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Cao Y, Li L, Zhang Y, Liu F, Xiao X, Li X, Yu Y. Evaluation of Cronobacter sakazakii biofilm formation after sdiA knockout in different osmotic pressure conditions. Food Res Int 2022; 151:110886. [PMID: 34980413 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This study characterizes the impact of sdiA on biofilm formation under normal or osmotic stress conditions in Cronobacter sakazakii by constructing a sdiA deletion mutant (ΔsdiA). Here, the downregulation of flagellar assembly-related genes and upregulation of capsular, cellulose and lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis-associated genes in ΔsdiA were observed when compared to the wild type strain (WT) through transcriptomic analysis. Meanwhile, reduced ability of motility, enhanced cell surface hydrophobicity and stronger biofilms with extracellular matrix were observed in WT with deletion of sdiA. Both WT and ΔsdiA formed more biofilm in low osmotic stress medium, while in hyperosmolarity conditions, formation of biofilm was dramatically reduced. Our findings supported that sdiA might suppress biofilm formation of C. sakazakii by regulating biosynthesis of flagellar and extracellular polymeric substances. This study investigates the role of sdiA on biofilm formation in C. sakazakii, and provides the basis for the inhibition of C. sakazakii in food industry and infant-feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifang Cao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province 510640, China
| | - Li Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province 510640, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province 510640, China
| | - Fengsong Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province 510640, China
| | - Xinglong Xiao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province 510640, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province 510640, China
| | - Yigang Yu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province 510640, China.
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2
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Ma Y, Zhang Y, Chen K, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Wang X, Xia X. The role of PhoP/PhoQ two component system in regulating stress adaptation in Cronobacter sakazakii. Food Microbiol 2021; 100:103851. [PMID: 34416955 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2021.103851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cronobacter sakazakii is an opportunistic foodborne bacterial pathogen that shows resistance to multiple stress conditions. The PhoP/PhoQ two component system is a key regulatory mechanism of stress response and virulence in various bacteria, but its role in C. sakazakii has not been thoroughly studied. In this study, we found the PhoP/PhoQ system in C. sakazakii ATCC BAA-894 enhanced bacterial growth in conditions with low Mg2+, acid pH, and the presence of polymyxin B. Moreover, the ΔphoPQ strain significantly reduced survival following exposure to heat, high osmotic pressure, oxidative or bile salts compared with WT strain. Furthermore, the RNA-seq analysis indicated that 1029 genes were upregulated and 979 genes were downregulated in ΔphoPQ strain. The bacterial secretion system, flagella assembly, beta-Lactam resistance and two-component system pathways were significantly downregulated, while the ABC transporters and microbial metabolism in diverse environments pathways were upregulated. qRT-PCR analysis further confirmed that twelve genes associated with stress tolerance were positively regulated by the PhoP/PhoQ system. Therefore, these findings suggest that the PhoP/PhoQ system is an important regulatory mechanism for C. sakazakii to resist various environmental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ma
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Sino-US Joint Research Center, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Sino-US Joint Research Center, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Ke Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Sino-US Joint Research Center, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Lingzhu Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Sino-US Joint Research Center, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yibei Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Sino-US Joint Research Center, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Sino-US Joint Research Center, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xiaodong Xia
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Sino-US Joint Research Center, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, 712100, China; School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, 1 Qinggongyuan, Ganjingzi District, Dalian, Liaoning, 116034, China.
