respectively) and SLJ (R =.30,.39 and.57 respectively). CSA of FDB was correlated with SLJ (R =.34) and SLB (R =.42). SIGNIFICANCE Wearing moderate minimalist shoes long-term improves balance in children. TFS is correlated with better balance and SLJ. Moderate minimalist school shoes are recommended for children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayan Quinlan
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Australia.
| | - Peter Sinclair
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Adrienne Hunt
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Alycia Fong Yan
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Australia.
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18
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Willemse L, Wouters EJM, Pisters MF, Vanwanseele B. Intra-assessor reliability and measurement error of ultrasound measures for foot muscle morphology in older adults using a tablet-based ultrasound machine. J Foot Ankle Res 2022; 15:6. [PMID: 35078499 PMCID: PMC8788121 DOI: 10.1186/s13047-022-00510-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To gain insight into the role of plantar intrinsic foot muscles in fall-related gait parameters in older adults, it is fundamental to assess foot muscles separately. Ultrasonography is considered a promising instrument to quantify the strength capacity of individual muscles by assessing their morphology. The main goal of this study was to investigate the intra-assessor reliability and measurement error for ultrasound measures for the morphology of selected foot muscles and the plantar fascia in older adults using a tablet-based device. The secondary aim was to compare the measurement error between older and younger adults and between two different ultrasound machines. Methods Ultrasound images of selected foot muscles and the plantar fascia were collected in younger and older adults by a single operator, intensively trained in scanning the foot muscles, on two occasions, 1–8 days apart, using a tablet-based and a mainframe system. The intra-assessor reliability and standard error of measurement for the cross-sectional area and/or thickness were assessed by analysis of variance. The error variance was statistically compared across age groups and machines. Results Eighteen physically active older adults (mean age 73.8 (SD: 4.9) years) and ten younger adults (mean age 21.9 (SD: 1.8) years) participated in the study. In older adults, the standard error of measurement ranged from 2.8 to 11.9%. The ICC ranged from 0.57 to 0.97, but was excellent in most cases. The error variance for six morphology measures was statistically smaller in younger adults, but was small in older adults as well. When different error variances were observed across machines, overall, the tablet-based device showed superior repeatability. Conclusions This intra-assessor reliability study showed that a tablet-based ultrasound machine can be reliably used to assess the morphology of selected foot muscles in older adults, with the exception of plantar fascia thickness. Although the measurement errors were sometimes smaller in younger adults, they seem adequate in older adults to detect group mean hypertrophy as a response to training. A tablet-based ultrasound device seems to be a reliable alternative to a mainframe system. This advocates its use when foot muscle morphology in older adults is of interest. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13047-022-00510-1.
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19
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Ichikawa S, Kumai T, Okunuki T, Maemichi T, Matsumoto M, Yabiku H, Liu Z, Yamaguchi R, Iwayama A, Ayukawa G, Akiyama Y, Mitsui H, Niki H. Comparison of foot posture and foot muscle morphology between lifesaver athletes and healthy adults. Res Sports Med 2021:1-11. [PMID: 34802357 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2021.2002330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the foot muscle morphology and foot posture between healthy adults and lifesavers in sandy beach sports. The participants included 15 lifesaver athletes and 15 healthy adults. Using a non-contact three-dimensional foot measurement device, the foot length, width, and arch height of the right foot were measured while standing and sitting without back support, and the transverse arch length ratio and arch height index were subsequently calculated. Muscle cross-sectional area was measured using an ultrasound imaging device. Muscle cross-sectional areas, arch height, foot width, arch height index, and transverse arch length ratio were larger in the lifesaver than in the healthy adult group. Lifesavers had higher arches and more developed intrinsic and extrinsic muscles than healthy adults. Performing physical activity while barefoot on sandy beaches may effectively develop the foot intrinsic and extrinsic muscles and raise the arch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Ichikawa
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Kumai
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Takumi Okunuki
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | | | - Masatomo Matsumoto
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan.,Department of Rehabilitation, Kuwana City Medicine Center, Mie, Japan
| | - Hiroki Yabiku
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Zijian Liu
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Ryusei Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Arina Iwayama
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Goro Ayukawa
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Yui Akiyama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mitsui
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Hisateru Niki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
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20
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Kazemi K, Saadi F, Javanshir K, Goharpey S, Shaterzadeh Yazdi MJ, Miraali SS, Nassadj G. Reliability of musculoskeletal ultrasonography for peri-ankle muscles in subjects with unilateral chronic ankle instability. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2021; 27:565-572. [PMID: 34391288 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2021.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ankle sprain is a common problem among active people and athletes. It causes reduces their activity of daily living and quality of life. Because of the impaired muscle strength and neuromuscular and postural control, it seems that the morphological criteria of peri-ankle muscles are changed. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to develop a reliable method for measuring tibialis anterior (TA) and peroneus longus (PL) muscles in the injured and intact side of lower limbs in people with unilateral chronic ankle instability (CAI). STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study. METHOD This study was intra-tester reliability by ultrasound imaging to measure ultrasonography characteristics contains thickness, width, fiber length, pennation angle, and cross-sectional area (CSA) of TA, and PL in both limbs of 25 subjects at three separate times. Intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC), limits of agreement (LOA), standard error of measurement (SEM), and minimal detectable change (MDC) were calculated to analyzed relative and absolute intra-tester reliability, respectively. RESULTS The present study showed good to excellent relative reliability for both injured and intact sides (ICC 0.88-0.98), less proportional measurement error (β coefficient of LOA≈ 0), and suitable absolute reliability. CONCLUSION Musculoskeletal ultrasonography is a reliable method for the measurement of peri-ankle muscle morphology such as thickness, width, CSA, fiber length, and pennation angle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadijeh Kazemi
- Department of Physiotherapy, Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Feryal Saadi
- Department of Radiology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Khodabakhsh Javanshir
- Mobility Impairment Research Center, Department of Physiotherapy, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Shahin Goharpey
- Department of Physiotherapy, Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Jafar Shaterzadeh Yazdi
- Department of Physiotherapy, Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | - Gholamhossein Nassadj
- Department of Physiotherapy, Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
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Hou Y, Yang J, Qin B, Gu L, Zheng J. Ultrasonic evaluation of muscle functional recovery following free functioning gracilis transfer, a preliminary study. Eur J Med Res 2021; 26:17. [PMID: 33546776 PMCID: PMC7863516 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-020-00473-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ultrasonic measurement has not been utilized to assess the functional recovery of transplanted muscle. This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of using B-ultrasound measurement to assess muscle recovery following free functioning gracilis transfer. METHODS From January 2009 to January 2014, 35 patients receiving free functioning gracilis transfer to treat total brachial plexus injury were enrolled. B-ultrasound was adopted to determine the cross-sectional area (CSA) of transplanted gracilis muscle at rest and contraction state. The ratio of pre- to post-transplant CSA value at rest state was defined as muscle bulk ratio (MBR). The ratio of CSA value at contraction state to rest state was defined as contraction ratio (CR). RESULTS Patients with muscle strength M ≥ 4 had significantly higher CR1 (post-transplant), CR2 (pre-transplant), and range of motion (ROM, joint mobility) than those with muscle strength M < 4. The CR1 > CR2 group had significantly higher CR1, muscle strength, and ROM than the CR1 ≤ CR2 group. The MBR > 1 group had significantly higher muscle strength than the MBR ≤ 1 group. CR1 value was highly correlated with muscle strength and with ROM. CR2 value was moderately correlated with muscle strength and ROM. Multivariate linear regression analysis showed that a higher CR1/CR2 value was associated with a higher muscle strength and joint mobility. The CR1 > CR2 group had better muscle strength and ROM than the CR1 ≤ CR2 groups. CONCLUSION B-ultrasound measurement can quantitatively reflect muscle strength following gracilis transfer, and CR value could be a potential indicator for functional recovery of the transplanted gracilis muscle. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Prognostic studies, Level II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Hou
- Department of Orthopedics, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, No. 7, Weiwu Road, Zhengzhou, 450003, China
| | - Jiantao Yang
- Department of Microsurgery and Orthopedic Trauma, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 58 Second Zhongshan Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Bengang Qin
- Department of Microsurgery and Orthopedic Trauma, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 58 Second Zhongshan Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Liqiang Gu
- Department of Microsurgery and Orthopedic Trauma, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 58 Second Zhongshan Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Jia Zheng
- Department of Orthopedics, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, No. 7, Weiwu Road, Zhengzhou, 450003, China.
