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Samaržija I. The Potential of Extracellular Matrix- and Integrin Adhesion Complex-Related Molecules for Prostate Cancer Biomarker Discovery. Biomedicines 2023; 12:79. [PMID: 38255186 PMCID: PMC10813710 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12010079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is among the top five cancer types according to incidence and mortality. One of the main obstacles in prostate cancer management is the inability to foresee its course, which ranges from slow growth throughout years that requires minimum or no intervention to highly aggressive disease that spreads quickly and resists treatment. Therefore, it is not surprising that numerous studies have attempted to find biomarkers of prostate cancer occurrence, risk stratification, therapy response, and patient outcome. However, only a few prostate cancer biomarkers are used in clinics, which shows how difficult it is to find a novel biomarker. Cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix (ECM) through integrins is among the essential processes that govern its fate. Upon activation and ligation, integrins form multi-protein intracellular structures called integrin adhesion complexes (IACs). In this review article, the focus is put on the biomarker potential of the ECM- and IAC-related molecules stemming from both body fluids and prostate cancer tissue. The processes that they are involved in, such as tumor stiffening, bone turnover, and communication via exosomes, and their biomarker potential are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Samaržija
- Laboratory for Epigenomics, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Ruiz C, Alborelli I, Manzo M, Calgua B, Keller E, Vuaroqueaux V, Quagliata L, Rentsch CA, Spagnoli GC, Diener PA, Bubendorf L, Morant R, Eppenberger-Castori S. Critical Evaluation of Transcripts and Long Noncoding RNA Expression Levels in Prostate Cancer Following Radical Prostatectomy. Pathobiology 2023; 90:400-408. [PMID: 37463569 PMCID: PMC10733933 DOI: 10.1159/000531175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The clinical course of prostate cancer (PCa) is highly variable, ranging from indolent behavior to rapid metastatic progression. The Gleason score is widely accepted as the primary histologic assessment tool with significant prognostic value. However, additional biomarkers are required to better stratify patients, particularly those at intermediate risk. METHODS In this study, we analyzed the expression of 86 cancer hallmark genes in 171 patients with PCa who underwent radical prostatectomy and focused on the outcome of the 137 patients with postoperative R0-PSA0 status. RESULTS Low expression of the IGF1 and SRD52A, and high expression of TIMP2, PLAUR, S100A2, and CANX genes were associated with biochemical recurrence (BR), defined as an increase of prostate-specific antigen above 0.2 ng/mL. Furthermore, the analysis of the expression of 462 noncoding RNAs (ncRNA) in a sub-cohort of 39 patients with Gleason score 7 tumors revealed that high levels of expression of the ncRNAs LINC00624, LINC00593, LINC00482, and cd27-AS1 were significantly associated with BR. Our findings provide further evidence for tumor-promoting roles of ncRNAs in PCa patients at intermediate risk. The strong correlation between expression of LINC00624 and KRT8 gene, encoding a well-known cell surface protein present in PCa, further supports a potential contribution of this ncRNA to PCa progression. CONCLUSION While larger and further studies are needed to define the role of these genes/ncRNA in PCa, our findings pave the way toward the identification of a subgroup of patients at intermediate risk who may benefit from adjuvant treatments and new therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Ruiz
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ilaria Alborelli
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Massimiliano Manzo
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Byron Calgua
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eveline Keller
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Luca Quagliata
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Medical Affairs Team, Genetic Sciences Group, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Monza, Italy
| | - Cyrill A. Rentsch
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Giulio C. Spagnoli
- National Research Council, Institute of Translational Pharmacology, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Lukas Bubendorf
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rudolf Morant
- Tumor-und Brustzentrum ZeTuP, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - on behalf of the former members of the Urology Team in St. Gallen**
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- 4HF Biotec, Freiburg, Germany
- Medical Affairs Team, Genetic Sciences Group, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Monza, Italy
