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miRNAs in Cancer (Review of Literature). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052805. [PMID: 35269947 PMCID: PMC8910953 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short, noncoding, single-stranded RNA molecules that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level by binding to mRNAs. miRNAs affect the course of processes of fundamental importance for the proper functioning of the organism. These processes include cell division, proliferation, differentiation, cell apoptosis and the formation of blood vessels. Altered expression of individual miRNAs has been shown in numerous cancers, which may indicate the oncogenic or suppressor potential of the molecules in question. This paper discusses the current knowledge about the possibility of using miRNA as a diagnostic marker and a potential target in modern anticancer therapies.
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Winter E, Cisilotto J, Silva AH, Rosolen D, Fabichak AP, Rode MP, Creczynski-Pasa TB. MicroRNAs: Potential biomarkers for reproduction, diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic in domestic animals. Res Vet Sci 2021; 142:117-132. [PMID: 34942556 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNA (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA molecules involved in a wide range of biological processes through the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. Most studies evaluated microRNA expression in human, and despite fewer studies in veterinary medicine, this topic is one of the most exciting areas of modern veterinary medicine. miRNAs showed to be part of the pathogenesis of diseases and reproduction physiology in animals, making them biomarkers candidates. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge regarding miRNAs' role in reproduction and animal diseases, diagnostic and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Winter
- Department of Agriculture, Biodiversity and Forests, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Curitibanos, 89520000, SC, Brazil.
| | - Júlia Cisilotto
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmacy, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Adny Henrique Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmacy, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Daiane Rosolen
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmacy, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Fabichak
- Department of Agriculture, Biodiversity and Forests, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Curitibanos, 89520000, SC, Brazil
| | - Michele Patricia Rode
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmacy, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Tânia Beatriz Creczynski-Pasa
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmacy, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, 88040-900, SC, Brazil; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, 88040-900, SC, Brazil
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Chhabra R, Rockfield S, Guergues J, Nadeau OW, Hill R, Stevens SM, Nanjundan M. Global miRNA/proteomic analyses identify miRNAs at 14q32 and 3p21, which contribute to features of chronic iron-exposed fallopian tube epithelial cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6270. [PMID: 33737539 PMCID: PMC7973504 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85342-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant transformation of fallopian tube secretory epithelial cells (FTSECs) is a key contributing event to the development of high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC). Our recent findings implicate oncogenic transformative events in chronic iron-exposed FTSECs, including increased expression of oncogenic mediators, increased telomerase transcripts, and increased growth/migratory potential. Herein, we extend these studies by implementing an integrated transcriptomic and mass spectrometry-based proteomics approach to identify global miRNA and protein alterations, for which we also investigate a subset of these targets to iron-induced functional alterations. Proteomic analysis identified > 4500 proteins, of which 243 targets were differentially expressed. Sixty-five differentially expressed miRNAs were identified, of which 35 were associated with the “top” proteomic molecules (> fourfold change) identified by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. Twenty of these 35 miRNAs are at the 14q32 locus (encoding a cluster of 54 miRNAs) with potential to be regulated by DNA methylation and histone deacetylation. At 14q32, miR-432-5p and miR-127-3p were ~ 100-fold downregulated whereas miR-138-5p was 16-fold downregulated at 3p21 in chronic iron-exposed FTSECs. Combinatorial treatment with methyltransferase and deacetylation inhibitors reversed expression of these miRNAs, suggesting chronic iron exposure alters miRNA expression via epigenetic alterations. In addition, PAX8, an important target in HGSOC and a potential miRNA target (from IPA) was epigenetically deregulated in iron-exposed FTSECs. However, both PAX8 and ALDH1A2 (another IPA-predicted target) were experimentally identified to be independently regulated by these miRNAs although TERT RNA was partially regulated by miR-138-5p. Interestingly, overexpression of miR-432-5p diminished cell numbers induced by long-term iron exposure in FTSECs. Collectively, our global profiling approaches uncovered patterns of miRNA and proteomic alterations that may be regulated by genome-wide epigenetic alterations and contribute to functional alterations induced by chronic iron exposure in FTSECs. This study may provide a platform to identify future biomarkers for early ovarian cancer detection and new targets for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravneet Chhabra
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Stephanie Rockfield
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Jennifer Guergues
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 261 Mountain View Drive, Colchester, VT, 05446, USA
| | - Owen W Nadeau
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 261 Mountain View Drive, Colchester, VT, 05446, USA
| | - Robert Hill
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Stanley M Stevens
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 261 Mountain View Drive, Colchester, VT, 05446, USA
| | - Meera Nanjundan
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA.
