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Nilkant R, Kathiresan C, Kumar N, Caritis S, Shaik IH, Venkataramanan R. Selection of a suitable animal model to evaluate secretion of drugs in the human milk: a systematic approach. Xenobiotica 2024:1-16. [PMID: 38634455 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2024.2345283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Lack of data on drug secretion in human milk is a concern for safe use of drugs during postpartum.Clinical studies are often difficult to perform; despite substantial improvements in computational methodologies such as physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling, there is limited clinical data to validate such models for many drugs.Various factors that are likely to impact milk to plasma ratio were identified. A literature search was performed to gather available data on milk composition, total volume of milk produced per day, milk pH, haematocrit, and renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate in various animal models.BLAST nucleotide and protein tools were used to evaluate the similarities between humans and animals in the expression and predominance of selected drug transporters, metabolic enzymes, and blood proteins.A multistep analysis of all the potential variables affecting drug secretion was considered to identify most appropriate animal model. The practicality of using the animal in a lab setting was also considered.Donkeys and goats were identified as the most suitable animals for studying drug secretion in milk and future studies should be performed in goats and donkeys to validate the preliminary observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riya Nilkant
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Chintha Kathiresan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Namrata Kumar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Developmental Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Steve Caritis
- Department of Obstetrics Gynaecology and Reproductive Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Imam H Shaik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacy & Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Raman Venkataramanan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacy & Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Creatinine as a Urinary Marker of the Purine Derivatives Excretion in Urine Spot Samples of Lambs Fed Peach Palm Meal. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12091195. [PMID: 35565619 PMCID: PMC9106062 DOI: 10.3390/ani12091195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective was to evaluate the influence of diets on lambs using different levels of peach palm meal as a replacement for maize (0, 10, 40, 60, and 85% of diet dry matter) on the endogenous creatinine clearance (CC), urine concentration ratio of purine derivatives to creatinine (PDC index), and daily creatinine excretion (DCE) as a marker to estimate purine derivatives (PD) excretion from urinary spot samples collected at different time points (4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24 h after morning feeding) compared to 24-h total urine collection. The measured parameters were voluntary intake, urinary volume, CC, DCE, the concentration of plasma creatinine, and PD and purine derivatives’ excretion (PDE). Five lambs were allocated to metabolic cages and distributed in a 5 × 5 Latin square. Urine collection was taken daily on days 16 to 19 of each experimental period. The inclusion of peach palm meal linearly reduced the intake of dry matter (g kg BW−0.75, p = 0.005), crude protein (g kg BW−0.75, p = 0.010), metabolizable energy (MJ kg BW−0.75, p = 0.010) and CC (p < 0.0001). It also quadratically affected the urinary volume (p = 0.008) and DCE (p = 0.004). There was a linear decrease for PDC index (p = 0.032) and PDE (p < 0.0001) measured in the 24-h total urine with peach palm meal levels. The different times of spot urine sampling did not affect (p > 0.05) the PDC index and PDE. Peach palm meal decreases the CC thereby compromising the use of a mean value of DCE as a PDE marker in spot urine samples. There is greater accuracy when using different values of DCE obtained for each diet as markers for the PDE in spot urine samples. Unconventional foodstuffs of low palatability affecting the voluntary intake of feed change the renal function.