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22
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Johnson AW, Bruening DA, Violette VA, Perkins KV, Thompson CL, Ridge ST. Ultrasound Imaging Is Reliable for Tibialis Posterior Size Measurements. JOURNAL OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE 2020; 39:2305-2312. [PMID: 32412115 DOI: 10.1002/jum.15340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The tibialis posterior (TP) is a vital muscle for controlling the medial longitudinal arch of the foot during weight-bearing activities. Dysfunction of this muscle is associated with a variety of pathologic conditions; thus, it is important to reliably assess its morphologic characteristics. Ultrasound (US) has been used to assess characteristics of TP tendons but not the muscle cross-sectional area (CSA). The purpose of this study was to establish a reliable US technique to measure the TP CSA and thickness. METHODS Twenty-three healthy volunteers participated. We evaluated the CSA and thickness at 4 measurement locations (anterior and posterior views at both 30% and 50% of the shank length). RESULTS The participants included 12 female and 11 male volunteers (mean age ± SD, 31.23 ± 14.93 years). Excellent reliability was seen for the CSA and thickness at all locations (intraclass correlation coefficients, 0.988-0.998). Limits of agreement (LoA) and standard errors of the measurement (SEMs) were slightly lower at the 30% locations (LoA at 30%, 4.6-9.2; LoA at 50%, 6.4-9.7; SEM at 30%, 0.03-0.05; SEM at 50%, 0.04-0.07). Strong correlations were seen between anterior and posterior measurements of the CSA (30%, r = 0.99; P < .0001; 50%, r = 0.94; P < .0001) and thickness (30%, r = 0.98; P < .0001; 50%, r = 0.95; P = .0001). CONCLUSIONS Based on these results, the TP can be measured accurately with US at any of the tested locations. Due to the ease of collection and the quality of the data, we recommend the anterior view at 30% of the shank length to measure the CSA. The ability to assess muscle size of the TP will aid in a variety of medical and research applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wayne Johnson
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Dustin A Bruening
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | | | - Keisha V Perkins
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | | | - Sarah T Ridge
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
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Protopapas K, Perry SD. The effect of a 12-week custom foot orthotic intervention on muscle size and muscle activity of the intrinsic foot muscle of young adults during gait termination. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2020; 78:105063. [PMID: 32521283 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2020.105063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tissue stress theory is commonly used to prescribe foot orthoses, however the mechanisms of foot orthoses are not understood well. The effect foot orthotics have on the plantar intrinsic muscles remains unclear. The study was designed to assess changes in muscle size and activity of the intrinsic muscles of individuals with pes planus after wearing custom-made foot orthotics for 12-weeks. METHODS Eighteen young adults with pes planus were allocated by stratified sampling into the orthotic group (n = 9) or control group (n = 9). Ultrasonography measured the cross-sectional area of the flexor digitorum brevis, abductor digiti minimi, and abductor hallucis at baseline, 6 and 12-weeks. Subsequently, participants completed an unexpected gait termination protocol (12 of 50 trials unexpected) and average electromyography magnitude was recorded. FINDINGS After 12-weeks the orthotic group cross-sectional area significantly decreased by 9.6% (P < .001) for the flexor digitorum brevis, 17.1% for abductor digiti minimi (P < .001) and 17.4% for abductor hallucis (P < .001). There were no significant differences of muscle activity magnitude for the intrinsic muscles. INTERPRETATION The short-term use of custom-made foot orthoses created a decrease in muscle size of the flexor digitorium brevis, abductor digiti minimi and abductor hallucis plantar intrinsic muscles but had no effect on muscle activity. Clinically, these results help to understand the adaptations that are created when foot orthoses are supporting a pes planus foot structure when reducing plantar pressures. These findings may help enhance the prescription of foot orthoses by adding a strength program to prevent disuse atrophy of these muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina Protopapas
- Department of Kinesiology & Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
| | - Stephen D Perry
- Department of Kinesiology & Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada; Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Johnson AW, Stoneman P, McClung MS, Van Wagoner N, Corey TE, Bruening DA, Hunter TD, Myrer JW, Ridge ST. Use of Cine Loops and Structural Landmarks in Ultrasound Image Processing Improves Reliability and Reduces Error in the Assessment of Foot and Leg Muscles. JOURNAL OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE 2020; 39:1107-1116. [PMID: 31837060 DOI: 10.1002/jum.15192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Foot and leg muscle strength and size are crucial to proper function. It is important to assess these characteristics reliably. Our primary objective was to compare the measurement of still images to cine loops. The secondary purpose was to determine interoperator and intraoperator reliability between operators of different experience levels using video clips and internal and external landmarks. METHODS Twelve healthy volunteers participated in our study. Internal (navicular tuberosity) and external (lateral leg length at 30% and 50% from the knee joint line) landmarks were used. Two operators each captured and later measured still and cine loop images of selected foot and leg muscles. RESULTS The 12 participants included 8 male and 4 female volunteers (mean age ± SD, 23.5 ± 1.9 years). Good to excellent intraoperator and interoperator reliability was seen (intraclass correlation coefficient range of 0.946-0.998). The use of cine loops improved the intraclass correlation coefficients for both intraoperator and interoperator reliability (0.5%-4% increases). The use of cine loops decreased the intraoperator standard error of the measurement and limits of agreement of the novice operator (decreases of 45%-73% and 24%-51%, respectively), and these became comparable to those of experienced operators using still images. The interoperator standard errors of the measurement dropped by 42% to 53%, whereas the limits of agreement dropped by 27% to 40%. No substantial changes were noted in the tibialis anterior across reliability metrics. CONCLUSIONS Improved protocols that take advantage of using internal bony landmarks and cine loops during both the image-gathering and measurement processes improve the reliability of research examining muscle size changes in the lower leg or foot associated with muscle changes due to exercise, injury, disuse, or disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wayne Johnson
- Departments of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Paul Stoneman
- Department of Physical Therapy, Rocky Mountain University of Health Professions, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Matthew S McClung
- Departments of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | | | - Taryn E Corey
- Departments of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Dustin A Bruening
- Departments of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | | | - J William Myrer
- Departments of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Sarah T Ridge
- Departments of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