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de Sales ACV, da Silva IIFG, Leite MCB, de Lima Coutinho L, de Albuquerque Cavalcante Reis RB, Martins DBG, de Lima Filho JL, Oliveira Souto F. miRNA-195 expression in the tumor tissues of female Brazilian breast cancer patients with operable disease. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2021; 76:e2142. [PMID: 33503182 PMCID: PMC7798133 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2021/e2142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to assess miRNA-195 expression in the tumor tissues from a cohort of Brazilian female breast cancer patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) and evaluate its correlation with various clinicopathological markers. METHODS Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to evaluate the miRNA-195 expression in tumor tissues from a cohort of female breast cancer patients undergoing NAC. This expression was then correlated with the occurrence of several distinct breast cancer molecular subtypes and other clinicopathological variables. RESULTS A total of 55 patients were included in this study, 28 (50.9%) of whom were treated using NAC. Tumor miRNA-195 expression was suppressed in breast cancer patients, regardless of their exposure to systemic treatments, histological grade, size, nodal status, and tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) staging. This was more pronounced in luminal and triple-negative patients, and patient's response to NAC was correlated with an increase in miRNA-195 expression. CONCLUSION miRNA-195 is downregulated in the tumor tissues of Brazilian breast cancer patients regardless of NAC exposure; this reinforces its role as a tumor suppressor and a potential biomarker for chemotherapy response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Cesar Vieira de Sales
- Laboratorio de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami (LIKA), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, PE, BR
- Nucleo de Ciencias da Vida (NCV), Centro Academico do Agreste (CAA), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Caruaru, PE, BR
- *Corresponding author. E-mail:
| | | | | | - Leandro de Lima Coutinho
- Laboratorio de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami (LIKA), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, PE, BR
| | | | | | - José Luiz de Lima Filho
- Laboratorio de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami (LIKA), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, PE, BR
| | - Fabrício Oliveira Souto
- Laboratorio de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami (LIKA), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, PE, BR
- Nucleo de Ciencias da Vida (NCV), Centro Academico do Agreste (CAA), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Caruaru, PE, BR
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Sales ACV, Gomes da Silva IIF, Leite MCB, Coutinho LL, Reis RBAC, Castoldi A, Bg Martins D, Lima-Filho JL, Souto FO. Mirna21 Expression in the Breast Cancer Tumor Tissue is Independent of Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy. BREAST CANCER-TARGETS AND THERAPY 2020; 12:141-151. [PMID: 33116816 PMCID: PMC7555623 DOI: 10.2147/bctt.s269519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Introduction MicroRNA-21 (miRNA-21) has been described as one of the most significantly upregulated miRNAs in human breast cancer. However, limited knowledge exists on miRNA-21 expression in breast cancer tissue after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). Purpose The aim of this study was to assess miRNA-21 expression in the tumor tissues of Brazilian patients with breast cancer who underwent NAC and its correlation with clinicopathological variables. Patients and Methods Utilizing qRT-PCR, miRNA-21 expression in tumor tissue was measured in a cohort of female patients with breast cancer who underwent NAC. The correlation of miRNA-21 expression with breast cancer molecular subtypes and other clinicopathological variables was also assessed. Results A total of 55 patients were included in the study, and 28 (50.9%) underwent NAC. miRNA-21 was upregulated in patients with breast cancer, regardless of previous exposure to chemotherapy, molecular subtypes, tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) staging and lymph node status of the axilla. miRNA-21 expression did not differ between patients with breast cancer who achieved a pathologic complete response after NAC and healthy controls. Conclusion miRNA-21 was upregulated in the tumor tissue of Brazilian patients with breast cancer regardless of NAC treatment, which reinforces its role as an “oncomiR” and a potential biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Cesar Vieira Sales