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- National Research Council, Institute of Translational Pharmacology, Rome, Italy
- Pathology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
- Tumor-und Brustzentrum ZeTuP, St. Gallen, Switzerland
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Pamuk AE, Gedik ME, Sutay Suslu N, Gunaydin G. Candidate Angiogenesis-Related Biomarkers in Patients with Laryngeal Carcinoma (AngLaC): A Prospective Cohort Study. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2023; 168:1433-1442. [PMID: 36939422 DOI: 10.1002/ohn.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Angiogenesis is indeed a vital process in the progression of carcinomas, including that of larynx. Therefore, this study (AngLaC) aimed to identify candidate angiogenesis-related biomarkers in laryngeal carcinoma patients. STUDY DESIGN Prospective controlled cohort study. SETTING Tertiary referral center. METHODS In silico analyses of angiogenesis-related genes in laryngeal carcinoma were performed to determine candidate biomarkers. Serum levels of candidate biomarkers were determined via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in laryngeal carcinoma patients as well as in an age and gender-matched control group. The associations of the biomarkers with clinical parameters were investigated. RESULTS The study included 60 laryngeal carcinoma patients and 20 healthy controls. The serum levels of osteopontin, IGFBP-3, VEGF, sVEGFR-1, and VEGFR-2 were significantly higher in the patient group (p < .001, p ≤ .001, p < .001, p < .01, p < .01, respectively). High osteopontin and sVEGFR-1 levels were associated with locoregional-recurrence (p = .024, p = .016, respectively). IGFBP-3 had the highest diagnostic sensitivity (81.4%) and specificity (80%) among the molecules that were investigated (p < .001). High sVEGFR-1 and low VEGFR-2 levels were associated with poor overall-survival (p = .037, p = .027, respectively). High osteopontin and sVEGFR-1 levels were associated with poor disease-specific survival rates (p = .035, p = .018, respectively). CONCLUSION High serum levels of sVEGFR-1 and osteopontin as well as low serum levels of VEGFR-2 proved to be poor prognostic in terms of survival in laryngeal carcinoma. VEGF, sVEGFR1, VEGFR2, IGFBP-3, and osteopontin levels were found to be significantly increased in larynx cancer patients compared to the normal population. Further studies on osteopontin and sVEGFR-1 are required in order to determine their associations with recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Erim Pamuk
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey
| | - M Emre Gedik
- Department of Basic Oncology, Hacettepe University Cancer Institute, Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nilda Sutay Suslu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gurcan Gunaydin
- Department of Basic Oncology, Hacettepe University Cancer Institute, Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey
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Soni S, Anand P, Swarnkar MK, Patial V, Tirpude NV, Padwad YS. MAPKAPK2-centric transcriptome profiling reveals its major role in governing molecular crosstalk of IGFBP2, MUC4, and PRKAR2B during HNSCC pathogenesis. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2023; 21:1292-1311. [PMID: 36817960 PMCID: PMC9929207 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2023.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcriptome analysis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) has been pivotal to comprehending the convoluted biology of HNSCC tumors. MAPKAPK2 or MK2 is a critical modulator of the mRNA turnover of crucial genes involved in HNSCC progression. However, MK2-centric transcriptome profiles of tumors are not well known. This study delves into HNSCC progression with MK2 at the nexus to delineate the biological relevance and intricate crosstalk of MK2 in the tumor milieu. We performed next-generation sequencing-based transcriptome profiling of HNSCC cells and xenograft tumors to ascertain mRNA expression profiles in MK2-wild type and MK2-knockdown conditions. The findings were validated using gene expression assays, immunohistochemistry, and transcript turnover studies. Here, we identified a pool of crucial MK2-regulated candidate genes by annotation and differential gene expression analyses. Regulatory network and pathway enrichment revealed their significance and involvement in the HNSCC pathogenesis. Additionally, 3'-UTR-based filtering recognized important MK2-regulated downstream target genes and validated them by nCounter gene expression assays. Finally, immunohistochemistry and transcript stability studies revealed the putative role of MK2 in regulating the transcript turnover of IGFBP2, MUC4, and PRKAR2B in HNSCC. Conclusively, MK2-regulated candidate genes were identified in this study, and their plausible involvement in HNSCC pathogenesis was elucidated. These genes possess investigative values as targets for diagnosis and therapeutic interventions for HNSCC.