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Franettovich Smith MM, Collins NJ, Mellor R, Grimaldi A, Elliott J, Hoggarth M, Weber Ii KA, Vicenzino B. Foot exercise plus education versus wait and see for the treatment of plantar heel pain (FEET trial): a protocol for a feasibility study. J Foot Ankle Res 2020; 13:20. [PMID: 32384905 PMCID: PMC7206811 DOI: 10.1186/s13047-020-00384-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plantar heel pain (PHP) is present in a wide range of individuals and creates significant burden to quality of life and participation in physical activity. The high recurrence rates and persistence of PHP suggests current management options may not address all potentially modifiable factors associated with the condition. Reports of intrinsic foot muscle (IFM) atrophy in individuals with PHP, together with biomechanical evidence of their important contribution to optimal foot function, suggests that an intervention focused on IFM training may be beneficial in managing PHP. We will test the feasibility of a prospective, assessor-blinded, parallel-group, randomised clinical trial that compares foot exercise plus education to brief advice in individuals with PHP. Methods Twenty participants with PHP will be randomly allocated to one of two groups for a 12-week intervention period: (i) foot exercise plus education, or (ii) brief advice. The foot exercise plus education group will attend eight sessions with a physiotherapist and receive detailed education on self-management strategies as well as a progressive exercise program for the IFMs. The brief advice group will attend one session with a physiotherapist and receive brief information about self-management strategies and reassurance. Outcome measures will be obtained at baseline and the primary end-point of 12 weeks. Primary outcomes will be the feasibility of conducting a full-scale randomised clinical trial (RCT), and the credibility and acceptability of the foot exercise plus education intervention. Secondary outcomes will explore treatment effects, which will consist of pain, physical function, physical activity level, pain self-efficacy, perceived treatment effect, magnetic resonance and ultrasound image measurement of IFM morphology, ultrasound imaging measurement of plantar fascia thickness, IFM motor performance, foot posture, foot mobility, ankle dorsiflexion range of motion, toe flexor and plantar flexor strength/endurance. Discussion To reduce the burden of PHP on individuals and society, there is a need to establish effective treatments that are feasible and accepted by patients and health professionals. This trial will be the first to evaluate the feasibility of conducting a full-scale RCT, as well as the credibility, acceptability, and treatment effects, of education and foot exercise for PHP. The findings of this study will inform the development of a full-scale RCT. Trial registration The trial protocol was prospectively registered with the Australia and New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry (ACTRN12619000987167) on 11th July 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda M Franettovich Smith
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia.
| | - Natalie J Collins
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia.,La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Melbourne, 3086, Australia
| | - Rebecca Mellor
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Alison Grimaldi
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia.,PhysioTec Physiotherapy, Brisbane, Queensland, 4121, Australia
| | - James Elliott
- Faculty of Medicine and Health and The Kolling Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia.,Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mark Hoggarth
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kenneth A Weber Ii
- Systems Neuroscience and Pain Lab, Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Bill Vicenzino
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
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26
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Navicular drop is negatively associated with flexor hallucis brevis thickness in community-dwelling older adults. Gait Posture 2020; 78:30-34. [PMID: 32199231 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2020.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flatfoot is characterized as a lower longitudinal arch and is a common foot deformity in older adults. Foot intrinsic muscle dysfunction has been considered as one of the factors for a lower medial longitudinal arch. The objective of this study was to investigate the association of the navicular drop with the thickness of foot intrinsic muscles in older adults. RESEARCH QUESTION Which intrinsic muscle contributes most to support the medial longitudinal arch in older adults? METHODS We studied 88 community-dwelling older adults (mean age 74.2 ± 6.2 years). We measured the navicular height, the calcaneus inclination, and hallux valgus angle on the right foot in the sitting and standing positions using a 3D foot scanner. Then, we calculated the navicular drop and changes in the calcaneus inclination from the sitting to the standing position. The muscle thickness of the flexor hallucis brevis (FHB), flexor digitorum brevis (FDB), and abductor hallucis (AbH) was measured on the right foot using Bmode ultrasonography. RESULTS Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that FHB thickness was significantly associated with navicular height in the standing positions (β = 8.568, P = 0.016) as well as navicular drop (β = -9.495, P = 0.037) after adjusting for age, sex, height, weight, and hallux valgus angle. There was no association with FDB or AbH. The thickness of any intrinsic muscle was not associated with the calcaneus inclination or changes in the calcaneus inclination. SIGNIFICANCE Our data suggest that FHB plays an important role in preventing navicular drop and that intrinsic muscles likely do not contribute to the rearfoot angle in older adults.
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De-la-Cruz-Torres B, Barrera-García-Martín I, De la Cueva-Reguera M, Bravo-Aguilar M, Blanco-Morales M, Navarro-Flores E, Romero-Morales C, Abuín-Porras V. Does Function Determine the Structure? Changes in Flexor Hallucis Longus Muscle and the Associated Performance Related to Dance Modality: A Cross-Sectional Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 56:medicina56040186. [PMID: 32316305 PMCID: PMC7230629 DOI: 10.3390/medicina56040186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Flexor hallucis longus pathology is one of the most common conditions of the ankle and foot in dancers, due to the high demand of dance movements performed in an extreme plantar flexion and dorsiflexion range of motion. The objectives of this study were to determine the bilateral differences between the thickness and cross-sectional area of the flexor hallucis longus muscle in dancers, to establish possible differences between dance modalities, and to analyze whether there is a correlation between ultrasonographic parameters or performance variables and the dance modality. Material and Methods: A sample of 50 (29 classical and 21 contemporary) full-time pre-professional female dancers were included in the study. The thickness and cross-sectional area of the flexor hallucis longus muscle were evaluated for both limbs using ultrasound imaging. The range of movement of the first metatarsophalangeal joint was measured using functional extension with maximal ankle plantarflexion, balance was measured in a unilateral stance with the heel raised, endurance was evaluated through a modified heel rise fatigue test, and a counter movement jump to assess the vertical jump performance was measured bilaterally. Results: There were no significant differences recorded between the dominant and non-dominant limbs for each variable, within both groups. Contemporary dancers showed a greater thickness and cross-sectional area of the flexor hallucis longus muscle than classical dancers. However, classical dancers showed an increase of balance, endurance, range of movement of the first metatarsophalangeal joint, and counter movement jump with respect to contemporary dancers. Conclusion: Bilateral symmetry was identified in all variables for both groups. The size and performance of the flexor hallucis longus muscle may be influenced by the specific nature of dance modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca De-la-Cruz-Torres
- Department of Physiotherapy, University of Seville, Avicena Street, 41009 Sevilla, Spain; (B.D.-l.-C.-T.); (I.B.-G.-M.)
| | - Irene Barrera-García-Martín
- Department of Physiotherapy, University of Seville, Avicena Street, 41009 Sevilla, Spain; (B.D.-l.-C.-T.); (I.B.-G.-M.)
| | - Mónica De la Cueva-Reguera
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain; (M.D.l.C.-R.); (M.B.-A.); (M.B.-M.); (V.A.-P.)
| | - María Bravo-Aguilar
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain; (M.D.l.C.-R.); (M.B.-A.); (M.B.-M.); (V.A.-P.)
| | - María Blanco-Morales
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain; (M.D.l.C.-R.); (M.B.-A.); (M.B.-M.); (V.A.-P.)
| | - Emmanuel Navarro-Flores
- Frailty Research Organized Group (FROG), Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Podiatry, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Carlos Romero-Morales
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain; (M.D.l.C.-R.); (M.B.-A.); (M.B.-M.); (V.A.-P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Vanesa Abuín-Porras
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain; (M.D.l.C.-R.); (M.B.-A.); (M.B.-M.); (V.A.-P.)