- Keizo Asami Immunopathology Laboratory, LIKA/Federal University of Pernambuco - UFPE, Recife, PE, Brazil.,Life Sciences Nucleus- NCV, Agreste Academic Center- CAA, Federal University of Pernambuco - UFPE, Caruaru, PE, Brazil
| | | | - Matheus C B Leite
- Keizo Asami Immunopathology Laboratory, LIKA/Federal University of Pernambuco - UFPE, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Leandro L Coutinho
- Keizo Asami Immunopathology Laboratory, LIKA/Federal University of Pernambuco - UFPE, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Renata B A C Reis
- Keizo Asami Immunopathology Laboratory, LIKA/Federal University of Pernambuco - UFPE, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Angela Castoldi
- Keizo Asami Immunopathology Laboratory, LIKA/Federal University of Pernambuco - UFPE, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Danyelly Bg Martins
- Keizo Asami Immunopathology Laboratory, LIKA/Federal University of Pernambuco - UFPE, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - José Luiz Lima-Filho
- Keizo Asami Immunopathology Laboratory, LIKA/Federal University of Pernambuco - UFPE, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Fabricio Oliveira Souto
- Keizo Asami Immunopathology Laboratory, LIKA/Federal University of Pernambuco - UFPE, Recife, PE, Brazil.,Life Sciences Nucleus- NCV, Agreste Academic Center- CAA, Federal University of Pernambuco - UFPE, Caruaru, PE, Brazil
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Contribution of brain pericytes in blood-brain barrier formation and maintenance: a transcriptomic study of cocultured human endothelial cells derived from hematopoietic stem cells. Fluids Barriers CNS 2020; 17:48. [PMID: 32723387 PMCID: PMC7385894 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-020-00208-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Formation, maintenance, and repair of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) are critical for central nervous system homeostasis. The interaction of endothelial cells (ECs) with brain pericytes is known to induce BBB characteristics in brain ECs during embryogenesis and can be used to differentiate human ECs from stem cell source in in vitro BBB models. However, the molecular events involved in BBB maturation are not fully understood. To this end, human ECs derived from hematopoietic stem cells were cultivated with either primary bovine or cell line-derived human brain pericytes to induce BBB formation. Subsequently, the transcriptomic profiles of solocultured vs. cocultured ECs were analysed over time by Massive Analysis of cDNA Ends (MACE) technology. This RNA sequencing method is a 3′-end targeted, tag-based, reduced representation transcriptome profiling technique, that can reliably quantify all polyadenylated transcripts including those with low expression. By analysing the generated transcriptomic profiles, we can explore the molecular processes responsible for the functional changes observed in ECs in coculture with brain pericytes (e.g. barrier tightening, changes in the expression of transporters and receptors). Our results identified several up- and downregulated genes and signaling pathways that provide a valuable data source to further delineate complex molecular processes that are involved in BBB formation and BBB maintenance. In addition, this data provides a source to identify novel targets for central nervous system drug delivery strategies.
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Khodadi E, Asnafi AA, Mohammadi-Asl J, Hosseini SA, Malehi AS, Saki N. Evaluation of miR-21 and miR-150 expression in immune thrombocytopenic purpura pathogenesis: a case-control study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11515-017-1466-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
Gene therapy based on viral vectors has demonstrated steady progress recently, not only in the area of cancers. A multitude of viral vectors has been engineered for both preventive and therapeutic applications. Two main approaches comprise of viral vector-based delivery of toxic or anticancer genes or immunization with anticancer antigens. Tumor growth inhibition and tumor regression have been observed, providing improved survival rates in animal tumor models. Furthermore, vaccine-based cancer immunotherapy has demonstrated both tumor regression and protection against challenges with lethal doses of tumor cells. Several clinical trials with viral vectors have also been conducted. Additionally, viral vector-based cancer drugs have been approved. This review gives an overview of different viral vector systems and their applications in cancer gene therapy.