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3
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Wang L, Forsythe SJ, Yang X, Fu S, Man C, Jiang Y. Invited review: Stress resistance of Cronobacter spp. affecting control of its growth during food production. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:11348-11367. [PMID: 34364644 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Members of the Cronobacter genus include food-borne pathogens that can cause infections in infants, with a mortality rate as high as 40 to 80%. The high fatality rate of Cronobacter and its isolation from numerous types of food, especially from powdered infant formula, demonstrate the serious nature of this organism. The source tracking of Cronobacter spp. and the analysis of high-frequency species from different sources are helpful for a more targeted control. Furthermore, the persistence during food processing and storage may be attributed to strong resistance of Cronobacter spp. to environment stresses such as heat, pH, and desiccation. There are many factors that support the survival of Cronobacter spp. in harsh environments, such as some genes, regulatory systems, and biofilms. Advanced detection technology is helpful for the strict monitoring of Cronobacter spp. In addition to the traditional heat treatment, many new control techniques have been developed, and the ability to control Cronobacter spp. has been demonstrated. The control of this bacteria is required not only during manufacture, but also through the selection of packaging methods to reduce postprocessing contamination. At the same time, the effect of inactivation methods on product quality and safety must be considered. This review considers the advances in our understanding of environmental stress response in Cronobacter spp. with special emphasis on its implications in food processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China, 150030
| | - Stephen J Forsythe
- Foodmicrobe.com, Adams Hill, Keyworth, Nottingham, United Kingdom, NG12 5GY
| | - Xinyan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China, 150030
| | - Shiqian Fu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China, 150030
| | - Chaoxin Man
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China, 150030.
| | - Yujun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China, 150030.
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Microbiological Quality of Nuts, Dried and Candied Fruits, Including the Prevalence of Cronobacter spp. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10070900. [PMID: 34358048 PMCID: PMC8308658 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10070900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cronobacter genus bacteria are food-borne pathogens. Foods contaminated with Cronobacter spp. may pose a risk to infants or immunocompromised adults. The aim of this study was to determine the microbiological quality of nuts, seeds and dried fruits with special emphasis on the occurrence of Cronobacter spp. Analyses were carried out on 64 samples of commercial nuts (20 samples), dried fruits (24), candied fruits (8), seeds (4), and mixes of seeds, dried fruits and nuts (8). The samples were tested for the total plate count of bacteria (TPC), counts of yeasts and molds, and the occurrence of Cronobacter spp. Cronobacter isolates were identified and differentiated by PCR-RFLP (Polymerase Chain Reaction - Restriction Fragments Length Polymorphism) and RAPD-PCR (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA by PCR) analysis. TPC, and yeasts and molds were not detected in 0.1 g of 23.4%, 89.1%, and 32.8% of the analyzed samples. In the remaining samples, TPC were in the range of 1.2–5.3 log CFU g−1. The presence/absence of Cronobacter species was detected in 12 (18.8%) samples of: nuts (10 samples), and mixes (2 samples). The 12 strains of Cronobacter spp. included: C. sakazakii (3 strains), C. malonaticus (5), and C. turicensis (4). The results of this study contribute to the determination of the presence and species identification of Cronobacter spp. in products of plant origin intended for direct consumption.
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Kim HS, Ashrafudoulla M, Kim BR, Mizan MFR, Jung SJ, Sadekuzzaman M, Park SH, Ha SD. The application of bacteriophage to control Cronobacter sakazakii planktonic and biofilm growth in infant formula milk. BIOFOULING 2021; 37:606-614. [PMID: 34190008 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2021.1943741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The goal was to identify the biofilm-forming ability of Cronobacter sakazakii on surfaces of stainless steel (SS) and silicone rubber (SR) in contact with infant formula milk. Two representative bacteriophages (PBES04 and PBES19) were used to control the growth of C. sakazakii as well as its biofilm forming ability on either SS or SR surfaces. Bacterial growth was confirmed at 20 °C when PBES04 and PBES19 were used, whereas C. sakazakii was not normally detected in infant formula milk treated with both bacteriophages for 6 h. In an additional biofilm reduction experiment, the biofilm on SS or SR surfaces were reduced by 3.07 and 1.92 log CFU cm-2, respectively after PBES04 treatment, and 3.06 and 2.14 log CFU cm-2, respectively, after PBES19 treatment. These results demonstrate that bacteriophages can be effective in inactivating C. sakazakii in biofilms which could potentially increase food safety in commercial facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Suk Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Advanced Food Safety Research Group, BrainKorea21 Plus, Chung-Ang University, South Korea
| | - Md Ashrafudoulla
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Advanced Food Safety Research Group, BrainKorea21 Plus, Chung-Ang University, South Korea