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Ardalan M, Miesner MD, Reinhardt CD, Thomson DU, Armendariz CK, Smith JS, Titgemeyer EC. Effects of guanidinoacetic acid supplementation on nitrogen retention and methionine flux in cattle. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:6308973. [PMID: 34165572 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Creatine stores high-energy phosphate bonds in muscle and is synthesized in the liver through methylation of guanidinoacetic acid (GAA). Supplementation of GAA may therefore increase methyl group requirements, and this may affect methyl group utilization. Our experiment evaluated the metabolic responses of growing cattle to postruminal supplementation of GAA, in a model where methionine (Met) was deficient, with and without Met supplementation. Seven ruminally cannulated Holstein steers (161 kg initial body weight [BW]) were limit-fed a soybean hull-based diet (2.7 kg/d dry matter) and received continuous abomasal infusions of an essential amino acid (AA) mixture devoid of Met to ensure that no AA besides Met limited animal performance. To provide energy without increasing the microbial protein supply, all steers received ruminal infusions of 200 g/d acetic acid, 200 g/d propionic acid, and 50 g/d butyric acid, as well as abomasal infusions of 300 g/d glucose. Treatments, provided abomasally, were arranged as a 2 × 3 factorial in a split-plot design, and included 0 or 6 g/d of l-Met and 0, 7.5, and 15 g/d of GAA. The experiment included six 10-d periods. Whole body Met flux was measured using continuous jugular infusion of 1-13C-l-Met and methyl-2H3-l-Met. Nitrogen retention was elevated by Met supplementation (P < 0.01). Supplementation with GAA tended to increase N retention when it was supplemented along with Met, but not when it was supplemented without Met. Supplementing GAA linearly increased plasma concentrations of GAA and creatine (P < 0.001), but treatments did not affect urinary excretion of GAA, creatine, or creatinine. Supplementation with Met decreased plasma homocysteine (P < 0.01). Supplementation of GAA tended (P = 0.10) to increase plasma homocysteine when no Met was supplemented, but not when 6 g/d Met was provided. Protein synthesis and protein degradation were both increased by GAA supplementation when no Met was supplemented, but decreased by GAA supplementation when 6 g/d Met were provided. Loss of Met through transsulfuration was increased by Met supplementation, whereas synthesis of Met from remethylation of homocysteine was decreased by Met supplementation. No differences in transmethylation, transsulfuration, or remethylation reactions were observed in response to GAA supplementation. The administration of GAA, when methyl groups are not limiting, has the potential to improve lean tissue deposition and cattle growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrnaz Ardalan
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Matt D Miesner
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Christopher D Reinhardt
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Daniel U Thomson
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Cheryl K Armendariz
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - J Scott Smith
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Evan C Titgemeyer
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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Simplified Iohexol-Based Method for Measurement of Glomerular Filtration Rate in Goats and Pigs. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10060461. [PMID: 34071069 PMCID: PMC8224736 DOI: 10.3390/biology10060461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary To improve the treatment of patients with kidney disease, new therapies are being developed. Before being used on humans, such therapies need to be tested on animals with kidney disease because reduced kidney function may influence the safety and efficacy of the treatment. Using large animals for this purpose is important because they tolerate frequent blood sampling, which allows for repeated monitoring. Goats seem particularly suitable for the evaluation of novel hemodialysis therapies since they are docile, have easily accessible neck veins to obtain blood access and body weights comparable with humans. Currently, no simple method is available to measure kidney function in goats (with or without impaired kidney function). Therefore, we developed a simple method to measure the kidney function in goats and pigs, which is based on a single injection of iohexol and requires three blood samples. Subsequently, kidney function can be calculated using a formula derived from pharmacokinetic modelling. The measurement of kidney function using our simplified method is relatively easy to perform, reduces total blood sampling and eliminates the need for an indwelling bladder catheter as compared to existing methods that require continuous infusion of a substance and timed urine collection. Abstract The preclinical evaluation of novel therapies for chronic kidney disease requires a simple method for the assessment of kidney function in a uremic large animal model. An intravenous bolus of iohexol was administered to goats (13 measurements in n = 3 goats) and pigs (23 measurements in n = 5 pigs) before and after induction of kidney failure, followed by frequent blood sampling up to 1440 min. Plasma clearance (CL) was estimated by a nonlinear mixed-effects model (CLNLME) and by a one-compartmental pharmacokinetic disposition model using iohexol plasma concentrations during the terminal elimination phase (CL1CMT). A simple method (CLSM) for the calculation of plasma clearance was developed based on the most appropriate relationship between CLNLME and CL1CMT. CLSM and CLNLME showed good agreement (CLNLME/CLSM ratio: 1.00 ± 0.07; bias: 0.03 ± 1.64 mL/min; precision CLSM and CLNLME: 80.9% and 80.7%, respectively; the percentage of CLSM estimates falling within ±30% (P30) or ±10% (P10) of CLNLME: 53% and 12%, respectively). For mGFRNLME vs. mGFRSM, bias was −0.25 ± 2.24 and precision was 49.2% and 53.6%, respectively, P30 and P10 for mGFR based on CLSM were 71% and 24%, respectively. A simple method for measurement of GFR in healthy and uremic goats and pigs was successfully developed, which eliminates the need for continuous infusion of an exogenous marker, urine collection and frequent blood sampling.