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Yang H, Wang L, Tang X, Bai W. miR-203a suppresses cell proliferation by targeting E2F transcription factor 3 in human gastric cancer. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:7687-7690. [PMID: 29344215 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRs) are a class of short non-coding RNAs that serve an essential role in the tumorigenesis of gastric cancer (GC). MiR-203a has been reported as a tumor repressor in various types of human cancer. In the present study, the function of miR-203a on the proliferation of GC cells was investigated. Bioinformatics analyses revealed that miR-203a targets the 3'-untranslated region of E2F transcription factor 3 (E2F3) messenger RNA. A luciferase reporter assay and western blot analysis were performed to confirm whether E2F3 was a target of miR-203a. The relative luciferase activity was decreased when overexpressing miR-203a with E2F3-wild type pmirGLO-3'-untranslated region vector, compared with the control group in HEK293 cells. Overexpression of miR-203a suppressed cell proliferation and colony formation of SGC-7901 and AGS GC cells. Inhibition of miR-203a promoted the proliferation of GC cells. Collectively, the results indicated that miR-203a may function as a tumor suppressor in GC by targeting E2F3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqin Yang
- Respiratory Department, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 830016, P.R. China
| | - Lixia Wang
- Respiratory Department, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 830016, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoli Tang
- Respiratory Department, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 830016, P.R. China
| | - Wenmei Bai
- Respiratory Department, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 830016, P.R. China
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Mandilaras V, Vernon M, Meryet-Figuière M, Karakasis K, Lambert B, Poulain L, Oza A, Denoyelle C, Lheureux S. Updates and current challenges in microRNA research for personalized medicine in ovarian cancer. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2017.1340935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Mandilaras
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mégane Vernon
- INSERM U1086 “ANTICIPE” (Interdisciplinary Research Unit for Cancers Prevention and Treatment, Axis BioTICLA “Biology and Innovative Therapeutics for Ovarian Cancers”), Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, Caen, France
- Comprehensive Cancer Centre François Baclesse, UNICANCER, Caen, France
| | - Matthieu Meryet-Figuière
- INSERM U1086 “ANTICIPE” (Interdisciplinary Research Unit for Cancers Prevention and Treatment, Axis BioTICLA “Biology and Innovative Therapeutics for Ovarian Cancers”), Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, Caen, France
- Comprehensive Cancer Centre François Baclesse, UNICANCER, Caen, France
| | - Katherine Karakasis
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Bernard Lambert
- INSERM U1086 “ANTICIPE” (Interdisciplinary Research Unit for Cancers Prevention and Treatment, Axis BioTICLA “Biology and Innovative Therapeutics for Ovarian Cancers”), Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, Caen, France
- Comprehensive Cancer Centre François Baclesse, UNICANCER, Caen, France
- Délégation régionale de Normandie, CNRS, Caen, France
| | - Laurent Poulain
- INSERM U1086 “ANTICIPE” (Interdisciplinary Research Unit for Cancers Prevention and Treatment, Axis BioTICLA “Biology and Innovative Therapeutics for Ovarian Cancers”), Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, Caen, France
- Comprehensive Cancer Centre François Baclesse, UNICANCER, Caen, France
| | - Amit Oza
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Christophe Denoyelle
- INSERM U1086 “ANTICIPE” (Interdisciplinary Research Unit for Cancers Prevention and Treatment, Axis BioTICLA “Biology and Innovative Therapeutics for Ovarian Cancers”), Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, Caen, France
- Comprehensive Cancer Centre François Baclesse, UNICANCER, Caen, France
| | - Stephanie Lheureux
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
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Abstract
Gene therapy was originally thought to cover replacement of malfunctioning genes in treatment of various diseases. Today, the field has been expanded to application of viral and non-viral vectors for delivery of recombinant proteins for the compensation of missing or insufficient proteins, anti-cancer genes and proteins for destruction of tumor cells, immunostimulatory genes and proteins for stimulation of the host defense system against viral agents and tumors. Recently, the importance of RNA interference and its application in gene therapy has become an attractive alternative for drug development.
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Enes Coşkun M, Kervancıoğlu M, Öztuzcu S, Yılmaz Coşkun F, Ergün S, Başpınar O, Kılınç M, Temel L, Coşkun MY. Plasma microRNA profiling of children with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Biomarkers 2015; 21:56-61. [PMID: 26631154 DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2015.1118533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is the most common cardiomyopathy in children. MicroRNAs (miRNA) are small RNAs which have regulatory functions in many biological processes. OBJECTIVE We aimed to determine miRNA expression levels in plasma of children with DCM. MATERIALS AND METHODS Plasma expression levels of 379 miRNAs were compared between 23 DCM and 26 healthy children. RESULTS The expression levels of miR-618, miR-875-3p, miR-205, miR-194, miR-302a, miR-147, and miR-544 were found decreased. The expression levels of miR-518f and miR-454 were found increased in DCM patients. DISCUSSION miRNA level differences may provide the chance of using these miRNAs as new biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Enes Coşkun
- a Department of Pediatrics , University of Gaziantep , Gaziantep , Turkey
| | - Mehmet Kervancıoğlu
- b Department of Pediatrics , Pediatric Cardiology Division, University of Gaziantep , Gaziantep , Turkey
| | | | - Fatma Yılmaz Coşkun
- d Department of Cardiology , University of Gaziantep , Gaziantep , Turkey , and
| | | | - Osman Başpınar
- b Department of Pediatrics , Pediatric Cardiology Division, University of Gaziantep , Gaziantep , Turkey
| | - Metin Kılınç
- a Department of Pediatrics , University of Gaziantep , Gaziantep , Turkey
| | - Levent Temel
- e Department of Pediatrics , Division of Pediatric Intensive Care, İstanbul University , İstanbul , Turkey
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13
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Alphaviruses in gene therapy. Viruses 2015; 7:2321-33. [PMID: 25961488 PMCID: PMC4452908 DOI: 10.3390/v7052321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alphavirus vectors present an attractive approach for gene therapy applications due to the rapid and simple recombinant virus particle production and their broad range of mammalian host cell transduction. Mainly three types of alphavirus vectors, namely naked RNA, recombinant particles and DNA/RNA layered vectors, have been subjected to preclinical studies with the goal of achieving prophylactic or therapeutic efficacy, particularly in oncology. In this context, immunization with alphavirus vectors has provided protection against challenges with tumor cells. Moreover, alphavirus intratumoral and systemic delivery has demonstrated substantial tumor regression and significant prolonged survival rates in various animal tumor models. Recent discoveries of the strong association of RNA interference and disease have accelerated gene therapy based approaches, where alphavirus-based gene delivery can play an important role.
