Evaluating the impacts of stressors of Pseudomonas syringae pathovar tomato on the effectiveness of multi-locus variable number tandem repeat analysis and multi-locus sequence typing in microbial forensic investigations

Evidence for a Novel Phylotype of Pseudomonas syringae Causing Bacterial Leaf Blight of Cantaloupe in China

Bacterial leaf blight (BLB) has caused severe yield losses in cantaloupe (Cucumis melo L.) in the major melon-growing regions of China since the beginning of the twentieth century. Historically, Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans was considered to be the causal agent of BLB of cantaloupe and angular leaf spot of cucumber. In the process of characterizing bacteria isolated from cantaloupe, we observed that putative P. syringae pv. lachrymans yielded negative results in P. syringae pv. lachrymans-specific PCR assays. This suggested that the P. syringae pv. lachrymans-like strains from cantaloupe were distinct from those recovered from cucumber. To investigate the differences between P. syringae pv. lachrymans-like strains isolated from cantaloupe and cucumber, 13 P. syringae strains isolated from cantaloupe [12 from China and 1 from Zimbabwe (NCPPB2916)] and 7 additional P. syringae reference strains were analyzed by catabolic profiling, phylogenetic analysis by multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) and pathogenicity tests on cantaloupe leaflets. Catabolic profiling and MLSA based on 10 housekeeping genes and 2 hypersensitive response and pathogenicity (hrp) genes allowed us to differentiate strains isolated from cantaloupe and cucumber. Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans strains isolated from cucumber clustered with genomospecies 2, and 13 P. syringae strains isolated from cantaloupe belonged to genomospecies 1. While all cantaloupe strains were closely related to P. syringae pv. aptata, they could be differentiated from this pathovar based on metabolic tests and MLSA. Pathogenicity tests showed that all strains isolated from cantaloupe and cucumber were only pathogenic on their original hosts. Based on these observations we conclude that P. syringae pv. lachrymans strains recovered from cantaloupe in China represent a novel phylotype.