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Niu X, Jiang J, Sun Y, Hull JJ, Ma W, Hua H, Lin Y. Knockdown of MAPK p38-linked genes increases the susceptibility of Chilo suppressalis larvae to various transgenic Bt rice lines. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 266:130815. [PMID: 38537847 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins have provided exceptional control of agricultural insect pests, however, over reliance on the proteins would potentially contribute to the development of field tolerance. Developing new sustainable insect pest control methods that target the mechanisms underlying Bt tolerance can potentially support the Bt control paradigm while also providing insights into basic insect physiology. The MAPK p38 pathway is strongly associated with Bt tolerance in Chilo suppressalis, a major pest of rice. To gain insights into how this pathway impacts tolerance, high-throughput screening of C. suppressalis larval midguts initially identified eight novel target genes. Increased larval sensitivity to the transgenic cry1Ca rice strain T1C-19 was observed following RNA interference-mediated knockdown of four of the genes, Cscnc, Csgcp, Cszfp26 and CsZMYM1. Similar enhanced sensitivity to the TT51 (expressing Cry1Ab/1Ac) and T2A-1 (expressing Cry2Aa) transgenic rice lines occurred when Cszfp26 and CsZMYM1 were knocked down. All four target genes are downstream of the MAPK p38 pathway but do not participate in negative feedback loop of the pathway. These results implicate Cscnc, Csgcp, Cszfp and CsZMYM1 in the C. suppressalis transgenic cry1Ca rice tolerance mechanism regulated by MAPK p38. These findings further enhance our understanding of the MAPK p38-dependent molecular mechanisms underlying Bt tolerance in C. suppressalis and open new avenues of tolerance management to develop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xurong Niu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Pest Management and Biocontrol Research Unit, US Arid Land Agricultural Research Center, USDA Agricultural Research Services, Maricopa, AZ 85138, United States
| | - Jialiang Jiang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Pest Management and Biocontrol Research Unit, US Arid Land Agricultural Research Center, USDA Agricultural Research Services, Maricopa, AZ 85138, United States
| | - Yajie Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Pest Management and Biocontrol Research Unit, US Arid Land Agricultural Research Center, USDA Agricultural Research Services, Maricopa, AZ 85138, United States
| | - J Joe Hull
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Pest Management and Biocontrol Research Unit, US Arid Land Agricultural Research Center, USDA Agricultural Research Services, Maricopa, AZ 85138, United States
| | - Weihua Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Pest Management and Biocontrol Research Unit, US Arid Land Agricultural Research Center, USDA Agricultural Research Services, Maricopa, AZ 85138, United States
| | - Hongxia Hua
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Pest Management and Biocontrol Research Unit, US Arid Land Agricultural Research Center, USDA Agricultural Research Services, Maricopa, AZ 85138, United States
| | - Yongjun Lin
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Pest Management and Biocontrol Research Unit, US Arid Land Agricultural Research Center, USDA Agricultural Research Services, Maricopa, AZ 85138, United States
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Matsuoka Y, Murugesan SN, Prakash A, Monteiro A. Lepidopteran prolegs are novel traits, not leg homologs. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadd9389. [PMID: 37824626 PMCID: PMC10569709 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add9389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Lepidopteran larvae have both thoracic legs and abdominal prolegs, yet it is unclear whether these are serial homologs. A RNA-seq analysis with various appendages of Bicyclus anynana butterfly larvae indicated that the proleg transcriptome resembles the head-horn transcriptome, a novel trait in the lepidoptera, but not a thoracic leg. Under a partial segment abdominal-A (abd-A) knockout, both thoracic leg homologs (pleuropodia) and prolegs developed in the same segment, arguing that both traits are not serial homologs. Further, three of the four coxal marker genes, Sp5, Sp6-9, and araucan, were absent from prolegs, but two endite marker genes, gooseberry and Distal-less, were expressed in prolegs, suggesting that prolegs may be using a modular endite gene-regulatory network (GRN) for their development. We propose that larval prolegs are novel traits derived from the activation of a pre-existing modular endite GRN in the abdomen using abd-A, the same Hox gene that still represses legs in more lateral positions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suriya Narayanan Murugesan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore; 14 Science Drive, Singapore 117543 Singapore