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14
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MicroRNAs as potential biomarkers in cancer: opportunities and challenges. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:125094. [PMID: 25874201 PMCID: PMC4385606 DOI: 10.1155/2015/125094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a group of small noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) that posttranscriptionally regulate gene expression by targeting their corresponding messenger RNAs (mRNAs). Dysregulated miRNAs have been considered as a new type of ‘‘oncomiRs” or ‘‘tumor suppressors,” playing essential roles in cancer initiation and progression. Using genome-wide detection methods, ubiquitously aberrant expression profiles of miRNAs have been identified in a broad array of human cancers, showing great potential as novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of cancer with high specificity and sensitivity. The detectable miRNAs in tissue, blood, and other body fluids with high stability provide an abundant source for miRNA-based biomarkers in human cancers. Despite the fact that an increasing number of potential miRNA biomarkers have been reported, the transition of miRNAs-based biomarkers from bench to bedside still necessitates addressing several challenges. In this review, we will summarize our current understanding of miRNAs as potential biomarkers in human cancers.
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Evaluation of the plasma micro RNA expression levels in secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 2013; 5:e2013066. [PMID: 24363881 PMCID: PMC3867279 DOI: 10.4084/mjhid.2013.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a life threatening hyper inflammatory disease. Micro RNAs (miRNA) are about 22 nucleotide-long, small RNAs encoded with genes, and they have regulatory functions in immune response. OBJECTIVE To determine the miRNA expression levels of 11 secondary HLH patients, we evaluated the associations of miRNA levels with pathogenesis, clinical presentation, and prognosis of the disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients who were diagnosed with secondary HLH from January 2011 to December 2012 were included in this study. We profiled the expressions of 379 miRNAs in plasma of both HLH patients and healthy controls. Patients were evaluated regarding with age, clinical findings, miRNA expresions, laboratory data, treatment, and prognosis, by using descriptive statistics. RESULTS A total of 11 secondary HLH patients and 11 healthy children were included in this study. miR-205-5p was expressed in all case and controls and expression level of miR-205-5p was found 6.21 fold higher than control group (p=0.01). We detected the second highest expression percent in miR-194-5p with 81% of cases and controls. Expression level of miR-194-5p was found to have 163 fold higher than controls (p= 0.009). miR-30c-5p showed 77% expression percent in cases and controls together. The expression level of this miRNA was detected 9 fold decreased in HLH patients compared to healthy children (p= 0.031). CONCLUSION We showed that miR-205-5p, miR-194-5p and miR-30c-5p could be useful plasma biomarkers for HLH. Further research is needed in larger and homogenous study groups, especially for these miRNAs as biomarkers for HLH.
