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Roy S, Mukherjee P, Kundu S, Majumder D, Raychaudhuri V, Choudhury L. Microbial infections in burn patients. Acute Crit Care 2024; 39:214-225. [PMID: 38863352 PMCID: PMC11167422 DOI: 10.4266/acc.2023.01571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Polymicrobial infections are the leading causes of complications incurred from injuries that burn patients develop. Such patients admitted to the hospital have a high risk of developing hospital-acquired infections, with longer patient stays leading to increased chances of acquiring such drug-resistant infections. Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Proteus mirabilis are the most common multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacteria identified in burn wound infections (BWIs). BWIs caused by viruses, like Herpes Simplex and Varicella Zoster, and fungi-like Candida spp. appear to occur occasionally. However, the preponderance of infection by opportunistic pathogens is very high in burn patients. Variations in the causative agents of BWIs are due to differences in geographic location and infection control measures. Overall, burn injuries are characterized by elevated serum cytokine levels, systemic immune response, and immunosuppression. Hence, early detection and treatment can accelerate the wound-healing process and reduce the risk of further infections at the site of injury. A multidisciplinary collaboration between burn surgeons and infectious disease specialists is also needed to properly monitor antibiotic resistance in BWI pathogens, help check the super-spread of MDR pathogens, and improve treatment outcomes as a result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souvik Roy
- Postgraduate and Research Department of Biotechnology, St. Xavier’s College (Autonomous), Kolkata, India
| | - Preeti Mukherjee
- Postgraduate and Research Department of Biotechnology, St. Xavier’s College (Autonomous), Kolkata, India
| | - Sutrisha Kundu
- Postgraduate and Research Department of Biotechnology, St. Xavier’s College (Autonomous), Kolkata, India
| | - Debashrita Majumder
- Postgraduate and Research Department of Biotechnology, St. Xavier’s College (Autonomous), Kolkata, India
| | - Vivek Raychaudhuri
- Postgraduate and Research Department of Biotechnology, St. Xavier’s College (Autonomous), Kolkata, India
| | - Lopamudra Choudhury
- Department of Microbiology, Sarsuna College (under Calcutta University), Kolkata, India
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Jian F, Lu C, Jia H, Na L, Peng Y, Maohong B, Xulin C. Characteristics of blood clotting on thromboelastography in patients with early burns. Transfus Apher Sci 2023; 62:103824. [PMID: 37813753 DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2023.103824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thromboelastography (TEG) is a viscoelastic test that may be used to evaluate the hemostatic function of whole blood, and it may be useful for burn patients with multiple hemostatic defects. METHODS We retrospectively recruited patients with burns between January 2019 and July 2021. Blood samples were drawn on admission and subjected to coagulation parameter assessment, including conventional coagulation tests and TEG assessment. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed to predict the occurrence of complications in patients with early burns. RESULTS Ninety-three patients with early burns met the inclusion criteria. Patients with minor, moderate, severe, and extremely severe burns accounted for 19.4 %, 36.6 %, 16.1 %, and 27.9 % of all patients, respectively. Compared with the healthy controls, patients with early burns showed significant reductions in the R and K values, and significant elevation in the maximum amplitude (MA), coagulation index (CI), and alpha angle. Compared with minor and moderate burn patients, patients with severe and extremely severe burns had lower K values and thrombin time and higher alpha angle, CI, prothrombin time, international normalized ratio, D-dimer, and fibrin degradation products. Patients with hypercoagulation had lower R and K values, longer MA, longer CI, and greater alpha angle. After ROC analysis, the areas under the ROC curve for acute lung injury, acute kidney injury, and bleeding were 0.789, 0.802, and 0.900, respectively. CONCLUSION TEG provides insight into the hemostatic state of patients with early burns, and can predict complications in early burn patients when combined with conventional coagulation tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Jian
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Chen Lu
- Department of Burns, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - He Jia
- Department of Burns, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Li Na
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Yang Peng
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Bian Maohong
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China.
| | - Chen Xulin
- Department of Burns, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China.
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Dahl R, Galet C, Lilienthal M, Dwars B, Wibbenmeyer L. Regional Burn Review: Neither Parkland Nor Brooke Formulas Reach 85% Accuracy Mark for Burn Resuscitation. J Burn Care Res 2023; 44:1452-1459. [PMID: 37010149 DOI: 10.1093/jbcr/irad047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Prolonged resuscitation can result in burn wound conversion and other complications. Our team switched from using Parkland formula (PF) to the modified Brooke formula (BF) in January 2020. Secondary to difficult resuscitations using BF, we sought to review our data to identify factors associated with resuscitation requiring greater than predicted resuscitation with either formula, defined as 25% or more of predicted, hereafter referred to as over-resuscitation. Patients admitted to the burn unit between January 1, 2019 and August 29, 2021 for a burn injury with a percentage of total body surface area (%TBSA) ≥15% were included. Subjects <18 years, or weighing <30 kg, and those who died or had care withdrawn within 24 hours of admission were excluded. Demographics, injury information, and resuscitation information were collected. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify factors associated with over-resuscitation by either formula. P < .05 was considered significant. Sixty-four patients were included; 27 were resuscitated using BF and 37 using PF. No significant differences were observed in demographics and burn injury between the groups. Patients required a median of 3.59 ml/kg/%TBSA for BF and 3.99 ml/kg/%TBSA for PF to reach maintenance (P = .32). Over-resuscitation was more likely to occur when using BF compared to PF (59.3% vs 32.4%, P = .043). Over-resuscitation was associated with longer time to reach maintenance (OR = 1.179 [1.042-1.333], P = .009) and arrival via ground transportation (OR = 10.523 [1.171-94.597], P = .036). Future studies are warranted to identify populations in which BF under-performs and sequelae associated with prolonged resuscitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Dahl
- Carver College of Medicine. University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Colette Galet
- Department of Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | | | - Brooke Dwars