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28
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Kudo S, Sakamoto K, Shirakawa T. Comparison of foot kinematics and the morphology of intrinsic musculature of the foot using a foot-type classification based on function. J Phys Ther Sci 2020; 32:238-242. [PMID: 32184540 PMCID: PMC7064354 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.32.238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to investigate a correlation between the
morphology of the intrinsic musculature of the foot and foot kinematics during gait using
a foot type classification based on the windlass function. [Participants and Methods] We
examined 67 feet of 35 healthy participants in this study. We collected three-dimensional
foot kinematic data during gait from the Oxford Foot Model and assessed the morphology of
the flexor digitorum brevis, abductor hallucis, adductor halluces (oblique head), and
abductor digiti minimi muscles using B-mode ultrasound. Using the Foot Posture Index
(six-item version), we divided static foot postures into two groups: normal arch and
flatfoot. Subsequently, we compared foot kinematics and the morphology of the intrinsic
musculature among the four groups using the analysis of variance with the Bonferroni test.
[Results] Foot kinematics of the flatfoot-adduction type during gait significantly
differed from that of the normal arch-abduction type. The abductor digiti minimi of the
flatfoot-adduction type was significantly thinner than that of the normal arch-abduction
type. [Conclusion] There may be some variations in flatfoot, and the flatfoot-abduction
type might not be a risk factor for overuse injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintarou Kudo
- Department of Physical Therapy, Morinomiya University of Medical Sciences: 1-26-16 Nanko-kita, Suminoe-ku, Osaka-shi, Osaka 559-8611, Japan.,Graduate School of Health Sciences, Morinomiya University of Medical Sciences, Japan
| | - Kodai Sakamoto
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Morinomiya University of Medical Sciences, Japan
| | - Takeshi Shirakawa
- Department of Rehabilitation, AR-Ex Medical Group Toritudai Orthopedics Clinic, Japan
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de-la-Cruz-Torres B, Barrera-García-Martín I, Cueva-Reguera MDL, Bravo-Aguilar M, Abuin-Porras V, Romero-Morales C. Ultrasound imaging features of the Achilles tendon in dancers. Is there a correlation between the imaging and clinical findings? A cross-sectional study. Phys Ther Sport 2020; 43:181-187. [PMID: 32203702 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2020.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To analyze the prevalence of tendon pathology and performance associated in pre-professional classic dancers with no history of Achilles tendon (AT) pain. DESIGN A cross-sectional study was conducted. PARTICIPANTS Twenty-nine classic ballet dancers without AT pain (58 tendons) were recruited. The tendons were classified (normal, abnormal) using ultrasound imaging (USI). Cross-sectional area (CSA) and thickness of flexor hallucis longus (FHL) muscle were measured using USI. Range of movement (ROM) of the first metatarsophalangeal join, balance test, endurance test and vertical jump were measured (bilaterally) as performance variables. RESULTS More than a half (62%) of the participants had at least one abnormal tendon, with 45% of the dancers in the abnormal group having bilateral abnormalities. Dancers with AT pathology had significantly more years of dancing and number of weekly pointe hours than those with no pathology on US imaging. No significant differences between the groups were identified for the rest of the variables. Dancing years were moderately correlated with AT thickness. CONCLUSIONS Asymptomatic classic dancers had a high incidence of tendon pathology. Increased dancing years was associated with pathology in the AT. Nevertheless, these abnormalities may not affect dance performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mónica de la Cueva-Reguera
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, C/ Tajo s/n, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Bravo-Aguilar
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, C/ Tajo s/n, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vanesa Abuin-Porras
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, C/ Tajo s/n, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Carlos Romero-Morales
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, C/ Tajo s/n, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670, Madrid, Spain
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Direct muscle electrical stimulation as a method for the in vivo assessment of force production in m. abductor hallucis. J Biomech 2020; 100:109606. [PMID: 31964519 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2020.109606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In vivo assessment of the force-generating capacity of m. abductor hallucis (AbH) is problematic due to its combined abduction-flexion action and the inability of some individuals to voluntarily activate the muscle. This study investigated direct muscle electrical stimulation as a method to assess isometric force production in AbH about the 1st metatarsal phalangeal joint (1MPJ) at different muscle-tendon lengths, with the aim of identifying an optimal angle for force production. A 7 s stimulation train was delivered at 20 Hz pulse frequency and sub-maximal (150% motor threshold) intensity to the AbH of the left foot in 16 participants whilst seated, and with the Hallux suspended from a force transducer in 0°,5°,10°,15° and 20° 1MPJ dorsal flexion. Reflective markers positioned on the foot and force transducer were tracked with 5 optical cameras to continuously record the force profile and calculate the external 1MPJ joint flexion moment at each joint configuration. A parabolic relationship was found between AbH force production and 1MPJ configuration. The highest 1MPJ joint moments induced by electrical stimulation were found between 10° and 15° of Hallux dorsal flexion. However, the joint angle (p < 0.001; η2 = 0.86) changed significantly across all but one 1MPJ configurations tested during the stimulation-evoked contraction, resulting in a significant change in the corresponding external moment arm (p < 0.001; η2 = 0.83). Therefore, the changes in joint geometry during contraction should be accounted for to prevent an underestimation of the resulting joint moment. We conclude that direct muscle electrical stimulation combined with dynamometry offers a robust method for standardised assessment of AbH sub-maximal isometric force production.