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McNally L, Manne U, Grizzle WE. Post-transcriptional processing of genetic information and its relation to cancer. Biotech Histochem 2013; 88:365-72. [PMID: 23286224 PMCID: PMC4091847 DOI: 10.3109/10520295.2012.730152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During the development, progression and dissemination of neoplastic lesions, cancer cells hijack normal pathways and mechanisms, especially those involved in repair and embryologic development. These pathways include those involved in intercellular communication, control of transcription, post-transcriptional regulation of protein production including translation of mRNAs, post-translational protein modifications, e.g., acetylation of proteins, and protein degradation. Small, non-translatable RNAs, especially microRNAs (miRs), are Important components of post-transcriptional control. MiRs are produced from areas of the genome that are not translated into proteins, but may be co-regulated with their associated genes. MiRs bind to the 3' untranslated regions of mRNAs and regulate the expression of genes in most cases by either promoting the degradation of mRNA and/or inhibiting the translation of mRNAs into proteins; thus, miRs usually cause a decrease in protein levels that would be expected if the mRNAs were translated normally. It is early in our understanding of how miRs affect neoplastic processes, but miRs are expressed differentially in most cancers and have been associated with tumor progression, chemoresistance and metastasis. MiRs are present in nanovesicles, such as exosomes, and thus are likely involved in intercellular communication, especially in neoplasia. MiRs are attractive targets for novel therapies of cancer as well as potential biomarkers that might be useful for early detection and diagnosis, and for prediction of therapeutic efficacy. MiRs also could aid and in determining prognosis, evaluating novel therapies, and developing preventive strategies by their use as surrogate end points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lr McNally
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center , University of Louisville, Louisville , Kentucky
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17
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Teixeira AL, Gomes M, Medeiros R. EGFR signaling pathway and related-miRNAs in age-related diseases: the example of miR-221 and miR-222. Front Genet 2012; 3:286. [PMID: 23233863 PMCID: PMC3516830 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2012.00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Presently, neurodegenerative diseases and cancer are the most clinically problematic age-related diseases worldwide. Although being distinct disorders, their developments share common cellular mechanisms. Oncogenesis and neurodegeneration arise from the deregulation of signaling pathways, as a consequence of the resulting imbalance in cellular homeostasis. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) belongs to an important cellular signaling pathway, which regulates proliferation, differentiation, cell cycle and migration. As transcriptional targets of EGFR, the microRNAs-221/222 (miR-221/222) are important expression regulators. Dysfunctions in their networks are associated with cellular disruptions. The transcriptional activation of these microRNAs (miRNAs) seems to be involved in cell cycle, apoptosis, metastization, and in the acquisition of resistance to therapies. The up-regulation of miR-221/222 is associated with increased expression levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and repression of cell cycle inhibitors, which are key molecules in oncogenesis and neurodegeneration processes. The interaction loop between proliferative signaling pathways and miRNA expression could reveal new targets for controlling the molecular behavior of age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L Teixeira
- Molecular Oncology Group, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto Porto, Portugal ; Abel Salazar Institute for the Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto Porto, Portugal
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18
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Zhou X, Jin P, Qin S, Chen L, Ma F. Systematic investigation of Amphioxus (Branchiostoma floridae) microRNAs. Gene 2012; 508:110-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.06.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) remains the most lethal gynecological malignancy despite several decades of progress in diagnosis and treatment. Taking advantage of the robust development of discovery and utility of prognostic biomarkers, clinicians and researchers are developing personalized and targeted treatment strategies. This review encompasses recently discovered biomarkers of ovarian cancer, the utility of published prognostic biomarkers for EOC (especially biomarkers related to angiogenesis and key signaling pathways), and their integration into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Huang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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20
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Ambady S, Wu Z, Dominko T. Identification of novel microRNAs in Xenopus laevis metaphase II arrested eggs. Genesis 2012; 50:286-99. [PMID: 22223599 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Revised: 12/26/2011] [Accepted: 12/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Using a combination of deep sequencing and bioinformatics approach, we for the first time identify miRNAs and their relative abundance in mature, metaphase II arrested eggs in Xenopus laevis. We characterize 115 miRNAs that have been described either in Xenopus tropicalis (85), X. laevis (9), or other vertebrate species (21) that also map to known Xenopus pre-miRNAs and to the X. tropicalis genome. In addition, 72 new X. laevis putative candidate miRNAs are identified based on mapping to X. tropicalis genome within regions that have the propensity to form hairpin loops. These data expand on the availability of genetic information in X. laevis and identify target miRNAs for future functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakthikumar Ambady
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA 01609, USA.
