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Ju M, Yoon K, Lee S, Kim KG. Single Quasi-Symmetrical LED with High Intensity and Wide Beam Width Using Diamond-Shaped Mirror Refraction Method for Surgical Fluorescence Microscope Applications. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2763. [PMID: 37685301 PMCID: PMC10486995 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13172763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
To remove tumors with the same blood vessel color, observation is performed using a surgical microscope through fluorescent staining. Therefore, surgical microscopes use light emitting diode (LED) emission and excitation wavelengths to induce fluorescence emission wavelengths. LEDs used in hand-held type microscopes have a beam irradiation range of 10° and a weak power of less than 0.5 mW. Therefore, fluorescence emission is difficult. This study proposes to increase the beam width and power of LED by utilizing the quasi-symmetrical beam irradiation method. Commercial LED irradiates a beam 1/r2 distance away from the target (working distance). To obtain the fluorescence emission probability, set up four mirrors. The distance between the mirrors and the LED is 5.9 cm, and the distance between the mirrors and the target is 2.95 cm. The commercial LED reached power on target of 8.0 pW within the wavelength band of 405 nm. The power reaching the target is 0.60 mW in the wavelength band of 405 nm for the LED with the beam mirror attachment method using the quasi-symmetrical beam irradiation method. This result is expected to be sufficient for fluorescence emission. The light power of the mirror was increased by approximately four times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minki Ju
- Medical Devices R&D Center, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, 21, 774 beon-gil, Namdong-daero Namdong-gu, Incheon 21565, Republic of Korea; (M.J.); (K.Y.); (S.L.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Health Science & Medicine, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnamdaero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si 13120, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kicheol Yoon
- Medical Devices R&D Center, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, 21, 774 beon-gil, Namdong-daero Namdong-gu, Incheon 21565, Republic of Korea; (M.J.); (K.Y.); (S.L.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Health Science & Medicine, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnamdaero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si 13120, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangyun Lee
- Medical Devices R&D Center, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, 21, 774 beon-gil, Namdong-daero Namdong-gu, Incheon 21565, Republic of Korea; (M.J.); (K.Y.); (S.L.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Health Science & Medicine, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnamdaero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si 13120, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Gi Kim
- Medical Devices R&D Center, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, 21, 774 beon-gil, Namdong-daero Namdong-gu, Incheon 21565, Republic of Korea; (M.J.); (K.Y.); (S.L.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Health Science & Medicine, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnamdaero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si 13120, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology (GAIHST), Gachon University, 38-13, 3 Dokjom-ro, Namdong-gu, Incheon 21565, Republic of Korea
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Katsuura T, Lee S. A review of the studies on nonvisual lighting effects in the field of physiological anthropology. J Physiol Anthropol 2019; 38:2. [PMID: 30670097 PMCID: PMC6343353 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-018-0190-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we review the history and the trends in the research on the nonvisual effect of light in the field of physiological anthropology. Research on the nonvisual effect of light in the field of physiological anthropology was pioneered by Sato and colleagues in the early 1990s. These authors found that the color temperature of light affected physiological functions in humans. The groundbreaking event with regard to the study of nonvisual effects of light was the discovery of the intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells in the mammalian retina in the early 2000s. The interest of the physiological anthropology scientific community in the nonvisual effects of light has been increasing since then. A total of 61 papers on nonvisual effects of light were published in the Journal of Physiological Anthropology (including its predecessor journals) until October 2018, 14 papers (1.4/year) in the decade from 1992 to 2001, 45 papers (2.8/year) in the 16 years between 2002 and 2017, and two papers in 2018 (January-October). The number of papers on this topic has been increasing in recent years. We categorized all papers according to light conditions, such as color temperature of light, light intensity, and monochromatic light. Among the 61 papers, 11 papers were related to color temperature, 20 papers were related to light intensity, 18 papers were related to monochromatic light, and 12 papers were classified as others. We provide an overview of these papers and mention future research prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Katsuura
- Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan.