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Henderson AD, Johnson AW, Rasmussen LG, Peine WP, Symons SH, Scoresby KA, Ridge ST, Bruening DA. Early-Stage Diabetic Neuropathy Reduces Foot Strength and Intrinsic but Not Extrinsic Foot Muscle Size. J Diabetes Res 2020; 2020:9536362. [PMID: 32258170 PMCID: PMC7091556 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9536362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tracking progression of diabetic peripheral polyneuropathy (DPN) is usually focused on sensory nerves and subjective testing methods. Recent studies have suggested that distal muscle atrophy may precede sensation loss. Methods to objectively measure distal muscle size and strength are needed to help understand how neuropathy affects muscle function. PURPOSE To evaluate individual intrinsic and extrinsic foot muscle sizes and functional foot strength in participants with DPN. METHODS Thirty individuals participated in this cross-sectional study (15 DPN and 15 matched controls). Sizes of 10 separate muscles of the lower leg and foot were measured using ultrasound imaging. Functional foot strength was also quantified using custom great toe and lateral toe flexion tests along with a doming test. Muscle size and strength metrics were compared between groups using ANOVAs and paired t-tests (α = 0.05). Correlations between strength and relevant muscle sizes were also evaluated. RESULTS The sizes of all four intrinsic foot muscles were smaller in individuals with DPN (p ≤ 0.03), while only one (toe extensor) of the six extrinsic muscles was smaller (p ≤ 0.03), while only one (toe extensor) of the six extrinsic muscles was smaller (p ≤ 0.03), while only one (toe extensor) of the six extrinsic muscles was smaller (p ≤ 0.03), while only one (toe extensor) of the six extrinsic muscles was smaller (r ≤ 0.80) with several corresponding intrinsic muscle sizes. The doming strength test did not show any difference between groups and was moderately correlated with one muscle size (r ≤ 0.80) with several corresponding intrinsic muscle sizes. The doming strength test did not show any difference between groups and was moderately correlated with one muscle size (. CONCLUSION Diabetic peripheral polyneuropathy affects intrinsic muscles before extrinsics. Ultrasound imaging of individual muscles and functional toe flexion tests can be used clinically to monitor DPN progression and foot function. Participants need to be trained in the doming test before a relationship can be established between this test and DPN foot function. Future studies should include muscle quality measurements to better understand characteristics of affected muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A. Wayne Johnson
- Exercise Sciences Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | | | - Weston P. Peine
- Exercise Sciences Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Sydney H. Symons
- Exercise Sciences Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Kade A. Scoresby
- Exercise Sciences Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Sarah T. Ridge
- Exercise Sciences Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
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32
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Lee DR, Choi YE. Effects of a 6-week intrinsic foot muscle exercise program on the functions of intrinsic foot muscle and dynamic balance in patients with chronic ankle instability. J Exerc Rehabil 2019; 15:709-714. [PMID: 31723561 PMCID: PMC6834706 DOI: 10.12965/jer.1938488.244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to evaluate the effects of a 6-week intrinsic foot muscle exercise program on the activation of intrinsic foot muscle movement and dynamic balance in adults with chronic ankle stability. A total of 30 adults with chronic ankle instability were recruited. The participants were randomly assigned to a group performing intrinsic foot muscle exercises and a control group doing no exercises. We measured the activation rate and dynamic balance of the abductor hallucis, flexor digitorum brevis, flexor hallucis brevis, and quadratus plantae before and after the intervention. We found that the activation rate and dynamic balance significantly increased in all intrinsic foot muscles in the experimental group. These results suggest that intrinsic foot muscle exercise for patients with chronic ankle stability is an effective treatment for improving the functions and balance ability of the intrinsic foot muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Rour Lee
- Department of Rehabilitation Therapy Team, Good Gang-An Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Young-Eun Choi
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Medicine, Kaya University, Gimhae, Korea
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33
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Taş S, Ünlüer NÖ, Korkusuz F. Morphological and mechanical properties of plantar fascia and intrinsic foot muscles in individuals with and without flat foot. J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong) 2019; 26:2309499018802482. [PMID: 30270752 DOI: 10.1177/2309499018802482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Many musculoskeletal disorders are associated with over-pronated foot and decreased medial longitudinal arch (MLA) height. Foot intrinsic muscles and plantar fascia (PF) are the primary structures that support MLA. An important reason for the over-pronated foot and the reduction in the MLA height may be the morphological characteristics of the foot intrinsic muscles and PF as well as changes in their mechanical properties. The aim of the present study is to investigate the morphologic structure and mechanical properties of PF, flexor hallucis brevis (FHB), flexor digitorum brevis (FDB), and abductor hallucis (AbH) muscles in individuals with flat foot and to compare the results with those of healthy individuals. METHODS The study included 80 participants, 40 with flat foot and 40 with normal foot posture. The foot posture of the participants was assessed using the Foot Posture Index. PF, FHB, FDB, and AbH thickness and stiffness were measured with an ultrasonography device using a linear ultrasonography probe. RESULTS Individuals with flat foot had higher AbH thickness compared to individuals with normal foot posture ( p < 0.001), whereas both groups were similar in terms of PF ( p = 0.188), FHB ( p = 0.627), and FDB ( p = 0.212) thickness. Stiffness values of the assessed tissues were similar in both groups ( p > 0.05). CONCLUSION AbH thickness was higher in individuals with flat foot; however, PF, FHB, and FDB thickness were similar in both groups. In addition, our results suggest that foot posture is not related to the stiffness of the assessed tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serkan Taş
- 1 School of Health Sciences, Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Toros University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Nezehat Özgül Ünlüer
- 2 Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Feza Korkusuz
- 3 School of Medicine, Department of Sports Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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Park YH, Choi WS, Choi GW, Kim HJ. Intra- and Interobserver Reliability of Size Measurement of Morton Neuromas on Sonography. JOURNAL OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE 2019; 38:2341-2345. [PMID: 30618089 DOI: 10.1002/jum.14928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Sonography is often used for analysis of Morton neuromas, but the measurement reliability is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the intra- and interobserver reliability and precision of sonographic measurement of Morton neuromas. METHODS Three observers with different levels of sonography experience (observer A, expert; observer B, intermediate; observer C, beginner) performed repeated measurements of the size of Morton's neuroma in 20 patients. Intraclass correlation coefficient and limit of agreement were used to evaluate reliability and measurement precision. RESULTS The intraclass correlation coefficient for intraobserver reliability was 0.80, 0.71, and 0.43 (limit of agreement, 20%, 18%, and 47%) in observers A, B, and C, respectively. The intraclass correlation coefficient for interobserver reliability was 0.72, 0.38, and 0.38 (limit of agreement, 25%, 36%, and 35%) between observers A/B, A/C, and B/C, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The intra- and interobserver reliability values for sonographic measurement of Morton neuroma size were dependent on observer experience. Experienced observers had higher reliability, while observers who were less familiar with sonography showed moderate to low reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Hwan Park
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Seok Choi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gi Won Choi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Korea
| | - Hak Jun Kim
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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Detection of Gluteal Changes Using Ultrasound Imaging During Phases of Gait in Individuals With Medial Knee Displacement. J Sport Rehabil 2019. [DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2017-0336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Reeves JE, Jones R, Liu A, Bent L, Nester C. The relationship between toe grip strength and intrinsic muscle morphology. FOOTWEAR SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2019.1606061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Emma Reeves
- University of Salford College of Health and Social Care, Salford, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard Jones
- University of Salford College of Health and Social Care, Salford, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Anmin Liu
- University of Salford College of Health and Social Care, Salford, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Leah Bent
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher Nester
- University of Salford College of Health and Social Care, Salford, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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Repeatability and accuracy of a foot muscle strength dynamometer. Med Eng Phys 2019; 67:102-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Franettovich Smith MM, Hides JA, Hodges PW, Collins NJ. Intrinsic foot muscle size can be measured reliably in weight bearing using ultrasound imaging. Gait Posture 2019; 68:369-374. [PMID: 30583193 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2018.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The intrinsic foot muscles (IFMs) are important contributors to optimal foot function. While assessment of IFM morphology using ultrasound imaging in non-weight bearing has been established, this does not evaluate the foot in its primary functional position of weight bearing. RESEARCH QUESTION Is ultrasound imaging a reliable and clinically feasible method of measuring IFM morphology in weight bearing, do these measures differ to those from non-weight bearing and are they associated with participant characteristics? METHODS Ultrasound images were obtained by a single rater from twenty-four healthy participants on two occasions, one week apart. Images were taken in weight bearing (bilateral stance) and non-weight bearing (seated). Cross-sectional area and thickness of the abductor hallucis muscle, and dorsoplantar thickness of the muscles of the first interstitium were measured from acquired images. A second rater also acquired images at the first session. Participant characteristics included age, height, weight, sex, foot posture and foot mobility. RESULTS Measurements of IFM morphology demonstrated high reliability within and between test sessions, as well as between raters (ICCs > 0.8). Our findings suggest that changes of 10-18% could be considered to exceed measurement error. Larger IFM size was related to larger body size (taller, heavier), foot posture (longer foot, higher arch, wider midfoot) and male sex. SIGNIFICANCE This study is the first to describe a reliable and clinically feasible method of measuring IFM morphology in weight bearing. These measurements could be used in future studies to assess IFM morphology in patient populations and to evaluate the effect of intervention. Body size and foot posture explained between 20 and 41% of the variance in measurements and should be considered when comparing IFM morphology between individuals. The establishment of reliable measurements in weight bearing provides a crucial step towards the future evaluation of IFM function using ultrasound imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda M Franettovich Smith
- School of Physiotherapy, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, 4014, Australia; The University of Queensland, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Brisbane, 4072, Australia.
| | - Julie A Hides
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Brisbane, 4111, Australia.
| | - Paul W Hodges
- The University of Queensland, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Brisbane, 4072, Australia.
| | - Natalie J Collins
- The University of Queensland, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Brisbane, 4072, Australia.