| | - Bo-Ram Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Advanced Food Safety Research Group, BrainKorea21 Plus, Chung-Ang University, South Korea
| | - Md Furkanur Rahaman Mizan
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Advanced Food Safety Research Group, BrainKorea21 Plus, Chung-Ang University, South Korea
| | - Soo-Jin Jung
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Advanced Food Safety Research Group, BrainKorea21 Plus, Chung-Ang University, South Korea
| | | | - Si Hong Park
- Food Science and Technology Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Sang-Do Ha
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Advanced Food Safety Research Group, BrainKorea21 Plus, Chung-Ang University, South Korea
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Xu Z, Liu Z, Soteyome T, Hua J, Zhang L, Yuan L, Ye Y, Cai Z, Yang L, Chen L, Harro JM, Kjellerup BV, Liu J, Li Y. Impact of pmrA on Cronobacter sakazakii planktonic and biofilm cells: A comprehensive transcriptomic study. Food Microbiol 2021; 98:103785. [PMID: 33875213 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2021.103785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cronobacter sakazakii is an emerging opportunistic foodborne pathogen causing rare but severe infections in neonates. Furthermore, the formation of biofilm allows C. sakazakii to persist in different environments. We have demonstrated that the mutator phenotype ascribed to deficiency of the pmrA gene results in more biomass in the first 24 h but less during the post maturation stage (7-14 d) compared with BAA 894. The present study aimed to investigate the regulatory mechanism modulating biofilm formation due to pmrA mutation. The transcriptomic analyses of BAA 894 and s-3 were performed by RNA-sequencing on planktonic and biofilm cells collected at different time points. According to the results, when comparing biofilm to planktonic cells, expression of genes encoding outer membrane proteins, lysozyme, etc. were up-regulated, with LysR family transcriptional regulators, periplasmic proteins, etc. down-regulated. During biofilm formation, cellulose synthase operon genes, flagella-related genes, etc. played essential roles in different stages. Remarkably, pmrA varies the expression of a number of genes related to motility, biofilm formation, and antimicrobial resistance, including srfB, virK, mviM encoding virulence factor, flgF, fliN, etc. encoding flagellar assembly, and marA, ramA, etc. encoding AraC family transcriptional regulators in C. sakazakii. This study provides valuable insights into transcriptional regulation of C. sakazakii pmrA mutant during biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenbo Xu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38103, USA; Home Economics Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Phra Nakhon, Bangkok, Thailand; National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Hantana Road, Kandy, Sri Lanka; Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Center), Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Ziqi Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Thanapop Soteyome
- National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Hantana Road, Kandy, Sri Lanka
| | - Jingjing Hua
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, China.
| | - Lei Yuan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yanrui Ye
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Zhao Cai
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Liang Yang
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Ling Chen
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Janette M Harro
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Birthe Veno Kjellerup
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Junyan Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Yanyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Xihu District, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang Province, China.
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Dang X, Xie Z, Liu W, Sun Y, Liu X, Zhu Y, Staehelin C. The genome of Ensifer alkalisoli YIC4027 provides insights for host specificity and environmental adaptations. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:643. [PMID: 31405380 PMCID: PMC6689892 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ensifer alkalisoli YIC4027, a recently characterized nitrogen-fixing bacterium of the genus Ensifer, has been isolated from root nodules of the host plant Sesbania cannabina. This plant is widely used as green manure and for soil remediation. E. alkalisoli YIC4027 can grow in saline-alkaline soils and is a narrow-host-range strain that establishes a symbiotic relationship with S. cannabina. The complete genome of this strain was sequenced to better understand the genetic basis of host specificity and adaptation to saline-alkaline soils. Results E. alkalisoli YIC4027 was found to possess a 6.1-Mb genome consisting of three circular replicons: one chromosome (3.7 Mb), a chromid (1.9 Mb) and a plasmid (0.46 Mb). Genome comparisons showed that strain YIC4027 is phylogenetically related to broad-host-range Ensifer fredii strains. Synteny analysis revealed a strong collinearity between chromosomes of E. alkalisoli YIC4027 and those of the E. fredii NGR234 (3.9 Mb), HH103 (4.3 Mb) and USDA257 (6.48 Mb) strains. Notable differences were found for genes required for biosynthesis of nodulation factors and protein secretion systems, suggesting a role of these genes in host-specific nodulation. In addition, the genome analysis led to the identification of YIC4027 genes that are presumably related to adaptation to saline-alkaline soils, rhizosphere colonization and nodulation competitiveness. Analysis of chemotaxis cluster genes and nodulation tests with constructed che gene mutants indicated a role of chemotaxis and flagella-mediated motility in the symbiotic association between YIC4027 and S. cannabina. Conclusions This study provides a basis for a better understanding of host specific nodulation and of adaptation to a saline-alkaline rhizosphere. This information offers the perspective to prepare optimal E. alkalisoli inocula for agriculture use and soil remediation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-6004-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Dang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Bioresource Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Center for Ocean Mag-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihong Xie