| | - Soomin Lee
- Center for Environment, Health and Sciences, Chiba University, 6-2-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan
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Lee S, Kakitsuba N, Katsuura T. Do green-blocking glasses enhance the nonvisual effects of white polychromatic light? J Physiol Anthropol 2018; 37:29. [PMID: 30563575 PMCID: PMC6299521 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-018-0189-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is well known that light containing the blue component stimulates the intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) and plays a role in melatonin suppression and pupillary constriction. In our previous studies, we verified that simultaneous exposure to blue and green light resulted in less pupillary constriction than blue light exposure. Hence, we hypothesized that the nonvisual effects of polychromatic white light might be increased by blocking the green component. Therefore, we conducted an experiment using optical filters that blocked blue or green component and examined the nonvisual effects of these lights on pupillary constriction and electroencephalogram power spectra. Methods Ten healthy young males participated in this study. The participant sat on a chair with his eyes facing an integrating sphere. After 10 min of light adaptation, the participant’s left eye was exposed to white pulsed light (1000 lx; pulse width 2.5 ms) every 10 s with a blue-blocking glasses, a green-blocking glasses, or control glasses (no lens), and pupillary constriction was measured. Then, after rest for 10 min, the participant was exposed a continuous white light of 1000 lx with a blue- or green-blocking glasses or control glasses and electroencephalogram was measured. Results Pupillary constriction with the blue-blocking glasses was significantly less than that observed with the green-blocking glasses. Furthermore, pupillary constriction under the green-blocking glasses was significantly greater than that observed with the control glasses. Conclusions A reduction in the green component of light facilitated pupillary constriction. Thus, the effects of polychromatic white light containing blue and green components on ipRGCs are apparently increased by removing the green component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soomin Lee
- Center for Environment, Health and Sciences, Chiba University, Kashiwa, Japan.
| | - Naoshi Kakitsuba
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tetso Katsuura
- Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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Lee S, Uchiyama Y, Shimomura Y, Katsuura T. Subadditive responses to extremely short blue and green pulsed light on visual evoked potentials, pupillary constriction and electroretinograms. J Physiol Anthropol 2017; 36:39. [PMID: 29149913 PMCID: PMC5693602 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-017-0156-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The simultaneous exposure to blue and green light was reported to result in less melatonin suppression than monochromatic exposure to blue or green light. Here, we conducted an experiment using extremely short blue- and green-pulsed light to examine their visual and nonvisual effects on visual evoked potentials (VEPs), pupillary constriction, electroretinograms (ERGs), and subjective evaluations. Methods Twelve adult male subjects were exposed to three light conditions: blue-pulsed light (2.5-ms pulse width), green-pulsed light (2.5-ms pulse width), and simultaneous blue- and green-pulsed light with white background light. We measured the subject’s pupil diameter three times in each condition. Then, after 10 min of rest, the subject was exposed to the same three light conditions. We measured the averaged ERG and VEP during 210 pulsed-light exposures in each condition. We also determined subjective evaluations using a visual analog scale (VAS) method. Results The pupillary constriction during the simultaneous exposure to blue- and green-pulsed light was significantly lower than that during the blue-pulsed light exposure despite the double irradiance intensity of the combination. We also found that the b/|a| wave of the ERGs during the simultaneous exposure to blue- and green-pulsed light was lower than that during the blue-pulsed light exposure. We confirmed the subadditive response to pulsed light on pupillary constriction and ERG. However, the P100 of the VEPs during the blue-pulsed light were smaller than those during the simultaneous blue- and green-pulsed light and green-pulsed light, indicating that the P100 amplitude might depend on the luminance of light. Conclusions Our findings demonstrated the effect of the subadditive response to extremely short pulsed light on pupillary constriction and ERG responses. The effects on ipRGCs by the blue-pulsed light exposure are apparently reduced by the simultaneous irradiation of green light. The blue versus yellow (b/y) bipolar cells in the retina might be responsible for this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soomin Lee
- Center for Environment, Health and Sciences, Chiba University, 6-2-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan.
