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Morales-Luna L, Hernández-Ochoa B, Martínez-Rosas V, Navarrete-Vázquez G, Ortega-Cuellar D, Rufino-González Y, González-Valdez A, Arreguin-Espinosa R, Franco-Vásquez AM, Pérez de la Cruz V, Enríquez-Flores S, Martínez-Conde C, Canseco-Ávila LM, Gómez-Chávez F, Gómez-Manzo S. Giardia lamblia G6PD::6PGL Fused Protein Inhibitors Decrease Trophozoite Viability: A New Alternative against Giardiasis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214358. [PMID: 36430836 PMCID: PMC9697976 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatments to combat giardiasis have been reported to have several drawbacks, partly due to the drug resistance and toxicity of current antiparasitic agents. These constraints have prompted many researchers to investigate new drugs that act against protozoan parasites. Enzyme inhibition is an important means of regulating pathogen metabolism and has recently been identified as a significant alternative target in the search for new treatments. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconolactonase (G6PD::6PGL) is a bifunctional enzyme involved in the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) in Giardia lamblia (G. lamblia). The G. lamblia enzyme is unusual since, unlike the human enzyme, it is a fused enzyme. Here, we show, through inhibition assays, that an in-house chemical library of 120 compounds and four target compounds, named CNZ-7, CNZ-8, CMC-1, and FLP-2, are potent inhibitors of the G. lamblia G6PD::6PGL fused enzyme. With a constant (k2) of 2.3, 3.2, and 2.8 M−1 s−1, respectively, they provoke alterations in the secondary and tertiary protein structure and global stability. As a novel approach, target compounds show antigiardial activity, with IC50 values of 8.7, 15.2, 15.3, and 24.1 µM in trophozoites from G. lamblia. Moreover, these compounds show selectivity against G. lamblia, since, through counter-screening in Caco-2 and HT29 human cells, they were found to have low toxicity. This finding positions these compounds as a potential and attractive starting point for new antigiardial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Morales-Luna
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Genética, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City 04530, Mexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Beatriz Hernández-Ochoa
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Víctor Martínez-Rosas
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Genética, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City 04530, Mexico
- Programa de Posgrado en Biomedicina y Biotecnología Molecular, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Gabriel Navarrete-Vázquez
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Chamilpa, Cuernavaca 62209, Mexico
| | - Daniel Ortega-Cuellar
- Laboratorio de Nutrición Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City 04530, Mexico
| | - Yadira Rufino-González
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City 04530, Mexico
| | - Abigail González-Valdez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Roberto Arreguin-Espinosa
- Departamento de Química de Biomacromoléculas, Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Adrián Marcelo Franco-Vásquez
- Departamento de Química de Biomacromoléculas, Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Verónica Pérez de la Cruz
- Neurobiochemistry and Behavior Laboratory, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery “Manuel Velasco Suárez”, Mexico City 14269, Mexico
| | - Sergio Enríquez-Flores
- Laboratorio de Biomoléculas y Salud Infantil, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City 04530, Mexico
| | - Carlos Martínez-Conde
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Chamilpa, Cuernavaca 62209, Mexico
| | - Luis Miguel Canseco-Ávila
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Campus IV, Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas, Tapachula City 30700, Mexico
| | - Fernando Gómez-Chávez
- Laboratorio de Enfermedades Osteoarticulares e Inmunológicas, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07320, Mexico
| | - Saúl Gómez-Manzo
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Genética, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City 04530, Mexico
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-55-1084-0900 (ext. 1442)
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Rahmanian N, Hosseinimehr SJ, Khalaj A. The paradox role of caspase cascade in ionizing radiation therapy. J Biomed Sci 2016; 23:88. [PMID: 27923354 PMCID: PMC5142153 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-016-0306-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy alone or in combination with chemotherapy/surgery is widely used for treatment of cancers. It reduces tumor growth and prevents metastasis. While ionizing radiation activates caspase cascade resulted in apoptosis in cancer cells, it also stimulates tumor cell re-population that leads to reduce the effectiveness of the radiation therapy. This review describes the mechanisms for paradox role of caspase cascade in cancer therapy and discusses the logical and practical strategies for improvement the therapeutic index of radiotherapy through enhancement of radiosensitivity and decreasing the rate of tumor recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najmeh Rahmanian
- Department of Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Seyed Jalal Hosseinimehr
- Department of Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ali Khalaj
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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