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Bioresource Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China. .,Center for Ocean Mag-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Bioresource Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China.,Center for Ocean Mag-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Bioresource Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Center for Ocean Mag-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Bioresource Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Center for Ocean Mag-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongqiang Zhu
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Christian Staehelin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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Mashoufi A, Ghazvini K, Hashemi M, Mobarhan MG, Vakili V, Afshari A. A novel primer targetedgyrBgene for the identification ofCronobacter sakazakiiin powdered infant formulas (PIF) and baby foods in Iran. J Food Saf 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Afsaneh Mashoufi
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of MedicineMashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Kiarash Ghazvini
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of MedicineMashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Mohammad Hashemi
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of MedicineMashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Majid Ghayour Mobarhan
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of MedicineMashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Vida Vakili
- Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of MedicineMashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Asma Afshari
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of MedicineMashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
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9
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Daqu Fermentation Selects for Heat-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae and Bacilli. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:AEM.01483-18. [PMID: 30120119 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01483-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Daqu is a spontaneous solid-state cereal fermentation used as saccharification and starter culture in Chinese vinegar and liquor production. The evolution of microbiota in this spontaneous fermentation is controlled by the temperature profile, which reaches temperatures from 50 to 65°C for several days. Despite these high temperatures, mesophilic Enterobacteriaceae (including Cronobacter) and bacilli are present throughout Daqu fermentation. This study aimed to determine whether Daqu spontaneous solid-state fermentation selects for heat-resistant variants of these organisms. Heat resistance in Enterobacteriaceae is mediated by the locus of heat resistance (LHR). One LHR-positive strain of Kosakonia cowanii was identified in Daqu, and it exhibited higher heat resistance than the LHR-negative K. cowanii isolated from malted oats. Heat resistance in Bacillus endospores is mediated by the spoVA 2mob operon. Out of 10 Daqu isolates of the species Bacillus licheniformis, Brevibacillus parabrevis, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, and Bacillus velezensis, 5 did not contain spoVA 2mob, 3 contained one copy, and 2 contained two copies. The presence and copy number of the spoVA 2mob operon increased the resistance of spores to treatment with 110°C. To confirm the selection of LHR- and spoVA 2mob-positive strains during Daqu fermentation, the copy numbers of these genetic elements in Daqu samples were quantified by quantitative PCR (qPCR). The abundance of LHR and the spoVA 2mob operon in community DNA relative to that of total bacterial 16S rRNA genes increased 3-fold and 5-fold, respectively, during processing. In conclusion, culture-dependent and culture-independent analyses suggest that Daqu fermentation selects for heat-resistant Enterobacteriaceae and bacilli.IMPORTANCE Daqu fermentations select for mobile genetic elements conferring heat resistance in Enterobacteriaceae and bacilli. The locus of heat resistance (LHR), a genomic island conferring heat resistance in Enterobacteriaceae, and the spoVA 2mob operon, conferring heat resistance on bacterial endospores, were enriched 3- to 5-fold during Daqu fermentation and maturation. It is therefore remarkable that the LHR and the spoVA 2mob operon are accumulated in the same food fermentation. The presence of heat-resistant Kosakonia spp. and Bacillus spp. in Daqu is not of concern for food safety; however, both genomic islands are mobile and transferable to pathogenic bacteria or toxin-producing bacteria by horizontal gene transfer. The identification of the LHR and the spoVA 2mob operon as indicators of fitness of Enterobacteriaceae and bacilli in Daqu fermentation provides insights into environmental sources of heat-resistant organisms that may contaminate the food supply.