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Key Words
- 3'-UTR
- 3′-UTR, 3′-untranslated region
- AREs, Adenylate-uridylate-rich element(s)
- ATCC, American Type Culture Collection
- ActD, Actinomycin D
- CISBP, Catalog of Inferred Sequence Binding Preferences
- Ct, Cycle Threshold
- DAP3, Death associated protein 3
- DEGs, Differentially expressed gene(s)
- Differentially expressed genes
- EHBP1, EH domain binding protein 1
- FC, Fold change
- FDR, False discovery rate
- FPKM, Fragments per kilobase of transcript per million mapped
- GFP, Green fluorescent protein
- GO, Gene Ontology
- HKG, House-keeping genes
- HNSCC
- HNSCCs, Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma(s)
- HQ, High quality
- IAEC, Institutional animal ethics committee
- IFN, Interferon
- IGFBP2, Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 2
- IHC, Immunohistochemistry
- IP6K2, Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 2
- KD, Knockdown
- KEGG, Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomics
- MAPK, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase
- MAPKAPK2
- MAPKAPK2 or MK2, Mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 2
- MELK, Maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase
- MK2KD, MK2-knockdown
- MK2WT, MK2 wild-type
- MKP-1, Mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1
- MUC4, Mucin 4
- NGS, Next generation sequencing
- NOD/SCID, Non-obese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient
- PRKAR2B, Protein kinase CAMP-dependent type II regulatory subunit beta
- QC, Quality control
- RBPs, RNA-binding protein(s)
- RIN, RNA integrity number
- RNA-seq, Ribose Nucleic Acid -sequencing
- RNA-sequencing
- RT-qPCR, Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction
- RUNX1, Runt-related transcription factor 1
- SLF2, SMC5-SMC6 complex localization factor 2
- TCGA, The cancer genome atlas
- TNF-α, Tumor necrosis factor-alpha
- TTP, Tristetraprolin
- Transcriptome
- VEGF, Vascular endothelial growth factor
- WB, Western blotting
- WT, Wild type
- ZNF662, Zinc finger protein 662
- p27, Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B
- shRNA, Short hairpin RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourabh Soni
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Palampur 176061, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Prince Anand
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Palampur 176061, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Mohit Kumar Swarnkar
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Palampur 176061, India
| | - Vikram Patial
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Palampur 176061, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Narendra V. Tirpude
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Palampur 176061, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Yogendra S. Padwad
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Palampur 176061, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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Cho E, Kim J, Jeong DH, Kim HW. Anticancer properties of dried-pericarp water extracts of Camellia japonica L. fermented with Aspergillus oryzae through regulation of IGFBP-2/mTOR pathway. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21527. [PMID: 34728751 PMCID: PMC8564518 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01127-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the anticancer activity of dried-pericarp water extract of fermented C. japonicus (CJ). The dried-pericarp water extracts of CJ were fermented using Aspergillus oryzae and Saccharomyces cerevisiae at 30 °C and 35 °C. The anticancer activities of both water extracts fermented at 30 °C and 35 °C using A. oryzae against FaDu cells were remarkably changed compared with unfermented dried-pericarp water extract of CJ, which has no anticancer activity. Cleaved-PARP, caspase 3, and apoptotic cells stained with annexin V/PI were significantly increased by treatment with A. oryzae extracts fermented at 30 °C. The insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 2 (IGFBP-2) protein level and mTOR phosphorylation by A. oryzae fermented extracts (AOFE) were dramatically reduced, and the expression levels of IGFBP-2 and phosphorylated mTOR were significantly increased depending on the glucose concentrations in FaDu cells. These results suggested that the cell viabilities in AOFE were restored as the glucose concentrations increased. Furthermore, it was confirmed LC/MS/MS that the content of gallic acid was increased by fermentation of Aspergillus oryzae (5.596 ± 0.1746 μg/mg) compared to the unfermented extract (1.620 ± 0.0432 μg/mg). Based on these results, the anticancer effect of AOFE was achieved through inhibition of the IGFBP-2/mTOR signaling pathway. These results suggest that AOFE may be a potential treatment for head and neck cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Cho
- Jeollanam-Do Forest Resource Research Institute, Naju, Jeonnam, 58213, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Kim
- Gwangju Health University, Gwangsan-gu, Gwangju, 62287, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Hye Jeong
- Jeollanam-Do Forest Resource Research Institute, Naju, Jeonnam, 58213, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoun Woo Kim
- Jeollanam-Do Forest Resource Research Institute, Naju, Jeonnam, 58213, Republic of Korea.