- Department of Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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Mulatu D, Zewdie A, Zemede B, Terefe B, Liyew B. Outcome of burn injury and associated factor among patient visited at Addis Ababa burn, emergency and trauma hospital: a two years hospital-based cross-sectional study. BMC Emerg Med 2022; 22:199. [PMID: 36494642 PMCID: PMC9733383 DOI: 10.1186/s12873-022-00758-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Burn is one of the critical health problems worldwide. Developing countries with sub-Saharan and Asian populations are affected more. Its mortality and non-fatal complications depend on several factors including age, sex, residency, cause, the extent of the burn, and time and level of care given. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to assess the outcome of burn injury and its associated factor among patients who visited Addis Ababa burn emergency and trauma hospital. METHODS The institutional-based, retrospective cross-sectional study design was conducted from April 1, 2019, to March 30, 2021. After checking the data for its consistency the data were entered and analyzed by using SPSS version 25. A total of 241 patients who had visited Addis Ababa burn, emergency and trauma Hospitals after sustained burn injury were recruited through convenience sampling method for final analysis. Model goodness-of-fit was checked by Hosmer and Lemeshow test (0.272). After checking multi-collinearity both the bi-variable and multivariable logistic regression model was fitted and variables having a p-value less than or equal to 0.05 at 95% CI in the multivariable analysis were considered statistically significant. RESULT Adults (age 15 to 60 years) are the most affected groups accounting for 55.2% followed by pediatric age groups (age <15 years) (43.6%) and the elderly (age > 60 years) (1.2%). Scald burn was the major cause accounting for 39 % followed by Flame burn (33.6%), Electrical burn (26.6%), and chemical burn (0.8%). The mean TBSA% was 15.49%, ranging from1% to 64%. Adult males are more affected by electrical burns while adult females and the elderly encounter flame burn. 78.4% of patients were discharged without complications, 14.9% were discharged with complications and 6.6% died. The commonest long-term complication is the amputation of the extremity (19, 7.9%). Age greater than 60 years and TBSA% greater than 30% is a strong predictors of mortality with odds of 2.2 at 95% CI of [1.32, 3.69] and 8.7 at 95% CI of [1.33, 57.32] respectively. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION The mortality rate show decrement from previous studies. Overall scald burn is common in all age groups but electrical burns and flame burns affected more adult and elderly age groups. Extremities were by far, the commonest affected body parts. The extent of burn injury and the age of the patient independently predict mortality. Early intervention will reduce mortality and complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damena Mulatu
- grid.59547.3a0000 0000 8539 4635Department of internal medicine, School of medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Ayalew Zewdie
- grid.460724.30000 0004 5373 1026Department of Emergency Medicine and Critical Care, St Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Biruktawit Zemede
- grid.460724.30000 0004 5373 1026Department of Emergency Medicine and Critical Care, St Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Bewuketu Terefe
- grid.59547.3a0000 0000 8539 4635Department of Community Health Nursing, School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Bikis Liyew
- grid.59547.3a0000 0000 8539 4635Department of Emergency and Critical Care Nursing, School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O.BOX 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Hussain Z, Thu HE, Rawas-Qalaji M, Naseem M, Khan S, Sohail M. Recent developments and advanced strategies for promoting burn wound healing. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Altered Genes and Biological Functions in Response to Severe Burns. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:8836243. [PMID: 34124262 PMCID: PMC8168476 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8836243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Severe burns are acute wounds caused by local heat exposure, resulting in life-threatening systemic effects and poor survival. However, the specific molecular mechanisms remain unclear. First, we downloaded gene expression data related to severe burns from the GEO database (GSE19743, GSE37069, and GSE77791). Then, a gene expression analysis was performed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and construct protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. The molecular mechanism was identified by enrichment analysis and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis. In addition, STEM software was used to screen for genes persistently expressed during response to severe burns, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to identify key DEGs. A total of 2631 upregulated and 3451 downregulated DEGs were identified. PPI network analysis clustered these DEGs into 13 modules. Importantly, module genes mostly related with immune responses and metabolism. In addition, we identified genes persistently altered during the response to severe burns corresponding to survival and death status. Among the genes with high area under the ROC curve in the PPI network gene, CCL5 and LCK were identified as key DEGs, which may affect the prognosis of burn patients. Gene set variation analysis showed that the immune response was inhibited and several types of immune cells were decreased, while the metabolic response was enhanced. The results showed that persistent gene expression changes occur in response to severe burns, which may underlie chronic alterations in physiological pathways. Identifying the key altered genes may reveal potential therapeutic targets for mitigating the effects of severe burns.
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Liu NT, Shingleton SK, Fenrich CA, Serio-Melvin ML, Christy RJ, Salinas J. Quantifying the effects of wound healing risk and potential on clinical measurements and outcomes of severely burned patients: A data-driven approach. Burns 2019; 46:303-313. [PMID: 31836245 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2019.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Given recent advances in computational power, the goal of this study was to quantify the effects of wound healing risk and potential on clinical measurements and outcomes of severely burned patients, with the hope of providing more insight on factors that affect wound healing. METHODS This retrospective study involved patients who had at least 10% TBSA% "burned" and three burn mappings each. To model risk to wounds, we defined the variable θ, a hypothetical threshold for TBSA% "open wound" used to demarcate "low-risk" from "high-risk" patients. Low-risk patients denoted those patients whose actual TBSA% "open wound" ≤θ, whereas high-risk patients denoted those patients whose actual TBSA% "open wound" >θ. To consider all possibilities of risk, 100 sub analyses were performed by (1) varying θ from 100% to 1% in decrements of 1%, (2) grouping all patients as either "low-risk" or "high-risk" for each θ, and (3) comparing all means and deviations of variables and outcomes between the two groups for each θ. Hence, this study employed a data-driven approach to capture trends in clinical measurements and outcomes. Plots and tables were also obtained. RESULTS For 303 patients, median age and weight were 43 [29-59] years and 85 [72-99]kg, respectively. Mean TBSA% "burned" was 25 [17-39] %, with a full-thickness burn of 4 [0-15] %. Average crystalloid volumes were 4.25±2.27mL/kg/TBSA% "burned" in the first 24h. Importantly, for high-risk patients, decreasing θ was matched by significant increases in PaO2-FiO2 ratio, platelet count, Glasgow coma score (GCS), and MAP. On the other hand, increasing their risk θ was also matched by significant increases in creatinine, bilirubin, lactate, blood, estimated blood loss, and 24-h and total fluid volumes. As expected, for low-risk patients, clinical measurements were more stable, despite decreasing or increasing θ. At a θ of 80%, statistical tests indicated much disparity between high-risk and low-risk patients for TBSA% "burned", full thickness burn, bilirubin (1.66±1.16mg/dL versus 0.83±0.65mg/dL, p=0.005), GCS (7±2 versus 12±3, p<0.001), MAP (42±22mm Hg versus 59±22mm Hg, p=0.004), 24-h blood, estimated blood loss, 24-h fluid, total fluid, and ICU length of stay (81±113 days versus 24±27 days, p=0.002). These differences were all statistically significant and remained significant down to θ=10%. CONCLUSION Wound healing risk and potential may be forecasted by many different clinical measurements and outcomes and has many implications on multi-organ function. Future work will be needed to further explain and understand these effects, in order to facilitate development of new predictive models for wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehemiah T Liu
- U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, TX, United States.
| | - Sarah K Shingleton
- U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, TX, United States.
| | - Craig A Fenrich
- U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, TX, United States.
| | - Maria L Serio-Melvin
- U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, TX, United States.
| | - Robert J Christy
- U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, TX, United States.
| | - José Salinas
- U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, TX, United States.