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Garofolini A, Taylor S. The effect of running on foot muscles and bones: A systematic review. Hum Mov Sci 2019; 64:75-88. [PMID: 30682645 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite the widespread evidence of running as a health-preserving exercise, little is known concerning its effect on the foot musculature and bones. While running may influence anatomical foot adaptation, it remains unclear to what extent these adaptations occur. The aim of this paper is to provide a systematic review of the studies that investigated the effects of running and the adaptations that occur in foot muscles and bones. The search was performed following the PRISMA guidelines. Relevant keywords were used for the search through PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus and SPORTDiscus. The methodological quality of intervention studies was assessed using the Downs and Black checklist. For cross-sectional studies, the Newcastle-Ottawa scale was used. Sixteen studies were found meeting the inclusion criteria. In general, the included studies were deemed to be of moderate methodological quality. Although results of relevant literature are limited and somewhat contradictory, the outcome suggests that running may increase foot muscle volume, muscle cross-sectional area and bone density, but this seems to depend on training volume and experience. Future studies conducted in this area should aim for a standard way of reporting foot muscle/bone characteristics. Also, herein, suggestions for future research are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simon Taylor
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
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Mattock J, Steele JR, Mickle KJ. A protocol to prospectively assess risk factors for medial tibial stress syndrome in distance runners. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2018; 10:20. [PMID: 30479774 PMCID: PMC6251115 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-018-0109-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS) is a lower leg injury with a reported incidence rate of up to 35% in active individuals. Although numerous prospective studies have tried to identify risk factors for developing MTSS, managing the syndrome remains difficult. One risk factor yet to be extensively explored in MTSS development is reduced lower leg girth. Further investigation of reduced lower leg girth is required due to the important role lower leg musculature plays in attenuating ground reaction forces during the gait cycle. Therefore, the primary aim of this study is to ascertain whether lower leg muscle morphology and function contribute to the development of MTSS. Our ultimate aim is to identify potential risk factors for MTSS that can be targeted in future studies to better manage the injury or, preferably, prevent individuals developing MTSS. Methods This study will be prospective in design and will recruit asymptomatic distance runners. All participants will be tested at base line and participants will have their training data longitudinally tracked over the following 12 months to assess any individuals who develop MTSS symptoms. At base line, outcome measures will include bilateral measures of lower limb anthropometry; cross sectional area (CSA) and thickness of the tibialis anterior, peroneals, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus and thickness of soleus, medial and lateral head of gastrocnemius. Tibial bone speed of sound, ankle dorsiflexion range of motion, strength of the six previously described muscles, foot alignment and ankle plantar flexor endurance will also be assessed. Participants will also complete a treadmill running protocol where three-dimensional kinematics, plantar pressure distribution and electromyography data will be collected. Discussion This study will aim to identify characteristics of individuals who develop MTSS and, in turn, identify modifiable risk factors that can be targeted to prevent individuals developing this injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Mattock
- 1Biomechanics Research Laboratory, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW Australia
| | - Julie R Steele
- 1Biomechanics Research Laboratory, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW Australia
| | - Karen J Mickle
- 2Institute of Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC Australia
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Tanaka T, Suga T, Imai Y, Ueno H, Misaki J, Miyake Y, Otsuka M, Nagano A, Isaka T. Characteristics of lower leg and foot muscle thicknesses in sprinters: Does greater foot muscles contribute to sprint performance? Eur J Sport Sci 2018; 19:442-450. [PMID: 30360695 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1534991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to determine the differences in thicknesses of the lower leg and foot muscles between sprinters and non-sprinters and to examine the relationship between these muscle thicknesses and sprint performance in sprinters. Twenty-six well-trained sprinters and 26 body size-matched non-sprinters participated in this study. Total 9 muscle thicknesses of bilateral lower leg and foot muscles in participants were measured using ultrasonography. Regarding the lower leg muscles, thicknesses of the tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius medial, and gastrocnemius lateral were measured. Regarding the foot muscles, thicknesses of the flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, peroneal longus and brevis, abductor hallucis, flexor digitorum brevis, and flexor hallucis brevis were measured. Most muscle thicknesses were significantly larger in sprinters than in non-sprinters. The differences in mean thicknesses of both legs between the two groups were greater in the foot muscles, where it ranged from 10.2% to 17.1%, than in the lower leg muscles, where it ranged from -0.9% to 9.4%. Among foot muscles, the thickness of only the abductor hallucis was positively correlated with the personal best 100-m sprint time in sprinters (r = 0.419, P = 0.033), indicating that a greater abductor hallucis may be a negative factor for superior sprint performance. These findings suggest that although the foot muscles in addition to the lower leg muscles are more developed in sprinters than in non-sprinters, these muscle sizes may not contribute to achieve superior sprint performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Tanaka
- a Faculty of Sport and Health Science , Ritsumeikan University , Kusatsu , Japan
| | - Tadashi Suga
- a Faculty of Sport and Health Science , Ritsumeikan University , Kusatsu , Japan
| | - Yuya Imai
- a Faculty of Sport and Health Science , Ritsumeikan University , Kusatsu , Japan
| | - Hiromasa Ueno
- a Faculty of Sport and Health Science , Ritsumeikan University , Kusatsu , Japan
| | - Jun Misaki
- a Faculty of Sport and Health Science , Ritsumeikan University , Kusatsu , Japan
| | - Yuto Miyake
- a Faculty of Sport and Health Science , Ritsumeikan University , Kusatsu , Japan
| | - Mitsuo Otsuka
- a Faculty of Sport and Health Science , Ritsumeikan University , Kusatsu , Japan
| | - Akinori Nagano
- a Faculty of Sport and Health Science , Ritsumeikan University , Kusatsu , Japan
| | - Tadao Isaka
- a Faculty of Sport and Health Science , Ritsumeikan University , Kusatsu , Japan
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Evaluation of the activities of the medial and lateral heads of quadratus plantae in flexion movements of the lateral four toes using ultrasound real-time tissue elastography. Foot (Edinb) 2018; 36:25-29. [PMID: 30326349 DOI: 10.1016/j.foot.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Quadratus plantae (QP), one of the plantar intrinsic foot muscles, assist plantarflexion of the lesser toes. QP has medial and lateral muscle heads with different anatomical structures. The two heads of this muscle may have different roles in foot function. Ultrasound real-time tissue elastography (RTE) measurements have allowed quantitative assessment of deep-layer muscle elasticity. The purpose of this study was to determine the activity of the QP in flexion movements of the lateral four toes using RTE. Thirteen healthy subjects performed maximal voluntary contractions using a hand-held dynamometer with external belt fixation for each toe flexion movement. The elasticity of the muscles were measured using RTE during rest and flexion of each toe. The strain ratio of the muscle to that in an acoustic coupler was calculated as an index of muscle elasticity. Higher strain ratio values imply lower elasticity. The strain ratio of the medial head of QP for second toe flexion (0.10±0.11) was significantly stiffer than at rest (0.34±0.33). The strain ratios of the lateral head of QP for flexion of the second (0.32±0.19), third (0.41±0.37), fourth (0.33±0.26), and fifth (0.45±0.39) toes were significantly stiffer than at rest (1.02±0.68). These results suggest that the medial head of QP has a role in assisting second-toe flexion, and the lateral head has a role in assisting flexion of all four lateral toes.