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Posnien N, Hunnekuhl VS, Bucher G. Gene expression mapping of the neuroectoderm across phyla - conservation and divergence of early brain anlagen between insects and vertebrates. eLife 2023; 12:e92242. [PMID: 37750868 PMCID: PMC10522337 DOI: 10.7554/elife.92242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene expression has been employed for homologizing body regions across bilateria. The molecular comparison of vertebrate and fly brains has led to a number of disputed homology hypotheses. Data from the fly Drosophila melanogaster have recently been complemented by extensive data from the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum with its more insect-typical development. In this review, we revisit the molecular mapping of the neuroectoderm of insects and vertebrates to reconsider homology hypotheses. We claim that the protocerebrum is non-segmental and homologous to the vertebrate fore- and midbrain. The boundary between antennal and ocular regions correspond to the vertebrate mid-hindbrain boundary while the deutocerebrum represents the anterior-most ganglion with serial homology to the trunk. The insect head placode is shares common embryonic origin with the vertebrate adenohypophyseal placode. Intriguingly, vertebrate eyes develop from a different region compared to the insect compound eyes calling organ homology into question. Finally, we suggest a molecular re-definition of the classic concepts of archi- and prosocerebrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Posnien
- Department of Developmental Biology, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute, University GoettingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Vera S Hunnekuhl
- Department of Evolutionary Developmental Genetics, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute, University of GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Gregor Bucher
- Department of Evolutionary Developmental Genetics, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute, University of GöttingenGöttingenGermany
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Zhao H, Zhu Z, Xing G, Li Y, Zhou X, Wang J, Li G, Cao H, Huang Y. Deformed Mediated Larval Incisor Lobe Development Causes Differing Feeding Behavior between Oriental Armyworm and Fall Armyworm. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13070594. [PMID: 35886770 PMCID: PMC9320430 DOI: 10.3390/insects13070594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Mandibular incisor lobes are important for insect feeding behavior, living habits and niche. However, the molecular regulation of insect incisor lobe development remains unknown. In this study, we found that two maize pests, oriental armyworm Mythimna separata and fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda, have different feeding patterns in maize, which are closely associated with the different development patterns of their incisor lobes. Different from first to sixth instar S. frugiperda, which feed on leaf tissues and whorls with sharp incisor lobes, older instars of M. separata feed from leaf margins with no incisor lobes. Hox gene Deformed (Dfd) is important for head appendages, but its function in incisor lobe development is not clear. Here, Dfds were identified from two armyworm species, and both were expressed highly in heads and eggs. Interestingly, the expression levels of MsDfd were relatively high in larval mandibles and decreased dramatically from fourth-instar mandibles in M. separata. Knockdown of MsDfd resulted in malformed mandibles with no incisor lobe in M. separata, making the larvae unable to perform window-feeding. However, RNAi of SfDfd did not affect the mandibles and window-feeding pattern of S. frugiperda, indicating the different roles of Dfd in these two species. Moreover, the mortality of new first instar M. separata increased after feeding dsMsDfd but did not for S. frugiperda feeding dsSfDfd. These findings revealed that Dfd mediated the larval mandibular incisor lobe morphology, affecting its feeding pattern in M. separata, broadening the knowledge of Dfd functions in insect mandibles and feeding behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Zhao
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (H.Z.); (Z.Z.); (G.X.); (X.Z.); (G.L.); (H.C.)
| | - Zeng Zhu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (H.Z.); (Z.Z.); (G.X.); (X.Z.); (G.L.); (H.C.)
| | - Gaoliang Xing
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (H.Z.); (Z.Z.); (G.X.); (X.Z.); (G.L.); (H.C.)
| | - Yiyu Li
- Institute of New Rural Development, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China;
| | - Xue Zhou
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (H.Z.); (Z.Z.); (G.X.); (X.Z.); (G.L.); (H.C.)
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Plant Protection Station of Anhui Province, Hefei 230061, China;
| | - Guiting Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (H.Z.); (Z.Z.); (G.X.); (X.Z.); (G.L.); (H.C.)
| | - Haiqun Cao
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (H.Z.); (Z.Z.); (G.X.); (X.Z.); (G.L.); (H.C.)
| | - Yong Huang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (H.Z.); (Z.Z.); (G.X.); (X.Z.); (G.L.); (H.C.)