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IGFBP2: integrative hub of developmental and oncogenic signaling network. Oncogene 2020; 39:2243-2257. [PMID: 31925333 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-1154-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding protein 2 (IGFBP2) was discovered and identified as an IGF system regulator, controlling the distribution, function, and activity of IGFs in the pericellular space. IGFBP2 is a developmentally regulated gene that is highly expressed in embryonic and fetal tissues and markedly decreases after birth. Studies over the last decades have shown that in solid tumors, IGFBP2 is upregulated and promotes several key oncogenic processes, such as epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, cellular migration, invasion, angiogenesis, stemness, transcriptional activation, and epigenetic programming via signaling that is often independent of IGFs. Growing evidence indicates that aberrant expression of IGFBP2 in cancer acts as a hub of an oncogenic network, integrating multiple cancer signaling pathways and serving as a potential therapeutic target for cancer treatment.
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Frezza V, Fierro C, Gatti E, Peschiaroli A, Lena AM, Petruzzelli MA, Candi E, Anemona L, Mauriello A, Pelicci PG, Melino G, Bernassola F. ΔNp63 promotes IGF1 signalling through IRS1 in squamous cell carcinoma. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 10:4224-4240. [PMID: 30594912 PMCID: PMC6326668 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has proved that deregulation of ΔNp63 expression plays an oncogenic role in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs). Besides p63, the type 1-insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signalling pathway has been implicated in HNSCC development and progression. Most insulin/IGF1 signalling converges intracellularly onto the protein adaptor insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) that transmits signals from the receptor to downstream effectors, including the PI3K/AKT and the MAPK kinase pathways, which, ultimately, promote proliferation, invasion, and cell survival. Here we report that p63 directly controls IRS1 transcription and cellular abundance and fosters the PI3K/AKT and MAPK downstream signalling pathways. Inactivation of ΔNp63 expression indeed reduces tumour cell responsiveness to IGF1 stimulation, and inhibits the growth potential of HNSCC cells. In addition, a positive correlation was observed between p63 and IRS1 expression in human HNSCC tissue arrays and in publicly available gene expression data. Our findings indicate that aberrant expression of ΔNp63 in HNSSC may act as an oncogenic stimulus by altering the IGF signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Frezza
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Claudia Fierro
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Elena Gatti
- Department of Experimental Oncology European Institute of Oncology, Milan 20139, Italy
| | - Angelo Peschiaroli
- National Research Council of Italy Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT-CNR), Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Lena
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome 00133, Italy
| | | | - Eleonora Candi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome 00133, Italy.,Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, IRCCS,, Rome 00163, Italy
| | - Lucia Anemona
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mauriello
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Pier Giuseppe Pelicci
- Department of Experimental Oncology European Institute of Oncology, Milan 20139, Italy
| | - Gerry Melino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome 00133, Italy.,Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Francesca Bernassola
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome 00133, Italy
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Kasprzak A, Adamek A. Insulin-Like Growth Factor 2 (IGF2) Signaling in Colorectal Cancer-From Basic Research to Potential Clinical Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194915. [PMID: 31623387 PMCID: PMC6801528 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers in men and women worldwide as well as is the leading cause of death in the western world. Almost a third of the patients has or will develop liver metastases. While genetic as well as epigenetic mechanisms are important in CRC pathogenesis, the basis of the most cases of cancer is unknown. High spatial and inter-patient variability of the molecular alterations qualifies this cancer in the group of highly heterogeneous tumors, which makes it harder to elucidate the mechanisms underlying CRC progression. Determination of highly sensitive and specific early diagnosis markers and understanding the cellular and molecular mechanism(s) of cancer progression are still a challenge of the current era in oncology of solid tumors. One of the accepted risk factors for CRC development is overexpression of insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2), a 7.5-kDa peptide produced by liver and many other tissues. IGF2 is the first gene discovered to be parentally imprinted. Loss of imprinting (LOI) or aberrant imprinting of IGF2 could lead to IGF2 overexpression, increased cell proliferation, and CRC development. IGF2 as a mitogen is associated with increased risk of developing colorectal neoplasia. Higher serum IGF2 concentration as well as its tissue overexpression in CRC compared to control are associated with metastasis. IGF2 protein was one of the three candidates for a selective marker of CRC progression and staging. Recent research indicates dysregulation of different micro- and long non-coding RNAs (miRNAs and lncRNAs, respectively) embedded within the IGF2 gene in CRC carcinogenesis, with some of them indicated as potential diagnostic and prognostic CRC biomarkers. This review systematises the knowledge on the role of genetic and epigenetic instabilities of IGF2 gene, free (active form of IGF2) and IGF-binding protein (IGFBP) bound (inactive form), paracrine/autocrine secretion of IGF2, as well as mechanisms of inducing dysplasia in vitro and tumorigenicity in vivo. We have tried to answer which molecular changes of the IGF2 gene and its regulatory mechanisms have the most significance in initiation, progression (including liver metastasis), prognosis, and potential anti-IGF2 therapy in CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldona Kasprzak
- Department of Histology and Embryology, University of Medical Sciences, Swiecicki Street 6, 60-781 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Adamek
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hepatology and Acquired Immunodeficiencies, University of Medical Sciences, Szwajcarska Street 3, 61-285 Poznan, Poland.