| | - Yuria Uchiyama
- Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - Tetsuo Katsuura
- Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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Lee S, Muto N, Shimomura Y, Katsuura T. Human pupillary light reflex during successive irradiation with 1-ms blue- and green-pulsed light. J Physiol Anthropol 2017; 36:37. [PMID: 29041976 PMCID: PMC5646119 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-017-0153-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the human retina, the contribution of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) to the regulation of the pupillary response remains poorly understood. The objective of the current study was to determine the response dynamics of the pupillary light reflex to short, successive pulses of light. In order to better assess the roles of ipRGCs and cones, we used pulses of blue and green light. Methods Each participant was exposed to 1-ms blue (466 nm) and/or green (527 nm) light pulses simultaneously or separately, with inter-stimulus intervals (ISIs) of 0, 250, 500, 750, or 1000 ms. Pupil diameter was measured using an infrared camera system. Results We found that human pupillary light responses during simultaneous irradiation or successive irradiation with ISIs ≤ 250 ms were equivalent, though successive irradiation of blue- and green-pulsed light with ISIs ≥ 500 ms induced markedly increased pupillary constriction. Conclusions We propose that this result may be related to cell hyperpolarization that occurs in the retina just after the first light stimulus is turned off, with the threshold for this effect being between 250 and 500 ms in the human retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soomin Lee
- Center for Environment, Health and Field Sciences, Chiba University, 6-2-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, 277-0882, Japan.
| | - Naoko Muto
- Faculty of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Shimomura
- Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Katsuura
- Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
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Dai Q, Uchiyama Y, Lee S, Shimomura Y, Katsuura T. Effect of quantity and intensity of pulsed light on human non-visual physiological responses. J Physiol Anthropol 2017; 36:22. [PMID: 28446222 PMCID: PMC5405487 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-017-0137-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to pulsed light results in non-visual physiological responses in humans. The present study aims to investigate whether such non-visual effects are influenced to a greater extent by the intensity of lighting or by the power (quantity) of lighting. METHODS >Twelve healthy young male participants (23 ± 0.3 years, 21-24 age range) were recruited for the present study. Participants were exposed to light of varying levels of intensity and quantity whose frequency was held constant across the conditions, which consisted of exposure to blue (different intensity, constant quantity) and white (constant intensity, different quantity) LEDs. Pupillary constriction, electroencephalogram (EEG) alpha band ratio, subjective sleepiness, concentration and perception of blueness were measured. RESULTS Pupillary constriction and subjective concentration were significantly greater under the high-intensity and short pulse width (HS) condition than under the low-intensity and long pulse width (LL) conditions at three time points during exposure to high-intensity light. However, no significant differences were observed among the results at the three time points during exposure to different quantities of pulsed light. CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study indicate that non-visual influences of pulsed light on physiological function are mainly determined not by the quantity but by the intensity of the emitted light, with relatively higher levels of intensity producing more significant physiological changes, suggesting potent excitation of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianying Dai
- Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoicho, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan.
| | - Yuria Uchiyama
- Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoicho, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - Soomin Lee
- Center of Environment, Health, and Field Science, Chiba University, 6-2-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashia, 277-0882, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Shimomura
- Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoicho, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Katsuura
- Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoicho, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
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Cerruela García G, Luque Ruiz I, Gómez-Nieto MÁ. State of the Art, Trends and Future of Bluetooth Low Energy, Near Field Communication and Visible Light Communication in the Development of Smart Cities. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2016; 16:E1968. [PMID: 27886087 PMCID: PMC5134626 DOI: 10.3390/s16111968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The current social impact of new technologies has produced major changes in all areas of society, creating the concept of a smart city supported by an electronic infrastructure, telecommunications and information technology. This paper presents a review of Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), Near Field Communication (NFC) and Visible Light Communication (VLC) and their use and influence within different areas of the development of the smart city. The document also presents a review of Big Data Solutions for the management of information and the extraction of knowledge in an environment where things are connected by an "Internet of Things" (IoT) network. Lastly, we present how these technologies can be combined together to benefit the development of the smart city.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Cerruela García
- Department of Computing and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Irene Luque Ruiz
- Department of Computing and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
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Lee S, Ishibashi S, Shimomura Y, Katsuura T. Effect of simultaneous exposure to extremely short pulses of blue and green light on human pupillary constriction. J Physiol Anthropol 2016; 35:20. [PMID: 27580696 PMCID: PMC5006526 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-016-0109-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Soomin Lee
- Center for Environment, Health and Field Sciences, Chiba University, 6-2-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, 277-0882, Japan.