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Liu NT, Rizzo JA, Shingleton SK, Fenrich CA, Serio-Melvin ML, Christy RJ, Salinas J. Relationship Between Burn Wound Location and Outcomes in Severely Burned Patients: More Than Meets the Size. J Burn Care Res 2019; 40:558-565. [DOI: 10.1093/jbcr/irz098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
We hypothesized that burn location plays an important role in wound healing, mortality, and other outcomes and conducted the following study to test this multifold hypothesis. We conducted a study to retrospectively look at patients with burns ≥10% TBSA. Demographics, TBSA, partial/full thickness burns (PT/FT) in various wound locations, fluids, inhalation injury, mortality, ICU duration, and hospital duration were considered. Initial wound healing rates (%/d) were also calculated as a slope from the time of the first mapping of open wound size to the time of the third mapping of open wound size. Multivariate logistic regression and operating curves were used to measure mortality prediction performance. All values were expressed as median [interquartile range]. The mortality rate for 318 patients was 17% (54/318). In general, patients were 43 years [29, 58 years] old and had a TBSA of 25% [17, 39%], PT of 16% [10, 25%], and FT of 4% [0, 15%]. Between patients who lived and did not, age, TBSA, FT, 24-hour fluid, and ICU duration were statistically different (P < .001). Furthermore, there were statistically significant differences in FT head (0% [0, 0%] vs 0% [0, 1%], P = .048); FT anterior torso (0% [0, 1%] vs 1% [0, 4%], P < .001); FT posterior torso (0% [0, 0%] vs 0% [0, 4%], P < 0.001); FT upper extremities (0% [0, 3%] vs 2% [0, 11%], P < .001); FT lower extremities (0% [0, 2%] vs 6% [0, 17%], P < .001); and FT genitalia (0% [0, 0%] vs 0% [0, 2%], P < .001). Age, presence of inhalation injury, PT/FT upper extremities, and FT lower extremities were independent mortality predictors and per unit increases of these variables were associated with an increased risk for mortality (P < .05): odds ratio of 1.09 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.61–1.13; P < .001) for mean age; 2.69 (95% CI = 1.04–6.93; P = .041) for inhalation injury; 1.14 (95% CI = 1.01–1.27; P = .031) for mean PT upper extremities; 1.26 (95% CI = 1.11–1.42; P < .001) for mean FT upper extremities; and 1.07 (95% CI = 1.01–1.12; P = .012) for mean FT lower extremities. Prediction of mortality was better using specific wound locations (area under the curve [AUC], AUC of 0.896) rather than using TBSA and FT (AUC of 0.873). Graphs revealed that initial healing rates were statistically lower and 24-hour fluids and ICU length of stay were statistically higher in patients with FT upper extremities than in patients without FT extremities (P < .001). Burn wound location affects wound healing and helps predict mortality and ICU length of stay and should be incorporated into burn triage strategies to enhance resource allocation or stratify wound care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehemiah T Liu
- U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, Texas
| | - Julie A Rizzo
- U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, Texas
| | | | - Craig A Fenrich
- U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, Texas
| | | | - Robert J Christy
- U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, Texas
| | - José Salinas
- U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, Texas
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Glas GJ, Horn J, van der Hoeven SM, Hollmann MW, Cleffken B, Colpaert K, Juffermans NP, Knape P, Loef BG, Mackie DP, Malbrain M, Muller J, Reidinga AC, Preckel B, Schultz MJ. Changes in ventilator settings and ventilation-induced lung injury in burn patients-A systematic review. Burns 2019; 46:762-770. [PMID: 31202528 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2019.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ventilation strategies aiming at prevention of ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI), including low tidal volumes (VT) and use of positive end-expiratory pressures (PEEP) are increasingly used in critically ill patients. It is uncertain whether ventilation practices changed in a similar way in burn patients. Our objective was to describe applied ventilator settings and their relation to development of VILI in burn patients. DATA SOURCES Systematic search of the literature in PubMed and EMBASE using MeSH, EMTREE terms and keywords referring to burn or inhalation injury and mechanical ventilation. STUDY SELECTION Studies reporting ventilator settings in adult or pediatric burn or inhalation injury patients receiving mechanical ventilation during the ICU stay. DATA EXTRACTION Two authors independently screened abstracts of identified studies for eligibility and performed data extraction. DATA SYNTHESIS The search identified 35 eligible studies. VT declined from 14 ml/kg in studies performed before to around 8 ml/kg predicted body weight in studies performed after 2006. Low-PEEP levels (<10 cmH2O) were reported in 70% of studies, with no changes over time. Peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) values above 35 cmH2O were frequently reported. Nevertheless, 75% of the studies conducted in the last decade used limited maximum airway pressures (≤35 cmH2O) compared to 45% of studies conducted prior to 2006. Occurrence of barotrauma, reported in 45% of the studies, ranged from 0 to 29%, and was more frequent in patients ventilated with higher compared to lower airway pressures. CONCLUSION This systematic review shows noticeable trends of ventilatory management in burn patients that mirrors those in critically ill non-burn patients. Variability in available ventilator data precluded us from drawing firm conclusions on the association between ventilator settings and the occurrence of VILI in burn patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerie J Glas
- Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology (L·E·I·C·A), Amsterdam Universitair Medische Centra, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Anesthesiology, Amsterdam Universitair Medische Centra, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Janneke Horn
- Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology (L·E·I·C·A), Amsterdam Universitair Medische Centra, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam Universitair Medische Centra, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sophia M van der Hoeven
- Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology (L·E·I·C·A), Amsterdam Universitair Medische Centra, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam Universitair Medische Centra, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Markus W Hollmann
- Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology (L·E·I·C·A), Amsterdam Universitair Medische Centra, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Anesthesiology, Amsterdam Universitair Medische Centra, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Berry Cleffken
- Department of Intensive Care, Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kirsten Colpaert
- Department of Intensive Care, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nicole P Juffermans
- Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology (L·E·I·C·A), Amsterdam Universitair Medische Centra, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Anesthesiology, Amsterdam Universitair Medische Centra, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Knape
- Department of Intensive Care, Red Cross Hospital, Beverwijk, The Netherlands
| | - Bert G Loef
- Department of Intensive Care, Martini Hospital, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - David P Mackie
- Department of Intensive Care, Red Cross Hospital, Beverwijk, The Netherlands
| | - Manu Malbrain
- Department of Intensive Care, University Hospital Brussels, Jette, Belgium
| | - Jan Muller
- Department of Intensive Care, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Auke C Reidinga
- Department of Intensive Care, Martini Hospital, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Benedikt Preckel
- Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology (L·E·I·C·A), Amsterdam Universitair Medische Centra, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Anesthesiology, Amsterdam Universitair Medische Centra, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marcus J Schultz
- Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology (L·E·I·C·A), Amsterdam Universitair Medische Centra, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam Universitair Medische Centra, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Bailey ME, Sagiraju HKR, Mashreky SR, Alamgir H. Epidemiology and outcomes of burn injuries at a tertiary burn care center in Bangladesh. Burns 2019; 45:957-963. [PMID: 30612889 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2018.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Globally, burns are among some of the most devastating injuries and account for more than 265,000 deaths worldwide. In Bangladesh alone, nearly 3000 people die annually from burn-related injuries. This study was conducted at the National Institute of Burn and Plastic Surgery in Dhaka, Bangladesh in June of 2016. Data included conducting surveys of hospitalized burn patients (N=66) and a chart review of deceased burn patients (N=88). In addition to reporting on the demographic profile of patients, information was also obtained on clinical measures during hospitalization. For non-fatal burns, high risk groups included young adult males (early 30s) of lower socioeconomic status. Among children, the most vulnerable group was found to be children less than eight years old. The most common non-fatal types of burn injuries were flame (35%), electrical (31%) and scald (24%). Discharged patients had an average hospital stay of around 30days with half of all patients requiring surgical intervention, thus indicating the severity of those cases and the need for resource-intensive care. Among the discharged patient population, factors significantly associated with a longer duration of hospital stay included severity of injury, not having received prior treatment before admission and whether or not patients required surgery during hospitalization. Among the mortality cases, the high-risk groups also included young adult males and children of around eight years of age. The average total body surface area (TBSA) sustained in these cases was 46.4%, with 65% of deaths attributable to complications from flame burns. These findings highlight the frequency and severity of burn injuries, identify vulnerable population groups and list common causes of burns in this large developing country of 160 million people. Furthermore, these findings may be applicable to the epidemiology and outcome of burns in similar low and middle income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Bailey
- School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, 7733 Louis Pasture San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; The University of Texas School of Public Health, 7411 John Smith Dr, #1100 San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
| | - H K R Sagiraju
- The University of Texas School of Public Health, 7411 John Smith Dr, #1100 San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - S R Mashreky
- Centre for Injury Prevention and Research, Bangladesh (CIPRB), House # B-162, Road # 23, New DOHS, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1206, Bangladesh
| | - H Alamgir
- New York Medical College, 40 Sunshine Cottage Rd, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
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Abstract
As a result of many years of research, the intricate cellular mechanisms of burn injury are slowly becoming clear. Yet, knowledge of these cellular mechanisms and a multitude of resulting studies have often failed to translate into improved clinical treatment for burn injuries. Perhaps the most valuable information to date is the years of clinical experience and observations in the management and treatment of patients, which has contributed to a gradual improvement in reported outcomes of mortality. This review provides a discussion of the cellular mechanisms and pathways involved in burn injury, resultant systemic effects on organ systems, current management and treatment, and potential therapies that we may see implemented in the future.
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Abstract
Advances in burn care have accelerated within the last 50 years. The principal modalities of and approaches to burn treatment include dressings, antimicrobials, fluid resuscitation, burn wound excision, skin grafting, and use of skin substitutes. This review presents a historical outline of these approaches, their current status, and prospects for the future of burn care.
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13
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Optimal fluid resuscitation of burn patients with burns greater than 20% total body surface area is critical to prevent burn shock during the initial 24 hours to 48 hours postburn. Currently, most resuscitation formulas incorporate the patient's weight when estimating 24-hour fluid requirements. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of weight on fluid resuscitation requirements and outcomes during the initial 24 hours after admission. METHODS We performed a retrospective review of patients admitted to our burn intensive care unit from December 2007 to April 2013, resuscitated with a computerized decision support system. We classified patients into body mass index (BMI) categories of underweight (BMI: <18.5), normal (BMI: 18.5-24.9), overweight (BMI: 25.0-29.9), or obese (BMI: >30.0). We also calculated the percent difference from ideal body weight (IBW) and compared 24-hour fluid volumes received. RESULTS Patients with missing weight and/or height values were excluded from the study, resulting in a final cohort of 161 patients for analysis. Mean total body surface area was 42 ± 20% with a full thickness burn of 18 ± 23%. Mean age, weight, and height were 47 ± 19 years, 83 ± 19 kg, and 68 ± 4 inches, respectively. IBW for this cohort was 68 ± 11 kg with a BMI of 28 ± 6. Univariate analysis showed significant differences in 24-hour resuscitation volumes (mL/kg) between normal and obese patients (p < 0.05). Further analysis revealed that increasing percent difference from IBW was associated with lower fluid volumes. Although obesity was not associated with inhalation injury or renal replacement therapy, it was correlated to an increased risk for mortality (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION This analysis showed that increasing weight was associated with lower fluid resuscitation volume requirements and a higher mortality rate, despite the low incidence of inhalation injury and renal replacement therapy in our obese patients. The use of actual body weight to drive resuscitation volumes may result in overresuscitation of obese patients, depending on the resuscitation formula. Further studies are needed to better explain the relationship between mortality and obesity in burn patients. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic/care management, level IV.
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Yuce Y, Acar HA, Erkal KH, Arditi NB. Retrospective analysis of patients with burn injury treated in a burn center in Turkey during the Syrian civil war. Saudi Med J 2017; 38:93-96. [PMID: 28042637 PMCID: PMC5278073 DOI: 10.15537/smj.2017.1.16448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To report the management of burn injuries that occured in the Syria civil war, which were referred to our burn center. Methods: Forty-three patients with burns, injured in the civil war in Syria and whom were referred to Dr. Lütfi Kırdar Kartal Educating and Training Hospital Burn Centre of İstanbul, Turkey between 2011-2015 were analyzed in a retrospective study. Results: Most of our patients were in major burn classification (93%; 40/43) and most of them had burns >15% total on body surface area. Most of them were admitted to our center late after first management at centers with improper conditions and in cultures of these patients unusual and resistant strains specific to the battlefield were produced. Conclusion: Immediate transfer of the patients from the scene of incidence to burn centers ensures early treatment, this factor may be effective on the outcome of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucel Yuce
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Dr. Lutfi Kirdar Education and Research Hospital, Kartal, Istanbul, Turkey. E-mail.