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10
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Lang E, Guyot S, Alvarez-Martin P, Perrier-Cornet JM, Gervais P. Caco-2 Invasion by Cronobacter sakazakii and Salmonella enterica Exposed to Drying and Heat Treatments in Dried State in Milk Powder. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1893. [PMID: 29033925 PMCID: PMC5627024 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the ability of foodborne pathogens to survive in low moisture food, the decontamination of milk powder is an important issue in food protection. The safety of food products is, however, not always insured and the different steps in the processing of food involve physiological and metabolic changes in bacteria. Among these changes, virulence properties may also be affected. In this study, the effect of drying and successive thermal treatments on the invasion capacity of Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella Senftenberg, and Cronobacter sakazakii was assessed. Bacteria were dried on milk powder at three different water activity levels (0.25, 0.58, and 0.80) and heated at two different temperatures (90°C and 100°C) for 30 and 120 s. After recovery, stressed bacterial populations were placed in contact with Caco-2 cells to estimate their invasion capacity. Our results show that drying increases the invasion capacity of foodborne pathogens, but that heat treatment in the dried state did not exert a selective pressure on bacterial cells depending on their invasion capacity after drying. Taken together, our findings add to the sum of knowledge on food safety in dried food products and provide insight into the effects of food processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Lang
- UMR PAM A 02.102 Procédés Alimentaires et Microbiologiques, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté/AgroSup Dijon, Dijon, France.,Novolyze, Dijon, France
| | - Stéphane Guyot
- UMR PAM A 02.102 Procédés Alimentaires et Microbiologiques, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté/AgroSup Dijon, Dijon, France
| | | | - Jean-Marie Perrier-Cornet
- UMR PAM A 02.102 Procédés Alimentaires et Microbiologiques, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté/AgroSup Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Patrick Gervais
- UMR PAM A 02.102 Procédés Alimentaires et Microbiologiques, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté/AgroSup Dijon, Dijon, France
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11
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The Effect of Pyrroloquinoline Quinone on the Expression of WISP1 in Traumatic Brain Injury. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:4782820. [PMID: 28883836 PMCID: PMC5573117 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4782820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
WISP1, as a member of the CCN4 protein family, has cell protective effects of promoting cell proliferation and inhibiting cell apoptosis. Although some studies have confirmed that WISP1 is concerned with colon cancer and lung cancer, there is little report about the influence of WISP1 in traumatic brain injury. Here, we found that the expression of WISP1 mRNA and protein decreased at 3 d and then increased at 5 d after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Meanwhile, immunofluorescence demonstrated that there was little colocation of WISP1 with GFAP, Iba1, and WISP1 colocalized with NeuN partly. WISP1 colocalized with LC3, but there was little of colocation about WISP1 with cleaved caspase-3. Subsequent study displayed that the expression of β-catenin protein was identical to that of WISP1 after TBI. WISP1 was mainly located in cytoplasm of PC12 or SHSY5Y cells. Compared with the negative control group, WISP1 expression reduced obviously in SHSY5Y cells transfected with WISP1 si-RNA. CCK-8 assay showed that pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) had little influence on viability of PC12 and SHSY5Y cells. These results suggested that WISP1 played a protective role after traumatic brain injury in rats, and this effect might be relative to autophagy caused by traumatic brain injury.