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IGFBP, a novel target of lung cancer? Clin Chim Acta 2017; 466:172-177. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2017.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis in cancerogenesis. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2016; 772:78-104. [PMID: 28528692 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Determination of the role of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) family components in carcinogenesis of several human tumors is based on numerous epidemiological and pre-clinical studies, experiments in vivo and in vitro and on attempts at application of drugs affecting the IGF axis. Investigative hypotheses in original studies were based on biological functions manifested by the entire family of IGF (ligands, receptors, linking proteins, adaptor molecules). In the context of carcinogenesis the most important functions of IGF family involve intensification of proliferation and inhibition of cell apoptosis and effect on cell transformation through synthesis of several regulatory proteins. IGF axis controls survival and influences on metastases of cells. Interactions of IGF axis components may be of a direct or indirect nature. The direct effects are linked to activation of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, in which the initiating role is first of all played by IGF-1 and IGF-1R. Activity of this signaling pathway leads to an increased mitogenesis, cell cycle progression, and protection against different apoptotic stresses. Indirect effects of the axis depend on interactions between IGF and other molecules important for cancer etiology (e.g. sex hormones, products of suppressor genes, viruses, and other GFs) and the style of life (nutrition, physical activity). From the clinical point of view, components of IGF system are first of all considered as diagnostic serous and/or tissue biomarkers of a given cancer, prognostic factors and attractive target of modern anti-tumor therapies. Several mechanisms in which IGF system components act in the process of carcinogenesis need to be clarified, mainly due to multifactorial etiology of the neoplasms. Pin-pointing of the role played in carcinogenesis by any single signaling pathway remains particularly difficult. The aim of this review is to summarize the current data of several epidemiological studies, experiments in vitro and on animal models, to increase our understanding of the complex role of IGF family components in the most common human cancers.
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Heidegger I, Massoner P, Sampson N, Klocker H. The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis as an anticancer target in prostate cancer. Cancer Lett 2015; 367:113-21. [PMID: 26231734 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 07/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death in males. In recent years, several new targeting agents have been introduced for the treatment of advanced stages of the disease. However, development of resistance limits the efficacy of new drugs and there is a further need to develop additional novel treatment approaches. One of the most investigated targets in cancer research is the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis, whose receptors are overexpressed in several cancer entities including PCa. In preclinical studies in PCa, targeting of the IGF axis receptors showed promising anti-tumor effects. Currently available data on clinical studies do not meet the expectations for this new treatment approach. In this review we provide a summary of preclinical and clinical studies on the IGF axis in PCa including treatment with monoclonal antibodies and tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Moreover, we summarize preliminary results from ongoing studies and discuss limitations and side effects of the substances used. We also address the role of the IGF axis in the biomarkers setting including IGF-binding proteins and genetic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Heidegger
- Division of Experimental Urology, Department of Urology, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Petra Massoner
- Division of Experimental Urology, Department of Urology, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Natalie Sampson
- Division of Experimental Urology, Department of Urology, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Helmut Klocker
- Division of Experimental Urology, Department of Urology, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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Twelve serum proteins progressively increase with disease stage in squamous cell cervical cancer patients. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2015; 24:1085-92. [PMID: 24905620 DOI: 10.1097/igc.0000000000000153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to reliably identify serum protein profile alterations that may be useful for elucidation of the disease mechanism and/or finding new targets for treatment and intervention. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 1057 women at 4 different squamous cell cervical cancer stages (noninvasive, invasive International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stages I, II, and III) were included in this cross-sectional study. Forty-seven serum proteins were profiled using multiplex Luminex immunoassays. RESULTS Serum concentration of serum amyloid A (SAA), C-reactive protein (CRP), soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor I and II (sTNFRI and sTNFRII), soluble interleukin 2 receptor α (sIL2Rα), CXCL1, CXCL9, hepatocyte growth factor, squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCCA), insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2, CA125, and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) were elevated significantly as disease progressed in cervical cancer patients. Serum levels are significantly different at early stage (I) for SAA, CRP, sIL2Rα, sTNFRII, SCCA, and CEA (P values ranged from 0.02 for CEA to 0.0001 for CRP and SCCA) and at late stages (II and III) for all 12 proteins (P values ranged from 8.78E-5 for CA125 to 3.49E-47 for SAA), as compared to the noninvasive stage. The areas under the curves of these proteins for disease state separation also improved with the advancement of the disease. The correlations between serum concentrations of these proteins also show different patterns at different clinical stages. These proteins are involved in multiple mechanisms including inflammation and immunity, angiogenesis, growth promotion, and metastasis. CONCLUSIONS A number of serum proteins are significantly different between patients at different stages of cervical cancer.