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15
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Wiggins-Dohlvik K, Oakley RP, Han MS, Stagg HW, Alluri H, Shaji CA, Davis ML, Tharakan B. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 inhibits burn-induced derangements and hyperpermeability in microvascular endothelial cells. Am J Surg 2016; 211:197-205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2015.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Søreide K. Service as joint editor-in-chief for 11 years comes to an end: adieu, godspeed and auf wiedersehn! Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 2015; 23:110. [PMID: 26718460 PMCID: PMC4696309 DOI: 10.1186/s13049-015-0192-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kjetil Søreide
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Stavanger University Hospital, PO Box 8100, Stavanger, Norway. .,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
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17
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Abstract
Sunburn, thermal, and chemical injuries to the skin are common in the United States and worldwide. Initial management is determined by type and extent of injury with special care to early management of airway, breathing, and circulation. Fluid management has typically been guided by the Parkland formula, whereas some experts now question this. Each type of skin injury has its own pathophysiology and resultant complications. All primary care physicians should have at least a basic knowledge of management of acute and chronic skin injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J Monseau
- Department of Emergency Medicine, West Virginia University, 1 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV 26506-9149, USA.
| | - Zebula M Reed
- Department of Emergency Medicine, West Virginia University, 1 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV 26506-9149, USA
| | - Katherine Jane Langley
- Department of Emergency Medicine, West Virginia University, 1 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV 26506-9149, USA
| | - Cayce Onks
- Department of Family & Community Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Drive, H154, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Drive, H154, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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18
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Rowan MP, Cancio LC, Elster EA, Burmeister DM, Rose LF, Natesan S, Chan RK, Christy RJ, Chung KK. Burn wound healing and treatment: review and advancements. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2015; 19:243. [PMID: 26067660 PMCID: PMC4464872 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-015-0961-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 465] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Burns are a prevalent and burdensome critical care problem. The priorities of specialized facilities focus on stabilizing the patient, preventing infection, and optimizing functional recovery. Research on burns has generated sustained interest over the past few decades, and several important advancements have resulted in more effective patient stabilization and decreased mortality, especially among young patients and those with burns of intermediate extent. However, for the intensivist, challenges often exist that complicate patient support and stabilization. Furthermore, burn wounds are complex and can present unique difficulties that require late intervention or life-long rehabilitation. In addition to improvements in patient stabilization and care, research in burn wound care has yielded advancements that will continue to improve functional recovery. This article reviews recent advancements in the care of burn patients with a focus on the pathophysiology and treatment of burn wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Rowan
- United States Army Institute for Surgical Research, 3698 Chambers Pass, Fort Sam Houston, TX, 78234, USA.
| | - Leopoldo C Cancio
- United States Army Institute for Surgical Research, 3698 Chambers Pass, Fort Sam Houston, TX, 78234, USA
| | - Eric A Elster
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Rd, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - David M Burmeister
- United States Army Institute for Surgical Research, 3698 Chambers Pass, Fort Sam Houston, TX, 78234, USA
| | - Lloyd F Rose
- United States Army Institute for Surgical Research, 3698 Chambers Pass, Fort Sam Houston, TX, 78234, USA
| | - Shanmugasundaram Natesan
- United States Army Institute for Surgical Research, 3698 Chambers Pass, Fort Sam Houston, TX, 78234, USA
| | - Rodney K Chan
- United States Army Institute for Surgical Research, 3698 Chambers Pass, Fort Sam Houston, TX, 78234, USA.,Brooke Army Medical Center, 3551 Roger Brook Dr, Fort Sam Houston, TX, 78234, USA
| | - Robert J Christy
- United States Army Institute for Surgical Research, 3698 Chambers Pass, Fort Sam Houston, TX, 78234, USA
| | - Kevin K Chung
- United States Army Institute for Surgical Research, 3698 Chambers Pass, Fort Sam Houston, TX, 78234, USA.,Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Rd, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
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The safety of general anaesthesia in paediatric patients undergoing the application of Biobrane® for small scalds. Burns 2015; 41:1221-6. [PMID: 25724104 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Each year more than 5000 children present to English and Welsh hospitals for the management of scalds; 60% of these are small scalds of less than 10% body surface area. There are no agreed UK care pathways for this injury. One method of management is to use a biosynthetic wound dressing after thorough wound cleaning. In children, this usually utilises general anaesthesia. This study investigates the incidence of adverse events during anaesthesia for the application of biosynthetic dressings in children with small-area scalds. METHODS The medical records of 500 consecutive admissions to a tertiary care paediatric burn centre between July 1st 2007 and June 30th 2012 were analysed. The primary outcome was any patient-related adverse event incurred as a result of the general anaesthesia. Secondary outcomes included delays in discharge and any recovery sequelae to the adverse events. RESULTS There were 21 (4.2%) documented adverse events associated with 500 episodes of anaesthesia. Of these, the majority (52%) were documented as self-resolving laryngospasm. All episodes were temporary with no recovery sequelae and did not delay discharge from the post-anaesthetic recovery area. CONCLUSIONS The use of general anaesthesia in this setting for the application of biosynthetic dressings in children with small-area scalds has a low incidence of anaesthesia-related complications with no associated long-term sequelae. This incidence is similar to that quoted for adverse events related to anaesthesia for other procedures and is lower than that reported for procedures using sedation.