- Correspondence:
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Medina-Jiménez BI, Budd GE, Janssen R. Panarthropod tiptop/teashirt and spalt orthologs and their potential role as "trunk"-selector genes. EvoDevo 2021; 12:7. [PMID: 34078450 PMCID: PMC8173736 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-021-00177-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the vinegar fly Drosophila melanogaster, the homeodomain containing transcription factor Teashirt (Tsh) appears to specify trunk identity in concert with the function of the Hox genes. While in Drosophila there is a second gene closely related to tsh, called tiptop (tio), in other arthropods species only one copy exists (called tio/tsh). The expression of tsh and tio/tsh, respectively, is surprisingly similar among arthropods suggesting that its function as trunk selector gene may be conserved. Other research, for example on the beetle Tribolium castaneum, questions even conservation of Tsh function among insects. The zinc-finger transcription factor Spalt (Sal) is involved in the regulation of Drosophila tsh, but this regulatory interaction does not appear to be conserved in Tribolium either. Whether the function and interaction of tsh and sal as potential trunk-specifiers, however, is conserved is still unclear because comparative studies on sal expression (except for Tribolium) are lacking, and functional data are (if at all existing) restricted to Insecta. RESULTS Here, we provide additional data on arthropod tsh expression, show the first data on onychophoran tio/tsh expression, and provide a comprehensive investigation on sal expression patterns in arthropods and an onychophoran. CONCLUSIONS Our data support the idea that tio/tsh genes are involved in the development of "trunk" segments by regulating limb development. Our data suggest further that the function of Sal is indeed unlikely to be conserved in trunk vs head development like in Drosophila, but early expression of sal is in line with a potential homeotic function, at least in Arthropoda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda I Medina-Jiménez
- Department of Earth Sciences, Palaeobiology, Uppsala University, Villavägen 16, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Graham E Budd
- Department of Earth Sciences, Palaeobiology, Uppsala University, Villavägen 16, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ralf Janssen
- Department of Earth Sciences, Palaeobiology, Uppsala University, Villavägen 16, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Mahmud AKMF, Yang D, Stenberg P, Ioshikhes I, Nandi S. Exploring a Drosophila Transcription Factor Interaction Network to Identify Cis-Regulatory Modules. J Comput Biol 2019; 27:1313-1328. [PMID: 31855461 DOI: 10.1089/cmb.2018.0160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple transcription factors (TFs) bind to specific sites in the genome and interact among themselves to form the cis-regulatory modules (CRMs). They are essential in modulating the expression of genes, and it is important to study this interplay to understand gene regulation. In the present study, we integrated experimentally identified TF binding sites collected from published studies with computationally predicted TF binding sites to identify Drosophila CRMs. Along with the detection of the previously known CRMs, this approach identified novel protein combinations. We determined high-occupancy target sites, where a large number of TFs bind. Investigating these sites revealed that Giant, Dichaete, and Knirp are highly enriched in these locations. A common TAG team motif was observed at these sites, which might play a role in recruiting other TFs. While comparing the binding sites at distal and proximal promoters, we found that certain regulatory TFs, such as Zelda, were highly enriched in enhancers. Our study has shown that, from the information available concerning the TF binding sites, the real CRMs could be predicted accurately and efficiently. Although we only may claim co-occurrence of these proteins in this study, it may actually point to their interaction (as known interaction proteins typically co-occur together). Such an integrative approach can, therefore, help us to provide a better understanding of the interplay among the factors, even though further experimental verification is required.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Doo Yang
- Ottawa Institute of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics (OICBB) and Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology (OISB) and Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology (BMI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Per Stenberg
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ilya Ioshikhes
- Ottawa Institute of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics (OICBB) and Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology (OISB) and Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology (BMI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Soumyadeep Nandi
- Life Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Vigyan Path, Paschim Boragaon, Guwahati, India; Amity University Haryana, Gurugram, India
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Sugime Y, Oguchi K, Gotoh H, Hayashi Y, Matsunami M, Shigenobu S, Koshikawa S, Miura T. Termite soldier mandibles are elongated by dachshund under hormonal and Hox gene controls. Development 2019; 146:dev.171942. [PMID: 30833380 DOI: 10.1242/dev.171942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In social insects, interactions among colony members trigger caste differentiation with morphological modifications. In termite soldier differentiation, the mandible size considerably increases through two moltings (via the presoldier stage) under the control of juvenile hormone (JH). Regulatory genes are predicted to provide patterning information that induces the mandible-specific cell proliferation. To identify factors responsible for the mandibular enlargement, expression analyses of 18 candidate genes were carried out in the termite Hodotermopsis sjostedti Among those, dachshund (dac), which identifies the intermediate domain along the proximodistal appendage axis, showed mandible-specific upregulation prior to the molt into presoldiers, which can explain the pattern of cell proliferation for the mandibular elongation. Knockdown of dac by RNAi reduced the mandibular length and distorted its morphology. Furthermore, the epistatic relationships among Methoprene tolerant, Insulin receptor, Deformed (Dfd) and dac were revealed by combined RNAi and qRT-PCR analyses, suggesting that dac is regulated by Dfd, downstream of the JH and insulin signaling pathways. Thus, caste-specific morphogenesis is controlled by interactions between the factors that provide spatial information and physiological status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Sugime