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Latey PJ, Burns J, Nightingale EJ, Clarke JL, Hiller CE. Reliability and correlates of cross-sectional area of abductor hallucis and the medial belly of the flexor hallucis brevis measured by ultrasound. J Foot Ankle Res 2018; 11:28. [PMID: 29977344 PMCID: PMC5992769 DOI: 10.1186/s13047-018-0259-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Weakness of the intrinsic foot muscles is thought to produce deformity, disability and pain. Assessing intrinsic foot muscles in isolation is a challenge; however ultrasound might provide a solution. The aims of this study were to assess the reproducibility of assessing the size of abductor halluces (AbH) and the medial belly of flexor hallucis brevis (FHBM) muscles, and identify their relationship with toe strength, foot morphology and balance. Methods Twenty one participants aged 26–64 years were measured on two occasions for muscle cross-sectional area using a Siemens Acuson X300 Ultrasound System with 5-13 MHz linear array transducer. Great toe flexor strength was measured by pedobarography, the paper grip test and hand-held dynamometry. Foot morphology was assessed by foot length, truncated foot length, Foot Posture Index (FPI) and dorsal arch height. Balance was measured by the maximal step test. Intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC3,1) were used to evaluate intra-rater reliability. Pearson’s correlation coefficients were performed to assess associations between muscle size and strength, morphology and balance measures. To account for the influence of physical body size, partial correlations were also performed controlling for truncated foot length. Results Intra-rater reliability was excellent for AbH (ICC3,1 = 0.97) and FHBM (ICC3,1 = 0.96). Significant associations were found between cross-sectional area of AbH and great toe flexion force measured standing by pedobarography (r = .623, p = .003),), arch height measured sitting (r = .597, p = .004) and standing (r = .590, p = .005), foot length (r = .582, p = 006), truncated foot length (r = .580, p = .006), balance (r = .443, p = .044), weight (r = .662, p = .001), height (r = .559, p = .008), and BMI (r = .502, p = .020). Significant associations were found between cross-sectional area of FHBM and FPI (r = .544, p = .011), truncated foot length (r = .483, p = .027) and foot length (r = .451, p = .040). Significant partial associations were found between AbH and great toe flexion force in standing by pedobarography (r = .562, p = .012) and FHBM and the FPI (r = .631, p = .003). Conclusions Measuring the cross-sectional area of AbH and FHBM with ultrasound is reproducible. Measures of strength, morphology and balance appear to relate more to the size of AbH than FHBM. After controlling for physical body size, cross-sectional area of AbH remained a significant correlate of great toe flexor strength and might be a useful biomarker to measure early therapeutic response to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope J Latey
- 1Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Joshua Burns
- 1Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia.,2Paediatric Gait Analysis Service of New South Wales, Sydney Children's Hospitals Network (Randwick and Westmead), Sydney, NSW Australia
| | | | - Jillian L Clarke
- 2Paediatric Gait Analysis Service of New South Wales, Sydney Children's Hospitals Network (Randwick and Westmead), Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Claire E Hiller
- 1Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia
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Nakayama Y, Tashiro Y, Suzuki Y, Kajiwara Y, Zeidan H, Kawagoe M, Yokota Y, Sonoda T, Shimoura K, Tatsumi M, Nakai K, Nishida Y, Bito T, Yoshimi S, Aoyama T. Relationship between transverse arch height and foot muscles evaluated by ultrasound imaging device. J Phys Ther Sci 2018; 30:630-635. [PMID: 29706721 PMCID: PMC5909017 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.30.630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] Few studies on the transverse arch (TA) in the forefoot have been conducted.
The forefoot is where pains occur most frequently and is related to walking and balance;
hence, paying attention to TA is vital. However, the relationship between TA and foot
muscles has not been investigated. Therefore, this study aims to investigate muscles
related to TA. [Subjects and Methods] Nineteen healthy young males were included.
Measurements of their feet, excluding one foot with recent foot pain (n=37), were
obtained. The height of TA (TAH) was measured in two ways: during 10% and 90% loading of
body weight. The cross-sectional area and thickness of five muscles were measured: flexor
digitorum longus, peroneus longus and brevis, flexor hallucis brevis, flexor digitorum
brevis (FDB) and abductor hallucis (ABH). All measurements were performed with an
ultrasound device. [Results] FDB and ABH were correlated with TAH during 10% and 90%
loading after removing the effect of body mass index and age. The greater FDB and ABH, the
higher TAH. [Conclusion] As FDB becomes larger, the second, third and fourth metatarsal
heads are raised more. Furthermore, the height of the first metatarsal head is lowered by
a larger ABH. These mechanisms may increase TAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuaki Nakayama
- Department of Physical Therapy, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University: 53 Kawahara-cho Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yuto Tashiro
- Department of Physical Therapy, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University: 53 Kawahara-cho Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yusuke Suzuki
- Department of Physical Therapy, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University: 53 Kawahara-cho Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yu Kajiwara
- Department of Physical Therapy, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University: 53 Kawahara-cho Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.,Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Science, Kio University, Japan
| | - Hala Zeidan
- Department of Physical Therapy, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University: 53 Kawahara-cho Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Mirei Kawagoe
- Department of Physical Therapy, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University: 53 Kawahara-cho Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yuki Yokota
- Department of Physical Therapy, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University: 53 Kawahara-cho Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takuya Sonoda
- Department of Physical Therapy, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University: 53 Kawahara-cho Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kanako Shimoura
- Department of Physical Therapy, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University: 53 Kawahara-cho Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Masataka Tatsumi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University: 53 Kawahara-cho Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kengo Nakai
- Department of Physical Therapy, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University: 53 Kawahara-cho Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yuichi Nishida
- Department of Physical Therapy, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University: 53 Kawahara-cho Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Tsubasa Bito
- Department of Physical Therapy, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University: 53 Kawahara-cho Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Soyoka Yoshimi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University: 53 Kawahara-cho Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Tomoki Aoyama
- Department of Physical Therapy, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University: 53 Kawahara-cho Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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Mickle KJ, Nester CJ. Morphology of the Toe Flexor Muscles in Older Adults With Toe Deformities. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2018; 70:902-907. [PMID: 28834406 DOI: 10.1002/acr.23348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It has been suggested that atrophied or weak toe flexor muscles are associated with the formation of toe deformities, but there is little evidence to support this theory. This study aimed to determine whether the size of the toe flexor muscles differed in older adults with and without toe deformities. METHODS Forty-four older adults (>60 years) were recruited for the study. Each participant had their feet assessed for the presence of hallux valgus or lesser toe deformities. Intrinsic and extrinsic toe flexor muscles were imaged with an ultrasound system using a standardized protocol. Assessor-blinded measurements of muscle thickness and cross-sectional area were taken using Image J software. RESULTS Participants with lesser toe deformities (n = 20) were found to have significantly smaller quadratus plantae (P = 0.003), flexor digitorum brevis (P = 0.013), abductor hallucis (P = 0.004), and flexor hallucis brevis (P = 0.005) muscles than the participants without any toe deformities (n = 19). Female participants with hallux valgus (n = 10) were found to have significantly smaller abductor hallucis (P = 0.048) and flexor hallucis brevis (P = 0.013) muscles than the female participants without any toe deformities (n = 10; P < 0.05). CONCLUSION This is the first study to use ultrasound to investigate the size of the toe flexor muscles in older adults with hallux valgus and lesser toe deformities compared to otherwise healthy older adults. The sizes of the abductor hallucis and flexor hallucis brevis muscles were decreased in participants with hallux valgus, whereas the quadratus plantae, flexor digitorum brevis, abductor hallucis, and flexor hallucis brevis muscles were smaller in the participants with lesser toe deformities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen J Mickle