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Li M, Wang YS, Elwell-Cuddy T, Baynes RE, Tell LA, Davis JL, Maunsell FP, Riviere JE, Lin Z. Physiological parameter values for physiologically based pharmacokinetic models in food-producing animals. Part III: Sheep and goat. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2020; 44:456-477. [PMID: 33350478 PMCID: PMC8359294 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This report is the third in a series of studies that aimed to compile physiological parameters related to develop physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models for drugs and environmental chemicals in food‐producing animals including swine and cattle (Part I), chickens and turkeys (Part II), and finally sheep and goats (the focus of this manuscript). Literature searches were conducted in multiple databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and ProQuest), with data on relevant parameters including body weight, relative organ weight (% of body weight), cardiac output, relative organ blood flow (% of cardiac output), residual blood volume (% of organ weight), and hematocrit reviewed and statistically summarized. The mean and standard deviation of each parameter are presented in tables. Equations describing the growth curves of sheep and goats are presented in figures. When data are sufficient, parameter values are reported for different ages or production classes of sheep, including fetal sheep, lambs, and market‐age sheep (mature sheep). These data provide a reference database for developing standardized PBPK models to predict drug withdrawal intervals in sheep and goats, and also provide a basis for extrapolating PBPK models from major species such as cattle to minor species such as sheep and goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Li
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine (ICCM), Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Yu-Shin Wang
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine (ICCM), Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Trevor Elwell-Cuddy
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine (ICCM), Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Ronald E Baynes
- Center for Chemical Toxicology Research and Pharmacokinetics, Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Lisa A Tell
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer L Davis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Fiona P Maunsell
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jim E Riviere
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine (ICCM), Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.,Center for Chemical Toxicology Research and Pharmacokinetics, Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Zhoumeng Lin
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine (ICCM), Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
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Substituting a pasture-based diet with plantain (Plantago lanceolata) reduces nitrogen excreted in urine from dairy cows in late lactation. Livest Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Dos Santos ACS, Santos SA, Carvalho GGP, Mariz LDS, Tosto MSL, Valadares Filho SC, Azevedo JAG. A comparative study on the excretion of urinary metabolites in goats and sheep to evaluate spot sampling applied to protein nutrition trials. J Anim Sci 2018; 96:3381-3397. [PMID: 29767729 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to establish a protocol to validate urine spot samples to estimate N excretion and microbial synthesis in goat and sheep; and to study factors that affect daily creatinine and purine derivatives (PD) urinary excretion. Also a performance trial was carried out to compare goat and sheep slaughtered after different feedlot periods. Twelve Boer goats (20.6 kg ± 3.4 initial BW) and 12 Dorper sheep (18.4 kg ± 2.3 initial BW), all 4-mo-old, males, were used. Eight animals (4 goats and 4 sheep) were randomly allocated to be slaughtered at 28, 56, and 84 d in feedlot. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design in a 2 × 3 factorial scheme, in which the factors were both species and the 3 feedlot periods. Diet consisted of 50% sorghum silage and 50% concentrate on a DM basis. Nutrient intake was higher (P < 0.01) for sheep than goats. Apparent digestibility of nutrients was similar (P > 0.05) in both species. Sheep had greater (P < 0.01) ADG and final BW than goats. Fat deposition and fat:muscle ratio was higher (P < 0.01) in sheep carcasses. Sheep had higher N urinary (P = 0.02) excretion and N retention (g/d; P < 0.01) than goats. Urinary N excretion increased linearly (P < 0.01) in response to feedlot period. However, feedlot did not affect (P = 0.20) N retention, but linearly reduced the relationship between N retained and ingested (P = 0.04) or apparently digested (P < 0.01). Microbial efficiency (P > 0.05) did not differ between species. Creatinine excretion (C mg/d; P < 0.01) was higher in sheep than goats. Purine derivatives (Ŷ) were related closely with OM intake (Ŷ = 0.013±0.0007X; r2 = 94). A difference (P < 0.01) was found between the allometric model for creatinine excretion (Ŷ) and muscle weight (X) for both species, and the following equations were obtained: Ŷ = 89.04(±31.44)X0.9797(±0.16) for goats and Ŷ = 109.8(±47.50)X0.8002(±0.20) for sheep. Creatinine concentration was greater during nocturnal than diurnal periods, with lower diurnal fluctuations. Sampling time did not affect (P = 0.27) the PD:C ratio. The urea (U):C ratio was higher (P < 0.01) in sheep than goats, and was also higher (P < 0.01) during diurnal than nocturnal sampling periods. Our results suggest that it is necessary to take 2 and 3 spot urine samples after feeding to estimate N compounds excretions in goats and sheep, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C S Dos Santos
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science/Federal University of Bahia, Salvador City, Bahia State, Brazil
| | - S A Santos
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science/Federal University of Bahia, Salvador City, Bahia State, Brazil