| | - Shougo Ishibashi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.,Present address: East Japan Railway Company, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Tetsuo Katsuura
- Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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Higuchi S, Nagafuchi Y, Lee SI, Harada T. Influence of light at night on melatonin suppression in children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:3298-303. [PMID: 24840814 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2014-1629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The sensitivity of melatonin to light suppression is expected to be higher in children because children have large pupils and pure crystal lenses. However, melatonin suppression by light in children remains unclear. OBJECTIVE We investigated whether light-induced melatonin suppression in children is larger than that in adults. METHODS Thirty-three healthy primary school children (mean age, 9.2 ± 1.5 y) and 29 healthy adults (mean age, 41.6 ± 4.7 y) participated in two experiments. In the first experiment, salivary melatonin concentrations in 13 children and 13 adults were measured at night under a dim light (<30 lux) and a moderately bright light (580 lux) in an experimental facility. Pupil diameters were also measured under dim light and bright light. In the second experiment, melatonin concentrations in 20 children and 16 adults were measured under dim light in the experimental facility and under room light at home (illuminance, 140.0 ± 82.7 lux). RESULTS In experiment 1, the melatonin concentration was significantly decreased by exposure to moderately bright light in both adults and children. Melatonin suppression was significantly larger in children (88.2%; n = 5) than in adults (46.3%; n = 6; P < .01), although the data for some participants were excluded because melatonin concentrations had not yet risen. In experiment 2, melatonin secretion was significantly suppressed by room light at home in children (n = 15; P < .05) but not in adults (n = 11). CONCLUSION We found that the percentage of melatonin suppression by light in children was almost twice that in adults, suggesting that melatonin is more sensitive to light in children than in adults at night.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigekazu Higuchi
- Department of Human Science (S.H., Y.N., S.L.), Faculty of Design, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 815-8540, Japan; and Laboratory of Environmental Physiology (T.H.), Faculty of Education, Kochi University, Kochi 780-8520, Japan
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Association between melanopsin gene polymorphism (I394T) and pupillary light reflex is dependent on light wavelength. J Physiol Anthropol 2013; 32:16. [PMID: 24119231 PMCID: PMC4015917 DOI: 10.1186/1880-6805-32-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Our aim was to determine the association between melanopsin gene polymorphism and pupillary light reflex under diverse photic conditions, including different intensities and wavelengths. Methods A total of 195 visually corrected subjects volunteered for investigation of the melanopsin gene of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of rs1079610 (I394T). The genotype groups were TT (n = 126), TC (n = 55), and CC (n = 8), and 75 of the subjects, including subjects with TT (n = 34), TC (n = 33), and CC (n = 8) participated in our experiment. Three monochromatic lights with peak wavelengths of 465 nm (blue), 536 nm (green), and 632 nm (red) were prepared, and each light was projected to the subjects with five intensities, 12, 13, 14, 14.5 and 15 log photons/(cm2 s), for one minute. The pupil size of the left eye was measured under each light condition after a 1-minute adaptation. Results The pupils of the TC + CC genotypes (n = 38) were significantly smaller than those of the TT genotype (n = 31) under a blue (463 nm) light condition with 15 log photons/(cm2 s) (P < 0.05). In contrast, there were no significant differences under green (536 nm) and red (632 nm) light conditions. Conversely, relative pupil constrictions of the TC + CC genotypes were greater than those of the TT genotype under both blue and green conditions with high intensities (14.5 and 15 log photons/(cm2 s)). In contrast, there were no significant differences between genotype groups in pupil size and relative pupilloconstriction under the red light conditions. Conclusions Our findings suggest that the melanopsin gene polymorphism (I394T) functionally interacts with pupillary light reflex, depending on light intensity and, particularly, wavelength, and that under a light condition fulfilling both high intensity and short wavelength, the pupillary light response of subjects with the C allele (TC + CC) is more sensitive to light than that of subjects with the TT genotype.
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