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Bao X, Yang L, Chen L, Li B, Li L, Li Y, Xu Z. Analysis on pathogenic and virulent characteristics of the Cronobacter sakazakii strain BAA-894 by whole genome sequencing and its demonstration in basic biology science. Microb Pathog 2017; 109:280-286. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Comparative proteomic analysis of Cronobacter sakazakii by iTRAQ provides insights into response to desiccation. Food Res Int 2017; 100:631-639. [PMID: 28873731 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cronobacter sakazakii is a foodborne pathogen throughout the world and survives extremely desiccation stress. However, the molecular basis involved in desiccation resistance of C. sakazakii is still unknown. In this study, the potential desiccation resistance factors of C. sakazakii ATCC 29544 were determined using iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomic analysis. A total of 2775 proteins were identified by iTRAQ, of which 233 showed a different protein expression between control group and desiccation stress group. Among these 233 proteins identified as desiccation resistance proteins, there were 146 proteins downregulated and 87 proteins upregulated. According to the comprehensive proteome coverage analysis, C. sakazakii increased its resistance to desiccation by reducing the gene involved with unnecessary survival functions such as those used for virulence, adhesion, invasion and flagella assembly, while increasing gene expression of genes used in withstanding osmotic stress such as those genes involved in trehalose and betaine uptake. However, the mechanism involved in amino acid metabolism in an osmotic stress response, including the producing of γ-aminobutyric acid in C. sakazakii is still uncertain. This is the first report to determine the potential desiccation resistant factors of C. sakazakii at the proteomic levels.
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Nola Sinamo K, - S, Dewanti-Hariyadi R. SINTASAN Cronobacter sakazakii pGFPuv SELAMA PENYIMPANAN JAGUNG PIPILAN BERKADAR AIR AWAL BERBEDA DI BERBAGAI RH. JURNAL TEKNOLOGI DAN INDUSTRI PANGAN 2016. [DOI: 10.6066/jtip.2016.27.2.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Transcriptome analysis of Cronobacter sakazakii ATCC BAA-894 after interaction with human intestinal epithelial cell line HCT-8. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:311-22. [PMID: 26481623 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7053-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Cronobacter spp. are opportunistic pathogens that are responsible for infections including severe meningitis, septicemia, and necrotizing enterocolitis in neonates and infants. To date, questions still remain regarding the mechanisms of pathogenicity and virulence determinants for each bacterial strain. In this study, we established an in vitro model for Cronobacter sakazakii ATCC BAA-894 infection of HCT-8 human colorectal epithelial cells. The transcriptome profile of C. sakazakii ATCC BAA-894 after interaction with HCT-8 cells was determined using high-throughput whole-transcriptome sequencing (RNA sequencing (RNA-seq)). Gene expression profiles indicated that 139 genes were upregulated and 72 genes were downregulated in the adherent C. sakazakii ATCC BAA-894 strain on HCT-8 cells compared to the cultured bacteria in the cell-free medium. Expressions of some flagella genes and virulence factors involved in adherence were upregulated. High osmolarity and osmotic stress-associated genes were highly upregulated, as well as genes responsible for the synthesis of lipopolysaccharides and outer membrane proteins, iron acquisition systems, and glycerol and glycerophospholipid metabolism. In sum, our study provides further insight into the mechanisms underlying C. sakazakii pathogenesis in the human gastrointestinal tract.
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Abstract
The review centers on the human gastrointestinal tract; focusing first on the bacterial stress responses needed to overcome the physiochemical defenses of the host, specifically how these stress survival strategies can be used as targets for alternative infection control strategies. The concluding section focuses on recent developments in molecular diagnostics; centring on the shifting paradigm from culture to molecular based diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy D Sleator
- a Department of Biological Sciences ; Cork Institute of Technology ; Bishopstown , Cork , Ireland
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Analysis of the cellulose synthase operon genes, bcsA, bcsB, and bcsC in Cronobacter species: Prevalence among species and their roles in biofilm formation and cell-cell aggregation. Food Microbiol 2015; 52:97-105. [PMID: 26338122 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cronobacter species are emerging food-borne pathogens that cause severe sepsis, meningitis, and necrotizing entercolitis in neonates and infants. Bacterial pathogens such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella species produce extracellular cellulose which has been shown to be involved in rugosity, biofilm formation, and host colonization. In this study the distribution and prevalence of cellulose synthase operon genes (bcsABZC) were determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis in 231 Cronobacter strains isolated from clinical, food, environmental, and unknown sources. Furthermore, bcsA and bcsB isogenic mutants were constructed in Cronobacter sakazakii BAA894 to determine their roles. In calcofluor binding assays bcsA and bcsB mutants did not produce cellulose, and their colonial morphotypes were different to that of the parent strain. Biofilm formation and bacterial cell-cell aggregation were significantly reduced in bcsA and bcsB mutants compared to the parental strain. bcsA or bcsAB PCR-negative strains of C. sakazakii did not bind calcofluor, and produced less biofilm and cell-cell aggregation compared to strains possessing bcsAB genes. These data indicated that Cronobacter bcsABZC were present in all clinical isolates and most of food and environmental isolates. bcsA and bcsB genes of Cronobacter were necessary to produce cellulose, and were involved in biofilm formation and cell-cell aggregation.