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Kohei Oguchi
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan.,Misaki Marine Biological Station, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Miura, Kanagawa, 238-0225, Japan
| | - Hiroki Gotoh
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan.,Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Hayashi
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan.,Department of Biology, Keio University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 223-8521, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Matsunami
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan
| | - Shuji Shigenobu
- NIBB Core Research Facilities, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Koshikawa
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Toru Miura
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan .,Misaki Marine Biological Station, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Miura, Kanagawa, 238-0225, Japan
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8
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Edgecombe GD. Inferring Arthropod Phylogeny: Fossils and their Interaction with Other Data Sources. Integr Comp Biol 2017; 57:467-476. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/icx061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Kitzmann P, Weißkopf M, Schacht MI, Bucher G. A key role for foxQ2 in anterior head and central brain patterning in insects. Development 2017; 144:2969-2981. [PMID: 28811313 PMCID: PMC5592812 DOI: 10.1242/dev.147637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Anterior patterning of animals is based on a set of highly conserved transcription factors but the interactions within the protostome anterior gene regulatory network (aGRN) remain enigmatic. Here, we identify the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum ortholog of foxQ2 (Tc-foxQ2) as a novel upstream component of the aGRN. It is required for the development of the labrum and higher order brain structures, namely the central complex and the mushroom bodies. We reveal Tc-foxQ2 interactions by RNAi and heat shock-mediated misexpression. Surprisingly, Tc-foxQ2 and Tc-six3 mutually activate each other, forming a novel regulatory module at the top of the aGRN. Comparisons of our results with those of sea urchins and cnidarians suggest that foxQ2 has acquired more upstream functions in the aGRN during protostome evolution. Our findings expand the knowledge on foxQ2 gene function to include essential roles in epidermal development and central brain patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kitzmann
- Department of Evolutionary Developmental Genetics, GZMB, Universität Göttingen, Justus von Liebig Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Weißkopf
- Department of Biology, Division of Developmental Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstraße 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Magdalena Ines Schacht
- Department of Evolutionary Developmental Genetics, GZMB, Universität Göttingen, Justus von Liebig Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gregor Bucher
- Department of Evolutionary Developmental Genetics, GZMB, Universität Göttingen, Justus von Liebig Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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11
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Strobl F, Klees S, Stelzer EHK. Light Sheet-based Fluorescence Microscopy of Living or Fixed and Stained Tribolium castaneum Embryos. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28518097 DOI: 10.3791/55629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum has become an important insect model organism in developmental genetics and evolutionary developmental biology. The observation of Tribolium embryos with light sheet-based fluorescence microscopy has multiple advantages over conventional widefield and confocal fluorescence microscopy. Due to the unique properties of a light sheet-based microscope, three dimensional images of living specimens can be recorded with high signal-to-noise ratios and significantly reduced photo-bleaching as well as photo-toxicity along multiple directions over periods that last several days. With more than four years of methodological development and a continuous increase of data, the time seems appropriate to establish standard operating procedures for the usage of light sheet technology in the Tribolium community as well as in the insect community at large. This protocol describes three mounting techniques suitable for different purposes, presents two novel custom-made transgenic Tribolium lines appropriate for long-term live imaging, suggests five fluorescent dyes to label intracellular structures of fixed embryos and provides information on data post-processing for the timely evaluation of the recorded data. Representative results concentrate on long-term live imaging, optical sectioning and the observation of the same embryo along multiple directions. The respective datasets are provided as a downloadable resource. Finally, the protocol discusses quality controls for live imaging assays, current limitations and the applicability of the outlined procedures to other insect species. This protocol is primarily intended for developmental biologists who seek imaging solutions that outperform standard laboratory equipment. It promotes the continuous attempt to close the gap between the technically orientated laboratories/communities, which develop and refine microscopy methodologically, and the life science laboratories/communities, which require 'plug-and-play' solutions to technical challenges. Furthermore, it supports an axiomatic approach that moves the biological questions into the center of attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Strobl
- Physical Biology, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS); Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt, Macromolecular Complexes; Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main - Campus Riedberg
| | - Selina Klees
- Physical Biology, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS); Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt, Macromolecular Complexes; Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main - Campus Riedberg
| | - Ernst H K Stelzer