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20
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Stawicki SPA, Adkins EJ, Eiferman DS, Evans DC, Ali NA, Njoku C, Lindsey DE, Cook CH, Balakrishnan JM, Valiaveedan S, Galwankar SC, Boulger CT, Springer AN, Bahner DP. Prospective evaluation of intravascular volume status in critically ill patients: does inferior vena cava collapsibility correlate with central venous pressure? J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2014; 76:956-63; discussion 963-4. [PMID: 24662857 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000000152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In search of a standardized noninvasive assessment of intravascular volume status, we prospectively compared the sonographic inferior vena cava collapsibility index (IVC-CI) and central venous pressures (CVPs). Our goals included the determination of CVP behavior across clinically relevant IVC-CI ranges, examination of unitary behavior of IVC-CI with changes in CVP, and estimation of the effect of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) on the IVC-CI/CVP relationship. METHODS Prospective, observational study was performed in surgical/medical intensive care unit patients between October 2009 and July 2013. Patients underwent repeated sonographic evaluations of IVC-CI. Demographics, illness severity, ventilatory support, CVP, and patient positioning were recorded. Correlations were made between CVP groupings (<7, 7-12, 12-18, 19+) and IVC-CI ranges (<25, 25-49, 50-74, 75+). Comparison of CVP (2-unit quanta) and IVC-CI (5-unit quanta) was performed, followed by assessment of per-unit ΔIVC-CI/ΔCVP behavior as well as examination of the effect of PEEP on the IVC-CI/CVP relationship. RESULTS We analyzed 320 IVC-CI/CVP measurement pairs from 79 patients (mean [SD] age, 55.8 [16.8] years; 64.6% male; mean [SD] Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II, 11.7 [6.21]). Continuous data for IVC-CI/CVP correlated poorly (R = 0.177, p < 0.01) and were inversely proportional, with CVP less than 7 noted in approximately 10% of the patients for IVC-CIs less than 25% and CVP less than 7 observed in approximately 85% of patients for IVC-CIs greater than or equal to 75%. Median ΔIVC-CI per unit CVP was 3.25%. Most measurements (361 of 320) were collected in mechanically ventilated patients (mean [SD] PEEP, 7.76 [4.11] cm H2O). PEEP-related CVP increase was approximately 2 mm Hg to 2.5 mm Hg for IVC-CIs greater than 60% and approximately 3 mm Hg to 3.5 mm Hg for IVC-CIs less than 30%. PEEP also resulted in lower IVC-CIs at low CVPs, which reversed with increasing CVPs. When IVC-CI was examined across increasing PEEP ranges, we noted an inverse relationship between the two variables, but this failed to reach statistical significance. CONCLUSION IVC-CI and CVP correlate inversely, with each 1 mm Hg of CVP corresponding to 3.3% median ΔIVC-CI. Low IVC-CI (<25%) is consistent with euvolemia/hypervolemia, while IVC-CI greater than 75% suggests intravascular volume depletion. The presence of PEEP results in 2 mm Hg to 3.5 mm Hg of CVP increase across the IVC-CI spectrum and lower collapsibility at low CVPs. Although IVC-CI decreased with increasing degrees of PEEP, this failed to reach statistical significance. While this study represents a step forward in the area of intravascular volume estimation using IVC-CI, our findings must be applied with caution owing to some methodologic limitations. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Diagnostic study, level III. Prognostic study, level III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislaw P A Stawicki
- From the Division of Trauma, Critical Care, and Burn (S.P.A.S., D.S.E., D.C.E., C.N., D.E.L., C.H.C.), Department of Surgery, Department of Emergency Medicine (E.J.A.,CTB., D.P.B.), and Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (N.A.A.), Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine; Department of Anesthesiology (A.N.S.), The Ohio State College of Medicine; and OPUS 12 Foundation Multi-Center Trials Group (S.P.A.S., D.C.E., D.E.L., C.H.C., S.C.G., D.P.B.), Columbus, Ohio; Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care (J.M.B., S.V.), Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute, Thrissur, Kerala; and Department of Emergency Medicine (S.C.G.), Global Hospital Group, Mumbai, India
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21
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Glas GJ, Muller J, Binnekade JM, Cleffken B, Colpaert K, Dixon B, Juffermans NP, Knape P, Levi MM, Loef BG, Mackie DP, Malbrain M, Schultz MJ, van der Sluijs KF. HEPBURN - investigating the efficacy and safety of nebulized heparin versus placebo in burn patients with inhalation trauma: study protocol for a multi-center randomized controlled trial. Trials 2014; 15:91. [PMID: 24661817 PMCID: PMC3987885 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-15-91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary coagulopathy is a hallmark of lung injury following inhalation trauma. Locally applied heparin attenuates lung injury in animal models of smoke inhalation. Whether local treatment with heparin benefits patients with inhalation trauma is uncertain. The present trial aims at comparing a strategy using frequent nebulizations of heparin with standard care in intubated and ventilated burn patients with bronchoscopically confirmed inhalation trauma. METHODS The Randomized Controlled Trial Investigating the Efficacy and Safety of Nebulized HEParin versus Placebo in BURN Patients with Inhalation Trauma (HEPBURN) is an international multi-center, double-blind, placebo-controlled, two-arm study. One hundred and sixteen intubated and ventilated burn patients with confirmed inhalation trauma are randomized to nebulizations of heparin (the nebulized heparin strategy) or nebulizations of normal saline (the control strategy) every four hours for 14 days or until extubation, whichever comes first. The primary endpoint is the number of ventilator-free days, defined as days alive and breathing without assistance during the first 28 days, if the period of unassisted breathing lasts for at least 24 consecutive hours. DISCUSSION As far as the authors know, HEPBURN is the first randomized, placebo-controlled trial, powered to investigate whether local treatment with heparin shortens duration of ventilation of intubated and ventilated burn patients with inhalation trauma. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT01773083 (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov), registered on 16 January 2013.Recruiting. Randomisation commenced on 1 January 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerie J Glas
- Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology (L · E · I C · A), Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Academic Medical Center, M0-210, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Johannes Muller
- Department of Intensive Care, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan M Binnekade
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Berry Cleffken
- Department of Intensive Care, Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kirsten Colpaert
- Department of Intensive Care, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Barry Dixon
- Department of Intensive Care, St Vincent’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nicole P Juffermans
- Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology (L · E · I C · A), Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Academic Medical Center, M0-210, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Paul Knape
- Department of Intensive Care, Red Cross Hospital, Beverwijk, the Netherlands
| | - Marcel M Levi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bert G Loef
- Department of Intensive Care, Martini Hospital, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - David P Mackie
- Department of Intensive Care, Red Cross Hospital, Beverwijk, the Netherlands
| | - Manu Malbrain
- Department of Intensive Care, Ziekenhuis Netwerk Antwerpen - Stuivenberg, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marcus J Schultz
- Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology (L · E · I C · A), Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Academic Medical Center, M0-210, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Koenraad F van der Sluijs
- Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology (L · E · I C · A), Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Academic Medical Center, M0-210, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Iftimia N, Ferguson RD, Mujat M, Patel AH, Zhang EZ, Fox W, Rajadhyaksha M. Combined reflectance confocal microscopy/optical coherence tomography imaging for skin burn assessment. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 4:680-95. [PMID: 23667785 PMCID: PMC3646596 DOI: 10.1364/boe.4.000680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A combined high-resolution reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM)/optical coherence tomography (OCT) instrument for assessing skin burn gravity has been built and tested. This instruments allows for visualizing skin intracellular details with submicron resolution in the RCM mode and morphological and birefringence modifications to depths on the order of 1.2 mm in the OCT mode. Preliminary testing of the dual modality imaging approach has been performed on the skin of volunteers with some burn scars and on normal and thermally-injured Epiderm FTTM skin constructs. The initial results show that these two optical technologies have complementary capabilities that can offer the clinician a set of clinically comprehensive parameters: OCT helps to visualize deeper burn injuries and possibly quantify collagen destruction by measuring skin birefringence, while RCM provides submicron details of the integrity of the epidermal layer and identifies the presence of the superficial blood flow in the upper dermis. Therefore, the combination of these two technologies within the same instrument may provide a more comprehensive set of parameters that may help clinicians to more objectively and nonivasively assess burn injury gravity by determining tissue structural integrity and viability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ellen Ziyi Zhang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02144, USA
| | | | - Milind Rajadhyaksha
- Dermatology Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Daryabeigi R, Hadadi F, Yousefi H, Abedini F. The association between following transportation standards of the burned patients referred to Imam Mosakazem Hospital and the caused early complications in 2011. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF NURSING AND MIDWIFERY RESEARCH 2012; 17:501-5. [PMID: 23922596 PMCID: PMC3730453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND GOAL Burn is an irreparable event, which results in numerous physical, psychological, social, and economic complications. The burned patients should be merely treated in a professional burn center due to vast clinical range of these patients. Since, a percentage of mortality in burned patients is for the patients' transportation from other centers; this study has aimed to investigate the manner of their transportation to Imam Mosa Kazem Hospital. MATERIALS AND METHODS This is a descriptive cross-sectional study on 98 subjects selected through sequential sampling from thermally burned patients being referred to Isfahan burn emergency center by ambulance from August 2011 to November 2011. The data including demographic information and event details, burned surface, burning grade and the province of origin were collected by a questionnaire, as well as a checklist related to caring team standards, transportation team, transportation equipment, and outcomes. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistical tests. RESULTS Based on the findings, the longest transportation time was 6.35 (4.30) hours. There was no significant association between patients' O2intake and hypoxemia. There was no association between patients' hypothermia and cooling the burn in the patients at the event location. There was a significant association between intake of fluid within transportation and urine output and hypovolemia (P = 0.00). Most of the defects of treatment were related to the equipments and infection control devices. DISCUSSION The findings showed that burned patients' transportation is so far from standards in Iran, and the authorities' should pay specific attention to that in form of vast national investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Daryabeigi
- Department of Adult Nursing, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran,Address for correspondence: Mr. Reza Daryabeigi, Department of Adult Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. E-mail:
| | - Fateme Hadadi
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hojjatollah Yousefi
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fereidon Abedini
- Department of Surgery, Nursing and Midwifery Care Research Center, Isfahan, Iran
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Capoor MR, Sarabahi S, Tiwari VK, Narayanan RP. Fungal infections in burns: Diagnosis and management. Indian J Plast Surg 2011; 43:S37-42. [PMID: 21321655 PMCID: PMC3038393 DOI: 10.4103/0970-0358.70718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Burn wound infection (BWI) is a major public health problem and the most devastating form of trauma worldwide. Fungi cause BWI as part of monomicrobial or polymicrobial infection, fungaemia, rare aggressive soft tissue infection and as opportunistic infections. The risk factors for acquiring fungal infection in burns include age of burns, total burn size, body surface area (BSA) (30-60%), full thickness burns, inhalational injury, prolonged hospital stay, late surgical excision, open dressing, artificial dermis, central venous catheters, antibiotics, steroid treatment, long-term artificial ventilation, fungal wound colonisation (FWC), hyperglycaemic episodes and other immunosuppressive disorders. Most of the fungal infections are missed owing to lack of clinical awareness and similar presentation as bacterial infection coupled with paucity of mycology laboratories. Expedient diagnosis and treatment of these mycoses can be life-saving as the mortality is otherwise very high. Emergence of resistance in non-albicans Candida spp., unusual yeasts and moulds in fungal BWI, leaves very few fungi susceptible to antifungal drugs, leaving many patients susceptible. There is a need to speciate fungi as far as the topical and systemic antifungal is concerned. Deep tissue biopsy and other relevant samples are processed by standard mycological procedures using direct microscopy, culture and histopathological examination. Patients with FWC should be treated by aggressive surgical debridement and, in the case of fungal wound infection (FWI), in addition to surgical debridement, an intravenous antifungal drug, most commonly amphotericin B or caspofungin, is prescribed followed by de-escalating with voriconazole or itraconazole, or fluconazole depending upon the species or antifungal susceptibility, if available. The propensity for fungal infection increases, the longer the wound is present. Therefore, the development of products to close the wound more rapidly, improvement in topical antifungal therapy with mould activity and implementation of appropriate systemic antifungal therapy guided by antifungal susceptibility may improve the outcome for severely injured burn victims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malini R Capoor
- Department of Micrbiology Vardhman Mahaveer Medical College & Safdarjung Hospital, Delhi - 110 029, India
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25
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Reygaert WC. Antibiotic optimization in the difficult-to-treat patient with complicated intra-abdominal or complicated skin and skin structure infections: focus on tigecycline. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2010; 6:419-30. [PMID: 20856688 PMCID: PMC2940750 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s9117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Complicated intra-abdominal and skin and skin structure infections are widely varied in presentation. These infections very often lead to an increase in length of hospital stay, with a resulting increase in costs and mortality. In addition, these infections may be caused by a wide variety of bacteria and are often polymicrobial with the possibility of the presence of antimicrobial-resistant strains, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant enterococci, extended-spectrum β-lactamase strains (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae), and K. pneumoniae carbapenemase-producing strains. In combination with patients’ immunosuppression or comorbidities, the treatment and management options for initial therapy success are few. Tigecycline, a new glycylcyline antimicrobial from the tetracycline drug class, represents a viable option for the successful treatment of these infections. It has been shown to have activity against a wide variety of bacteria, including the antimicrobial-resistant strains. As with all tetracycline drugs, it is not recommended for pregnant or nursing women. The potential side effects are those typical of tetracycline drugs: nausea, vomiting, and headaches. Drug–drug interactions are not expected, and renal function monitoring is not necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanda C Reygaert