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Feeney A, Sleator RD. Functional Screening of the Cronobacter sakazakii BAA-894 Genome reveals a role for ProP (ESA_02131) in carnitine uptake. Bioengineered 2015; 6:161-5. [PMID: 25915804 PMCID: PMC4601511 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2015.1043500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cronobacter sakazakii is a neonatal pathogen responsible for up to 80% of fatalities in infected infants. Low birth weight infants and neonates infected with C. sakazakii suffer necrotizing enterocolitis, bacteraemia and meningitis. The mode of transmission most often associated with infection is powdered infant formula (PIF) which, with an aw of ∼0.2, is too low to allow most microorganisms to persist. Survival of C. sakazakii in environments subject to extreme hyperosmotic stress has previously been attributed to the uptake of compatible solutes including proline and betaine. Herein, we report the construction and screening of a C. sakazakii genome bank and the identification of ProP (ESA_02131) as a carnitine uptake system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Feeney
- Department of Biological Sciences; Cork Institute of Technology; Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland
| | - Roy D Sleator
- Department of Biological Sciences; Cork Institute of Technology; Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland
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Feeney A, Kropp KA, O’Connor R, Sleator RD. Cronobacter sakazakii: stress survival and virulence potential in an opportunistic foodborne pathogen. Gut Microbes 2015; 5:711-8. [PMID: 25562731 PMCID: PMC4615781 DOI: 10.4161/19490976.2014.983774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A characteristic feature of the opportunistic foodborne pathogen Cronobacter sakazakii is its ability to survive in extremely arid environments, such as powdered infant formula, making it a dangerous opportunistic pathogen of individuals of all age groups, especially infants and neonates. Herein, we provide a brief overview of the pathogen; clinical manifestations, environmental reservoirs and our current understanding of stress response mechanisms and virulence factors which allow it to cause disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Feeney
- Department of Biological Sciences; Cork Institute of Technology; Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland
| | - Kai A Kropp
- Department of Biological Sciences; Cork Institute of Technology; Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland
| | - Roxana O’Connor
- Department of Biological Sciences; Cork Institute of Technology; Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland
| | - Roy D Sleator
- Department of Biological Sciences; Cork Institute of Technology; Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland,Correspondence to: Roy D Sleator;
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Feeney A, Johnston CD, Lucid A, O'Mahony J, Coffey A, Lucey B, Sleator RD. The role of the Cronobacter sakazakii ProP C-terminal coiled coil domain in osmotolerance. Gut Pathog 2014; 6:46. [PMID: 25530808 PMCID: PMC4272814 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-014-0046-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigate the role of the C-terminal coiled coil of the secondary proline porter ProP in contributing to Cronobacter sakazakii osmotolerance. FINDINGS The extended C-terminal domain of ProP1 (encoded by ESA_02131) was spliced onto the truncated C-terminal end of ProP2 (encoded by ESA_01706); creating a chimeric protein (ProPc) which exhibits increased osmotolerance relative to the wild type. CONCLUSIONS It appears that the C-terminal coiled coil domain tunes ProP at low osmolality, whereas ProP transporters lacking the coiled coil domain are more active at a higher osmolality range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Feeney
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, Cork Ireland
| | - Christopher D Johnston
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, Cork Ireland
| | - Alan Lucid
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, Cork Ireland
| | - Jim O'Mahony
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, Cork Ireland
| | - Aidan Coffey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, Cork Ireland
| | - Brigid Lucey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, Cork Ireland
| | - Roy D Sleator
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, Cork Ireland
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