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21
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Kaur P, Nagaraja GM, Asea A. Combined lentiviral and RNAi technologies for the delivery and permanent silencing of the hsp25 gene. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 787:121-36. [PMID: 21898232 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-295-3_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Elevated heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27) expression has been found in a number of tumors, including breast, prostate, gastric, uterine, ovarian, head and neck, and tumor arising from the nervous system and urinary system, and determined to be a predictor of poor clinical outcome. Although the mechanism of action of Hsp27 has been well documented, there are currently no available inhibitors of Hsp27 in clinical trials. RNA interference (RNAi) has the potential to offer more specificity and flexibility than traditional drugs to silence gene expression. Not surprisingly, RNAi has become a major focus for biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies, which are now in the early stages of developing RNAi therapeutics, mostly based on short interfering RNA (siRNAs), to target viral infection, cancer, hypercholesterolemia, cardiovascular disease, macular degeneration, and neurodegenerative diseases. However, the critical issues associated with RNAi as a therapeutic are delivery, specificity, and stability of the RNAi reagents. To date, the delivery is currently considered the biggest hurdle, as the introduction of siRNAs systemically into body fluids can result in their degradation, off-target effects, and immune detection. In this chapter, we discuss a method of combined lentiviral and RNAi-based technology for the delivery and permanent silencing of the hsp25 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punit Kaur
- Division of Investigative Pathology, College of Medicine, Scott & White Memorial Hospital and Clinic, Temple, TX, USA
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22
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Kumar S, Kumar A, Shah PP, Rai SN, Panguluri SK, Kakar SS. MicroRNA signature of cis-platin resistant vs. cis-platin sensitive ovarian cancer cell lines. J Ovarian Res 2011; 4:17. [PMID: 21939554 PMCID: PMC3205057 DOI: 10.1186/1757-2215-4-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of death from gynecologic cancer in women worldwide. According to the National Cancer Institute, ovarian cancer has the highest mortality rate among all the reproductive cancers in women. Advanced stage diagnosis and chemo/radio-resistance is a major obstacle in treating advanced ovarian cancer. The most commonly employed chemotherapeutic drug for ovarian cancer treatment is cis-platin. As with most chemotherapeutic drugs, many patients eventually become resistant to cis-platin and therefore, diminishing its effect. The efficacy of current treatments may be improved by increasing the sensitivity of cancer cells to chemo/radiation therapies. Methods The present study is focused on identifying the differential expression of regulatory microRNAs (miRNAs) between cis-platin sensitive (A2780), and cis-platin resistant (A2780/CP70) cell lines. Cell proliferation assays were conducted to test the sensitivity of the two cell lines to cis-platin. Differential expression patterns of miRNA between cis-platin sensitive and cis-platin resistant cell lines were analyzed using novel LNA technology. Results Our results revealed changes in expression of 11 miRNAs out of 1,500 miRNAs analyzed. Out of the 11 miRNAs identified, 5 were up-regulated in the A2780/CP70 cell line and 6 were down regulated as compared to cis-platin sensitive A2780 cells. Our microRNA data was further validated by quantitative real-time PCR for these selected miRNAs. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis was performed for the selected miRNAs and their putative targets to identify the potential pathways and networks involved in cis-platin resistance. Conclusions Our data clearly showed the differential expression of 11 miRNAs in cis-platin resistant cells, which could potentially target many important pathways including MAPK, TGF-β signaling, actin cytoskeleton, ubiquitin mediated proteasomal pathway, Wnt signaling, mTOR signaling, Notch signaling, apoptosis, and many other signaling pathways. Manipulation of one or more of these miRNAs could be an important approach for ovarian cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smriti Kumar
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
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23
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Babu JM, Prathibha R, Jijith VS, Hariharan R, Pillai MR. A miR-centric view of head and neck cancers. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2011; 1816:67-72. [PMID: 21549178 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2011.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Revised: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas (HNSCCs) constitute the sixth most common cancer worldwide with an average 5-year survival rate of around 50%. Several microRNAs, small non-coding RNAs involved in post-transcriptional gene regulation, have been linked to HNSCC based on their differential expression in tumors. Here, we present a compilation of multiple types of information on each HNSCC linked miRNA including their expression status in tumors, their molecular targets relevant to cancer, results of gene manipulation studies and association with clinical outcome. Further, we use this information to devise a new scheme for classifying them into causal and non-causal miRNAs in HNSCC. We also discuss the possibility of using miRNAs as prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers for HNSCC, based on existing literature. Finally, we present available evidence that shows how altered expression of specific miRNAs can contribute to various "hallmarks of cancer" phenotypes such as limitless replicative potential owing to abnormal cell cycle regulation, evasion of apoptosis, reduced response to anti-growth signals, and Epithelial-Mesechymal transition (EMT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Janki Mohan Babu
- Intergrated Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
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24
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Santarelli L, Strafella E, Staffolani S, Amati M, Emanuelli M, Sartini D, Pozzi V, Carbonari D, Bracci M, Pignotti E, Mazzanti P, Sabbatini A, Ranaldi R, Gasparini S, Neuzil J, Tomasetti M. Association of MiR-126 with soluble mesothelin-related peptides, a marker for malignant mesothelioma. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18232. [PMID: 21483773 PMCID: PMC3069972 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Improved detection methods for diagnosis of malignant pleural mesothelioma
(MPM) are essential for early and reliable detection as well as treatment.