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Pickard A, McCance DJ. IGF-Binding Protein 2 - Oncogene or Tumor Suppressor? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015; 6:25. [PMID: 25774149 PMCID: PMC4343188 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2 (IGFBP2) in cancer is unclear. In general, IGFBP2 is considered to be oncogenic and its expression is often observed to be elevated in cancer. However, there are a number of conflicting reports in vitro and in vivo where IGFBP2 acts in a tumor suppressor manner. In this mini-review, we discuss the factors influencing the variation in IGFBP2 expression in cancer and our interpretation of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Pickard
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University, Belfast, UK
- *Correspondence: Adam Pickard, Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT7 9BL, UK e-mail:
| | - Dennis J. McCance
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University, Belfast, UK
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Muc-Wierzgoń M, Nowakowska-Zajdel E, Dzięgielewska-Gęsiak S, Kokot T, Klakla K, Fatyga E, Grochowska-Niedworok E, Waniczek D, Wierzgoń J. Specific metabolic biomarkers as risk and prognostic factors in colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:9759-9774. [PMID: 25110413 PMCID: PMC4123364 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i29.9759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in genomics, molecular pathology and metabolism have generated many candidate biomarkers of colorectal cancer with potential clinical value. Epidemiological and biological studies suggest a role for adiposity, dyslipidaemia, hyperinsulinemia, altered glucose homeostasis, and elevated expression of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis members in the risk and prognosis of cancer. This review discusses some recent past and current approaches being taken by researches in obesity and metabolic disorders. The authors describe three main systems as the most studied metabolic candidates of carcinogenesis: dyslipidemias, adipokines and insulin/IGF axis. However, each of these components is unsuccessful in defining the diseases risk and progression, while their co-occurrence increases cancer incidence and mortality in both men and women.
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Is insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2 associated with metastasis in lung cancer? Clin Exp Metastasis 2014; 31:535-41. [PMID: 24682597 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-014-9647-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2 (IGFBP2) is involved in the progression of many epithelial cancers. However, its role in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), another type of epithelial cancer, remains unclear. We detected IGFBP2 expression using immunohistochemistry in surgically resected tumors from 110 NSCLC patients, 37 of which had metastases. The positive rate of IGFBP2 expression was compared between the metastatic and the non-metastatic group, and correlations of IGFBP2 expression with metastasis and overall survival were analyzed. We also investigated the expression of IGFBP2 in microvesicles (MVs) collected from primary lung cancer cell cultures, and in different locations of newly resected NSCLC tumors, using immunoblotting. The overall positive rate of IGFBP2 expression in lung cancer was 51.8 % and it was significantly higher in the metastatic group than in the non-metastatic group (70.3 and 42.5 % respectively, p < 0.01). And the higher the lymph node stage, the higher the positive rate. Cytoplasmic expression was predominant in the majority of the tumors. Based on multivariate regression analysis, IGFBP2 was correlated with metastasis and poor overall survival (Hazard ratio: 3.56 and 3.23 respectively). IGFBP2 was detectable in the MVs collected from IGFBP2 positive cell lines, and its expression was most abundant in the marginal region of the newly resected tumors. IGFBP2 is associated with metastasis and poor survival of lung cancer. Its presence in MVs and high abundance in the marginal region of tumors suggest that its association with metastasis may be related to tumor microenviroment remodeling in NSCLC.