- Institute of Health and Sport, Victoria University, Footscray Park, Victoria, Australia
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Contributions of foot muscles and plantar fascia morphology to foot posture. Gait Posture 2018; 61:238-242. [PMID: 29413791 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2018.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The plantar foot muscles and plantar fascia differ between different foot postures. However, how each individual plantar structure contribute to foot posture has not been explored. The purpose of this study was to investigate the associations between static foot posture and morphology of plantar foot muscles and plantar fascia and thus the contributions of these structures to static foot posture. METHODS A total of 111 participants were recruited, 43 were classified as having pes planus and 68 as having normal foot posture using Foot Posture Index assessment tool. Images from the flexor digitorum longus (FDL), flexor hallucis longus (FHL), peroneus longus and brevis (PER), flexor hallucis brevis (FHB), flexor digitorum brevis (FDB) and abductor hallucis (AbH) muscles, and the calcaneal (PF1), middle (PF2) and metatarsal (PF3) regions of the plantar fascia were obtained using a Venue 40 ultrasound system with a 5-13 MHz transducer. RESULTS In order of decreasing contribution, PF3 > FHB > FHL > PER > FDB were all associated with FPI and able to explain 69% of the change in FPI scores. PF3 was the highest contributor explaining 52% of increases in FPI score. Decreased thickness was associated with increased FPI score. Smaller cross sectional area (CSA) in FHB and PER muscles explained 20% and 8% of increase in FPI score. Larger CSA of FDB and FHL muscles explained 4% and 14% increase in FPI score respectively. CONCLUSION The medial plantar structures and the plantar fascia appear to be the major contributors to static foot posture. Elucidating the individual contribution of multiple muscles of the foot could provide insight about their role in the foot posture.
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Coltman CE, Steele JR, McGhee DE. Can breast characteristics predict upper torso musculoskeletal pain? Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2018; 53:46-53. [PMID: 29448080 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have associated a large breast size with an increased prevalence and severity of musculoskeletal pain, particularly pain in the upper torso. Despite this evidence, no research has explored whether breast size or related characteristics are risk factors for upper torso musculoskeletal pain. METHODS A backward multiple regression analysis was performed to identify whether characteristics of the breasts and upper torso, as well as physical factors known to be associated with musculoskeletal pain, could predict musculoskeletal pain among a cohort of 378 Australian women aged 18 years and over who had a wide range of breast sizes. FINDINGS The model identified that breast volume, age and nipple-to-nipple distance predicted 23% of the variance in upper torso musculoskeletal pain reported by the participants. INTERPRETATION Women with a larger breast volume, lower age and a greater nipple-to-nipple distance were predicted to report a higher upper torso musculoskeletal pain score.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste E Coltman
- Biomechanics Research Laboratory, School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine & Health, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia.
| | - Julie R Steele
- Biomechanics Research Laboratory, School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine & Health, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia.
| | - Deirdre E McGhee
- Biomechanics Research Laboratory, School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine & Health, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia.
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48
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Test-retest reliability of ultrasound measures of intrinsic foot motor function. Phys Ther Sport 2018; 30:39-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2017.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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49
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Foot strength and stiffness are related to footwear use in a comparison of minimally- vs. conventionally-shod populations. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3679. [PMID: 29487321 PMCID: PMC5829167 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21916-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The longitudinal arch (LA) helps stiffen the foot during walking, but many people in developed countries suffer from flat foot, a condition characterized by reduced LA stiffness that can impair gait. Studies have found this condition is rare in people who are habitually barefoot or wear minimal shoes compared to people who wear conventional modern shoes, but the basis for this difference remains unknown. Here we test the hypothesis that the use of shoes with features that restrict foot motion (e.g. arch supports, toe boxes) is associated with weaker foot muscles and reduced foot stiffness. We collected data from minimally-shod men from northwestern Mexico and men from urban/suburban areas in the United States who wear ‘conventional’ shoes. We measured dynamic LA stiffness during walking using kinematic and kinetic data, and the cross-sectional areas of three intrinsic foot muscles using ultrasound. Compared to conventionally-shod individuals, minimally-shod individuals had higher and stiffer LAs, and larger abductor hallucis and abductor digiti minimi muscles. Additionally, abductor hallucis size was positively associated with LA stiffness during walking. Our results suggest that use of conventional modern shoes is associated with weaker intrinsic foot muscles that may predispose individuals to reduced foot stiffness and potentially flat foot.
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50
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Pretterklieber B. Morphological characteristics and variations of the human quadratus plantae muscle. Ann Anat 2017; 216:9-22. [PMID: 29166622 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The quadratus plantae (QP) is a highly variable structure. A number of partly inexact descriptions of this entity have been provided in textbooks of anatomy. Although several authors have examined the QP, its exact site of origin and type of insertion have hitherto not been specified. The aim of this study has been to provide detailed qualitative and quantitative data about the number of heads, points of origin, and type of insertion of the QP. The QP in both feet of 50 formalin-fixed specimens of body donors (25 men and women) were analyzed by gross anatomical dissection. It was composed of one (34%), two (57%) or three heads (9%). The latter condition was observed only in men. The lateral head was absent in 31 feet, and the medial head only in one right foot of a man. The medial head arose, amongst others, in 100% of the examined cases from the medial calcaneal surface, in 93% from the long plantar ligament and in 80% from the plantar calcaneocuboid ligament. The lateral head arose, amongst others, from the long plantar ligament in 90%, and from the lateral process of the calcaneal tuberosity in 64% of the examined feet. The type of insertion was always a mixture of at least two of three types; i.e. muscular (84%), tendinous (89%) and aponeurotic (45%). As additional findings, the flexor digitorum accessorius longus (FDAL) and the peroneocalcaneus internus (PCI) were observed in 12% of all individuals and in 20% of men. The present investigation revealed that the QP may be classified according to the number of heads, but no classification can be given for its points of origin or type of insertion. The present data are mandatory for anatomical and surgical practice and will hopefully lead to further imaging and biomechanical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Pretterklieber
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Division of Anatomy, Waehringer Strasse 13, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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