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI, USA
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Mariano F, Tedeschi L, Morselli M, Stella M, Triolo G. Normal citratemia and metabolic tolerance of citrate anticoagulation for hemodiafiltration in severe septic shock burn patients. Intensive Care Med 2010; 36:1735-1743. [PMID: 20480135 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-010-1909-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2009] [Accepted: 04/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Anticoagulation during renal replacement therapy remains an important challenge for burn patients due to their high risk of bleeding. In this study we compared the efficacy and safety of citrate anticoagulation to heparin anticoagulation for hemodiafiltration (HDF) in severe burn patients, focusing on metabolic tolerance and handling of citrate. METHODS Retrospective observational study (January 2000-December 2007) at a university teaching hospital. Among 548 patients admitted with burns, 70 severe burn septic shock patients (median age 57.5 years, interquartile range 42-76 years; median burned surface area 40%, interquartile range 30-60%) who underwent HDF for more than 24 h were included. RESULTS Of the 70 HDF patients, 31 at high risk of bleeding were treated with citrate and 39 with heparin, with a mortality rate of 70.9 and 71.8%, respectively. In continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration (CVVHDF), the filter survival was higher with citrate, and hemorrhagic complications were lower (0.035 vs. 0.145 episodes/day, respectively). During citrate CVVHDF [median delivered dialysis dose: 578.9 ml kg(-1) day(-1) (461.5-769.2 ml kg(-1) day(-1))] in catecholamine-supported patients (norepinephrine 0.53 μg kg(-1) min(-1)), no metabolic derangements in pH, bicarbonates, Na+, K+, Ca++, and ionized calcium were observed. Systemic citratemia was within the normal range (<0.4 mmol/l) and was associated with a marked citrate removal in the effluent (5 patients, 36-60% of infused amount). CONCLUSIONS In septic shock burn patients, citrate for CVVHDF was efficient and safe, and superior to heparin for hemorrhagic complications and filter survival. Observed metabolic stability was most likely due to a marked loss of citrate in effluent volume and subsequent low total citrate load for the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Mariano
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Department of Medicine Area, CTO Hospital, Via G. Zuretti 29, 10126, Turin, Italy.
| | - Luisa Tedeschi
- Intensive Care Unit, Department of Emergency and Intensive Care, CTO Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Maurizio Morselli
- Clinical Pathology Unit, Department of Medicine Area, CTO Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Maurizio Stella
- Burns Unit, Department of Plastic Surgery, CTO Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Giorgio Triolo
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Department of Medicine Area, CTO Hospital, Via G. Zuretti 29, 10126, Turin, Italy
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Kamolz LP. Burns: learning from the past in order to be fit for the future. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2010; 14:106. [PMID: 20236479 PMCID: PMC2875484 DOI: 10.1186/cc8192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Many advances have been made in the understanding and treatment of burns. Advances in burn surgery and critical care have decreased mortality and morbidity. Survival from severe burns is no longer the exception, but unfortunately death still occurs. Williams and colleagues have determined in their recent paper the predominant causes of death in order to develop new treatment avenues and future trajectories suitable to increase survival and overall outcome. A lot of burn deaths may be preventable with better airway management and a more precise and adequate volume management, but the leading cause of death in patients suffering from severe burns, which has to be faced, is sepsis. Sepsis due to multidrug-resistant organisms will continue to impede efforts to increase survival, and new strategies that go beyond the surgical and clinical techniques, which are already implemented, have to be developed in order to fight these organisms and their related complications.
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28
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Siemers F, Mailänder P. Inhalationstrauma, Kohlenmonoxid- und Cyanidintoxikation. Notf Rett Med 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10049-009-1250-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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29
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Wani AM, Hussain WM, Fatani MI, Ali KS, Khoujah AM, Akhtar M, Maimani GAA, Raja SH, Basraheel A, Fareed K. Don't live in a town where there are no doctors: toxic epidermal necrolysis initially misdiagnosed as oral thrush. BMJ Case Rep 2009; 2009:bcr10.2009.2392. [PMID: 22207871 PMCID: PMC3028459 DOI: 10.1136/bcr.10.2009.2392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) is a rare but life threatening skin disease that is most commonly drug induced. The exact pathogenesis of TEN is still unknown and many drugs, including prednisolone, cyclosporin and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), have been used in an attempt to halt the disease process. The use of IVIG in particular is controversial. Recently, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has made a labelling change to the drug information for carbamazepine. Owing to recent data implicating the HLA allele B*1502 as a marker for carbamazepine induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome and TEN in Han Chinese, the FDA recommends genotyping all Asians for the allele. We present an interesting case of carbamazepine induced TEN which was confused with oral thrush, had no skin lesions on presentation, and had an excellent response to a 5 day course of methylprednisolone and high dose IVIG in combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Majid Wani
- Hera General Hospital, Emergency Medicine, 4a/201, Hera General Hospital, Makkah, Western, 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed Mohd Hussain
- Hera General Hospital, Medicine, Hera Gen Hospital, Makkah, Western, 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamad Ibrahim Fatani
- Hera General Hospital, Medicine, Hera Gen Hospital, Makkah, Western, 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled Shawkat Ali
- Hera General Hospital, Medicine, Hera Gen Hospital, Makkah, Western, 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amer Mohd Khoujah
- Omul Qurah University, Medicine, Omul Qurah University, Makkah, 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mubeena Akhtar
- Hera General Hospital, Medicine, Hera Gen Hospital, Makkah, Western, 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Sadeya Hanif Raja
- Hera General Hospital, Medicine, Hera Gen Hospital, Makkah, Western, 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashraf Basraheel
- Hera General Hospital, Medicine, Hera Gen Hospital, Makkah, Western, 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khurram Fareed
- Hera General Hospital, Medicine, Hera Gen Hospital, Makkah, Western, 21955, Saudi Arabia
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30
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Struck MF. Infection control in burn patients: are fungal infections underestimated? Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 2009; 17:51; author reply 56. [PMID: 19818134 PMCID: PMC2763002 DOI: 10.1186/1757-7241-17-51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2009] [Accepted: 10/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
With great interest, I read the paper of David J. Dries about recent developments, infection control and outcomes research in the management of burn injuries [1]. I have some comments about an important, however missing, topic in the paragraphs concerning infection control.
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