- Physical Biology, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS); Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt, Macromolecular Complexes; Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main - Campus Riedberg;
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12
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Gotoh H, Zinna RA, Ishikawa Y, Miyakawa H, Ishikawa A, Sugime Y, Emlen DJ, Lavine LC, Miura T. The function of appendage patterning genes in mandible development of the sexually dimorphic stag beetle. Dev Biol 2016; 422:24-32. [PMID: 27989519 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
One of the defining features of the evolutionary success of insects is the morphological diversification of their appendages, especially mouthparts. Although most insects share a common mouthpart ground plan, there is remarkable diversity in the relative size and shapes of these appendages among different insect lineages. One of the most prominent examples of mouthpart modification can be found in the enlargement of mandibles in stag beetles (Coleoptera, Insecta). In order to understand the proximate mechanisms of mouthpart modification, we investigated the function of appendage-patterning genes in mandibular enlargement during extreme growth of the sexually dimorphic mandibles of the stag beetle Cyclommatus metallifer. Based on knowledge from Drosophila and Tribolium studies, we focused on seven appendage patterning genes (Distal-less (Dll), aristaless (al), dachshund (dac), homothorax (hth), Epidermal growth factor receptor (Egfr), escargot (esg), and Keren (Krn). In order to characterize the developmental function of these genes, we performed functional analyses by using RNA interference (RNAi). Importantly, we found that RNAi knockdown of dac resulted in a significant mandible size reduction in males but not in female mandibles. In addition to reducing the size of mandibles, dac knockdown also resulted in a loss of the serrate teeth structures on the mandibles of males and females. We found that al and hth play a significant role during morphogenesis of the large male-specific inner mandibular tooth. On the other hand, knockdown of the distal selector gene Dll did not affect mandible development, supporting the hypothesis that mandibles likely do not contain the distal-most region of the ancestral appendage and therefore co-option of Dll expression is unlikely to be involved in mandible enlargement in stag beetles. In addition to mandible development, we explored possible roles of these genes in controlling the divergent antennal morphology of Coleoptera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Gotoh
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan; Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Robert A Zinna
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Yuki Ishikawa
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan; Graduate School of Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Miyakawa
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan; Faculty of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan
| | - Asano Ishikawa
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan; Division of Ecological Genetics, Department of Population Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Sugime
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | - Douglas J Emlen
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana-Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Laura C Lavine
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Toru Miura
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
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Smith FW, Jockusch EL. Hox genes require homothorax and extradenticle for body wall identity specification but not for appendage identity specification during metamorphosis of Tribolium castaneum. Dev Biol 2014; 395:182-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Sharma PP, Gupta T, Schwager EE, Wheeler WC, Extavour CG. Subdivision of arthropod cap-n-collar expression domains is restricted to Mandibulata. EvoDevo 2014; 5:3. [PMID: 24405788 PMCID: PMC3897911 DOI: 10.1186/2041-9139-5-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The monophyly of Mandibulata - the division of arthropods uniting pancrustaceans and myriapods - is consistent with several morphological characters, such as the presence of sensory appendages called antennae and the eponymous biting appendage, the mandible. Functional studies have demonstrated that the patterning of the mandible requires the activity of the Hox gene Deformed and the transcription factor cap-n-collar (cnc) in at least two holometabolous insects: the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and the beetle Tribolium castaneum. Expression patterns of cnc from two non-holometabolous insects and a millipede have suggested conservation of the labral and mandibular domains within Mandibulata. However, the activity of cnc is unknown in crustaceans and chelicerates, precluding understanding of a complete scenario for the evolution of patterning of this appendage within arthropods. To redress these lacunae, here we investigate the gene expression of the ortholog of cnc in Parhyale hawaiensis, a malacostracan crustacean, and two chelicerates: the harvestman Phalangium opilio, and the scorpion Centruroides sculpturatus. RESULTS In the crustacean P. hawaiensis, the segmental expression of Ph-cnc is the same as that reported previously in hexapods and myriapods, with two distinct head domains in the labrum and the mandibular segment. In contrast, Po-cnc and Cs-cnc expression is not enriched in the labrum of either chelicerate, but instead is expressed at comparable levels in all appendages. In further contrast to mandibulate orthologs, the expression domain of Po-cnc posterior to the labrum is not confined within the expression domain of Po-Dfd. CONCLUSIONS Expression data from two chelicerate outgroup taxa suggest that the signature two-domain head expression pattern of cnc evolved at the base of Mandibulata. The observation of the archetypal labral and mandibular segment domains in a crustacean exemplar supports the synapomorphic nature of mandibulate cnc expression. The broader expression of Po-cnc with respect to Po-Dfd in chelicerates further suggests that the regulation of cnc by Dfd was also acquired at the base of Mandibulata. To test this hypothesis, future studies examining panarthropod cnc evolution should investigate expression of the cnc ortholog in arthropod outgroups, such as Onychophora and Tardigrada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant P Sharma
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024, USA.
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