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Ferrer-Quintero M, Verdaguer-Rodriguez M, Esteban Sanjusto M, Serra-Arumí C, Usall J, Ochoa S, Bighelli I, García-Mieres H. Sex differences in symptomatology in people with schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders: protocol for a systematic review and pairwise meta-analysis of observational studies. BJPsych Open 2022; 8:e194. [PMID: 36345720 PMCID: PMC9707498 DOI: 10.1192/bjo.2022.596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex differences in symptomatology in people with psychosis have been studied extensively in recent decades. Although studies have pointed to such differences, to date there is no review that has performed a systematic search and quantitative synthesis. In this paper, we describe the protocol for a pairwise meta-analysis comparing a range of symptom outcome measures between men and women diagnosed with a psychotic spectrum disorder at different stages of the disorder (PROSPERO registration number CRD42021264942). In August 2021 we conducted systematic searches of PsychInfo, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and Dialnet to identify observational studies that report data on symptoms for males and females separately. Two independent reviewers will conduct literature searches, select studies, extract data, assess the risk of bias and assess outcome quality. To assess the effect size of all outcome measures, we will conduct pairwise meta-analysis using random-effects models. The quality of studies will be evaluated using a National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute's quality assessment tool and the confidence in the results will be evaluated using the GRADE tool. Meta-regression and sensitivity analyses will be conducted to assess the robustness of the findings. No ethical problems are foreseen. Results from this study will be published in peer-reviewed journals and presented at relevant conferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Ferrer-Quintero
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain; and Departament de Psicología Social i Quantitativa, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Judith Usall
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Ochoa
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Bighelli
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Helena García-Mieres
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Health Services Research Unit, Institut Hospital del Mar de Investigacions Médiques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain; and Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
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Van Eck RM, Burger TJ, Vellinga A, Schirmbeck F, de Haan L. The Relationship Between Clinical and Personal Recovery in Patients With Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Schizophr Bull 2018; 44:631-642. [PMID: 29036720 PMCID: PMC5890469 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbx088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Patients describe experiencing personal recovery despite ongoing symptoms of psychosis. The aim of the current research was to perform a meta-analysis investigating the relationship between clinical and personal recovery in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. A comprehensive OvidSP database search was performed to identify relevant studies. Correlation coefficients of the relationship between clinical and personal recovery were retrieved from primary studies. Meta-analyses were performed, calculating mean weighted effect sizes for the association between clinical and personal recovery, hope, and empowerment. Additionally, associations between positive, negative, affective symptoms, general functioning, and personal recovery were investigated. The results show that heterogeneity across studies was substantial. Random effect meta-analysis of the relationship between symptom severity and personal recovery revealed a mean weighted correlation coefficient of r = -.21 (95% CI = -0.27 to -0.14, P < .001). We found the following mean weighted effect size for positive symptoms r = -.20 (95% CI = -0.27 to -0.12, P < .001), negative symptoms r = -.24 (95% CI = -0.33 to -0.15, P < .001), affective symptoms r = -.34 (95% CI = -0.44 to -0.24, P < .001) and functioning r = .21 (95% CI = -0.09 to 0.32, P < .001). The results indicate a significant small to medium association between clinical and personal recovery. Psychotic symptoms show a smaller correlation than affective symptoms with personal recovery. These findings suggest that clinical and personal recovery should both be considered in treatment and outcome monitoring of patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Michael Van Eck
- Arkin Institute for Mental Health, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thijs Jan Burger
- Arkin Institute for Mental Health, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Astrid Vellinga
- Arkin Institute for Mental Health, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Mentrum, part of Arkin, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frederike Schirmbeck
- Arkin Institute for Mental Health, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lieuwe de Haan
- Arkin Institute for Mental Health, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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‘Jumping to conclusions’ data-gathering bias in psychosis and other psychiatric disorders — Two meta-analyses of comparisons between patients and healthy individuals. Clin Psychol Rev 2016; 46:151-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Dudley R, Taylor P, Wickham S, Hutton P. Psychosis, Delusions and the "Jumping to Conclusions" Reasoning Bias: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Schizophr Bull 2016; 42:652-65. [PMID: 26519952 PMCID: PMC4838082 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbv150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We did a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the magnitude and specificity of the "jumping to conclusions" (JTC) bias in psychosis and delusions. We examined the extent to which people with psychosis, and people with delusions specifically, required less information before making decisions. We examined (1) the average amount of information required to make a decision and (2) numbers who demonstrated an extreme JTC bias, as assessed by the "beads task." We compared people with psychosis to people with and without nonpsychotic mental health problems, and people with psychosis with and without delusions. We examined whether reduced data-gathering was associated with increased delusion severity. We identified 55 relevant studies, and acquired previously unpublished data from 16 authors. People with psychosis required significantly less information to make decisions than healthy individuals (k= 33,N= 1935,g= -0.53, 95% CI -0.69, -0.36) and those with nonpsychotic mental health problems (k= 13,N= 667,g= -0.58, 95% CI -0.80, -0.35). The odds of extreme responding in psychosis were between 4 and 6 times higher than the odds of extreme responding by healthy participants and participants with nonpsychotic mental health problems. The JTC bias was linked to a greater probability of delusion occurrence in psychosis (k= 14,N= 770, OR 1.52, 95% CI 1.12, 2.05). There was a trend-level inverse association between data-gathering and delusion severity (k= 18;N= 794;r= -.09, 95% CI -0.21, 0.03). Hence, nonaffective psychosis is characterized by a hasty decision-making style, which is linked to an increased probability of delusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Dudley
- School of Psychology, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK; Early Intervention in Psychosis Service, Northumberland, Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Gateshead, UK;
| | - Peter Taylor
- Institute of Psychology, Health and Society, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Sophie Wickham
- Institute of Psychology, Health and Society, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Paul Hutton
- School of Health in Social Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Ross RM, McKay R, Coltheart M, Langdon R. Jumping to Conclusions About the Beads Task? A Meta-analysis of Delusional Ideation and Data-Gathering. Schizophr Bull 2015; 41:1183-91. [PMID: 25616503 PMCID: PMC4535629 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbu187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
It has been claimed that delusional and delusion-prone individuals have a tendency to gather less data before forming beliefs. Most of the evidence for this "jumping to conclusions" (JTC) bias comes from studies using the "beads task" data-gathering paradigm. However, the evidence for the JTC bias is mixed. We conducted a random-effects meta-analysis of individual participant data from 38 clinical and nonclinical samples (n = 2,237) to investigate the relationship between data gathering in the beads task (using the "draws to decision" measure) and delusional ideation (as indexed by the "Peters et al Delusions Inventory"; PDI). We found that delusional ideation is negatively associated with data gathering (r(s) = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.17, -0.03]) and that there is heterogeneity in the estimated effect sizes (Q-stat P = .03, I(2) = 33). Subgroup analysis revealed that the negative association is present when considering the 23 samples (n = 1,754) from the large general population subgroup alone (r(s) = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.18, -0.02]) but not when considering the 8 samples (n = 262) from the small current delusions subgroup alone (r(s) = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.07]). These results provide some provisional support for continuum theories of psychosis and cognitive models that implicate the JTC bias in the formation and maintenance of delusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Malcolm Ross
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Cognitive Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia;
| | - Ryan McKay
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia;,Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, UK
| | - Max Coltheart
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia;,Department of Cognitive Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia;
| | - Robyn Langdon
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia;,Department of Cognitive Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia;
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