Since recent data point to abnormal levels of microRNAs (miRNAs) in tumors,
we hypothesized that a profile of deregulated miRNAs may be a marker of MPM
and that the levels of specific miRNAs may be used for monitoring its
progress. Methods and Results miRNAs isolated from fresh-frozen biopsies of MPM patients were tested for
the expression of 88 types of miRNA involved in cancerogenesis. Most of the
tested miRNAs were downregulated in the malignant tissues compared with the
normal tissues. Of eight significantly downregulated, three miRNAs were
assayed in cancerous tissue and adjacent non-cancerous tissue sample pairs
collected from 27 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded MPM tissues by
quantitative RT-PCR. Among the miRNAs tested, only miR-126 significantly
remained downregulated in the malignant tissues. Furthermore, the
performance of the selected miR-126 as biomarker was evaluated in serum
samples of asbestos-exposed subjects and MPM patients and compared with
controls. MiR-126 was not affected by asbestos exposure, whereas it was
found strongly associated with VEGF serum levels. Levels of miR-126 in
serum, and its levels in patients' serum in association with a specific
marker of MPM, SMRPs, correlate with subjects at high risk to develop
MPM. Conclusions and Significance We propose miR-126, in association with SMRPs, as a marker for early
detection of MPM. The identification of tumor biomarkers used alone or, in
particular, in combination could greatly facilitate the surveillance
procedure for cohorts of subjects exposed to asbestos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lory Santarelli
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Innovative Therapies, Polytechnic
University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Strafella
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Innovative Therapies, Polytechnic
University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Sara Staffolani
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Innovative Therapies, Polytechnic
University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Monica Amati
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Innovative Therapies, Polytechnic
University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Monica Emanuelli
- Department of Biochemistry, Biology and Genetics, Polytechnic University
of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Davide Sartini
- Department of Biochemistry, Biology and Genetics, Polytechnic University
of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Valentina Pozzi
- Department of Biochemistry, Biology and Genetics, Polytechnic University
of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Damiano Carbonari
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Innovative Therapies, Polytechnic
University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Massimo Bracci
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Innovative Therapies, Polytechnic
University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Elettra Pignotti
- Department of Statistic Science, University of Bologna, Bologna,
Italy
| | - Paola Mazzanti
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital University of Ancona, Ancona,
Italy
| | | | - Renzo Ranaldi
- Pathological Anatomy Unit, Hospital University of Ancona, Ancona,
Italy
| | | | - Jiri Neuzil
- Apoptosis Research Group, School of Medical Science and Griffith Health
Institute, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
- Molecular Therapy Group, Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Sciences
of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marco Tomasetti
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Innovative Therapies, Polytechnic
University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
- * E-mail:
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25
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Slavov SN, Gimenes Teixeira HL, Rego EM. The role of micro-ribonucleic acids in normal hematopoiesis and leukemic T-lymphogenesis. Braz J Med Biol Res 2010; 43:619-26. [PMID: 20549139 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2010007500057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Micro-ribonucleic acids (microRNAs) are small molecules containing 20-23 nucleotides. Despite their small size, it is likely that almost every cellular process is regulated by them. Moreover, aberrant microRNA expression has been involved in the development of various diseases, including cancer. Although many data are available about the role of microRNAs in various lymphoproliferative disorders, their impact on the development of acute lymphoblastic leukemia of T-cell progenitors is largely unknown. In this review, we present recent information about how specific microRNAs are expressed and regulated during malignant T-lymphopoiesis and about their role during normal hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Slavov
- Divisão de Hematologia/Oncologia, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto e Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Células-Tronco e Terapia Celular, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
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26
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Merritt WM, Bar-Eli M, Sood AK. The dicey role of Dicer: implications for RNAi therapy. Cancer Res 2010; 70:2571-4. [PMID: 20179193 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-2536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The dynamic properties of RNA interference (RNAi) in cancer biology have led investigators to pursue with significant interest its role in tumorigenesis and cancer therapy. We recently reported that decreased expression of key RNAi enzymes, Dicer and Drosha, in epithelial ovarian cancers was associated with poor clinical outcome in patients. Dicer expression was also functionally relevant in that targeted silencing was limited with RNAi fragments that require Dicer function compared with those that do not. Together, this and other studies suggest that RNAi machinery expression may affect key pathways in tumorigenesis and cancer biology. Understanding alterations in the functional RNAi machinery is of fundamental importance as we strive to develop novel therapies using RNAi strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Merritt
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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