| | - G G P Carvalho
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science/Federal University of Bahia, Salvador City, Bahia State, Brazil
| | - L D S Mariz
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science/Federal University of Bahia, Salvador City, Bahia State, Brazil
| | - M S L Tosto
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science/Federal University of Bahia, Salvador City, Bahia State, Brazil
| | - S C Valadares Filho
- Animal Science Department/Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa City, Minas Gerais State, Brazil
| | - J A G Azevedo
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences of the State University of Santa Cruz, Ilhéus City, Bahia State, Brazil
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Glomerular filtration rate in cows estimated by a prediction formula. Anim Sci J 2014; 85:1001-4. [DOI: 10.1111/asj.12265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Leavens TL, Tell LA, Kissell LW, Smith GW, Smith DJ, Wagner SA, Shelver WL, Wu H, Baynes RE, Riviere JE. Development of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for flunixin in cattle (Bos taurus). Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:1506-21. [PMID: 25082521 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2014.938363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Frequent violation of flunixin residues in tissues from cattle has been attributed to non-compliance with the USFDA-approved route of administration and withdrawal time. However, the effect of administration route and physiological differences among animals on tissue depletion has not been determined. The objective of this work was to develop a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to predict plasma, liver and milk concentrations of flunixin in cattle following intravenous (i.v.), intramuscular (i.m.) or subcutaneous (s.c.) administration for use as a tool to determine factors that may affect the withdrawal time. The PBPK model included blood flow-limited distribution in all tissues and elimination in the liver, kidney and milk. Regeneration of parent flunixin due to enterohepatic recirculation and hydrolysis of conjugated metabolites was incorporated in the liver compartment. Values for physiological parameters were obtained from the literature, and partition coefficients for all tissues but liver and kidney were derived empirically. Liver and kidney partition coefficients and elimination parameters were estimated for 14 pharmacokinetic studies (including five crossover studies) from the literature or government sources in which flunixin was administered i.v., i.m. or s.c. Model simulations compared well with data for the matrices following all routes of administration. Influential model parameters included those that may be age or disease-dependent, such as clearance and rate of milk production. Based on the model, route of administration would not affect the estimated days to reach the tolerance concentration (0.125 mg kg(-1)) in the liver of treated cattle. The majority of USDA-reported violative residues in liver were below the upper uncertainty predictions based on estimated parameters, which suggests the need to consider variability due to disease and age in establishing withdrawal intervals for drugs used in food animals. The model predicted that extravascular routes of administration prolonged flunixin concentrations in milk, which could result in violative milk residues in treated cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa L Leavens
- a Center for Chemical Toxicology Research and Pharmacokinetics, Department of Population Health and Pathobiology , College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University , Raleigh , NC , USA
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Imai K, Yamagishi N, Kim D, Devkota B, Sato S, Murayama I, Furuhama K. Serum clearance of iodixanol for estimating glomerular filtration rate in calves. J Vet Med Sci 2011; 73:1625-8. [PMID: 21778668 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.11-0252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate serum clearance of iodixanol, applicable to the estimation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR), clinically healthy and experimentally-induced nephropathy calves were prepared. Iodixanol was administered intravenously at 40 mg I/kg, and blood was withdrawn 60, 120, and 180 min later. Serum iodixanol concentration was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. No statistical difference in GFR was noted between strains (Holstein vs. Japanese Black) or sexes, and the α(2)-adrenergic agonist xylazine increased GFR. In calves subjected to right renal vessel ligation, followed by a left nephrectomy, a marked reduction in GFR was observed with renal ischemic changes. These results suggest that the GFR estimation by serum iodixanol clearance is a ready-to-use tool in calf research and practice owing to the ease of monitoring serial renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Imai
- Department of Veterinary Basic Medicine, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 020–8550, Japan
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Banerjee D, Ashutosh. Circadian changes in physiological responses and blood ionized sodium and potassium concentrations under thermal exposure in Tharparkar and Karan Fries heifers. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/09291011003729411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Banerjee D, Ashutosh. Effect of thermal exposure on diurnal rhythms of physiological parameters and feed, water intake in Tharparkar and Karan Fries heifers. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/09291011003726490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dipak Banerjee
- a Stress and Environmental Physiology Laboratory, Dairy Cattle Physiology Division, National Dairy Research Institute , Karnal, Haryana, 132001, India
| | - Ashutosh
- a Stress and Environmental Physiology Laboratory, Dairy Cattle Physiology Division, National Dairy Research Institute , Karnal, Haryana, 132001, India
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