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Limesand KH, Chibly AM, Fribley A. Impact of targeting insulin-like growth factor signaling in head and neck cancers. Growth Horm IGF Res 2013; 23:135-140. [PMID: 23816396 PMCID: PMC3755042 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The IGF system has been shown to have either negative or negligible impact on clinical outcomes of tumor development depending on specific tumor sites or stages. This review focuses on the clinical impact of IGF signaling in head and neck cancer, the effects of IGF targeted therapies, and the multi-dimensional role of IRS 1/2 signaling as a potential mechanism in resistance to targeted therapies. Similar to other tumor sites, both negative and positive correlations between levels of IGF-1/IGF-1-R and clinical outcomes in head and neck cancer have been reported. In addition, utilization of IGF targeted therapies has not demonstrated significant clinical benefit; therefore the prognostic impact of the IGF system on head and neck cancer remains uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten H Limesand
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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Guo C, Lu H, Gao W, Wang L, Lu K, Wu S, Pataer A, Huang M, El-Zein R, Lin T, Roth JA, Mehran R, Hofstetter W, Swisher SG, Wu X, Fang B. Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2 level is increased in blood of lung cancer patients and associated with poor survival. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74973. [PMID: 24069370 PMCID: PMC3775736 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We recently showed that IGFBP2 is overexpressed in primary lung cancer tissues. This study aims to determine whether IGFBP2 is elevated in blood samples of lung cancer patients and whether its level is associated with clinical outcomes. Methodology/Principal Findings Plasma IGFBP2 levels were determined blindly by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 80 lung cancer patients and 80 case-matched healthy controls for comparison. We analyzed blood samples for IGFBP2 levels from an additional 84 patients with lung cancer and then tested for associations between blood IGFBP2 levels and clinical parameters in all 164 lung cancer patients. All statistical tests were two-sided and differences with p<0.05 were considered significant. The mean plasma concentration of IGFBP2 in lung cancer patients was significantly higher than that in healthy controls (388.12±261.00 ng/ml vs 219.30±172.84 ng/ml, p<0.001). IGFBP2 was increased in all types of lung cancer, including adenocarcinoma, squamous cell cancer, and small-cell cancer, regardless of patients’ age, sex, or smoking status. IGFBP2 levels were mildly but significantly associated with tumor size and were significantly higher in stage IV than stage I or III disease. A multivariate analysis showed that lung cancer patients whose blood IGFBP2 was higher than 160.9 ng/ml had a poor survival outcome, with a hazard ratio of 8.76 (95% CI 1.12-68.34, p=0.038 after adjustment for tumor size, pathology, and stage). The median survival time for patients with blood IGFBP2 >160.9 ng/ml is 15.1 months; whereas median survival time was 128.2 months for the patients whose blood IGFBP2 was ≤160.9 ng/ml (p =0.0002). Conclusions/Significance Blood IGFBP2 is significantly increased in lung cancer patients. A high circulating level of IGFBP2 is significantly associated with poor survival, suggesting that blood IGFBP2 levels could be a prognostic biomarker for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Guo
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Neurosurgery/Neuro-Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haibo Lu
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- The 8 Department of Internal Medicine, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wen Gao
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kaihua Lu
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Shuhong Wu
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Apar Pataer
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Maosheng Huang
- Department of Epidemiology, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Randa El-Zein
- Department of Epidemiology, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Tongyu Lin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jack A. Roth
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Reza Mehran
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Wayne Hofstetter
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Stephen G. Swisher
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Xifeng Wu
- Department of Epidemiology, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Bingliang Fang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Saad-Hussein A, Beshir S, Moubarz G, Elserougy S, Ibrahim MI. Effect of occupational exposure to aflatoxins on some liver tumor markers in textile workers. Am J Ind Med 2013; 56:818-24. [PMID: 23359393 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In a study of textile workers, the effects of occupational exposure to cotton dust-with possible exposure to aflatoxin-on levels of some liver tumor biomarkers were explored. METHODS The study included 58 textile workers and 64 controls. Skin prick tests, urinary Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and the tumor biomarkers (alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), alpha-L-fucosidase (AFU), insulin-like growth factors (IGF-1) were measured. RESULTS Positive reactants to Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, and cotton dust were significantly higher in pre-spinning (14.3%, 28.6%, and 28.6%, respectively) and spinning workers (25.0%, 33.3%, and 25.0%, respectively) compared to controls (4.7%, 7.8%, and 3.1%, respectively). Urinary AFM1 was significantly higher in the pre-spinning, spinning, and weaving groups compared to controls (554.2 ± 346.2 pg/ml, 459.1 ± 781.6 pg/ml, 296.5 ± 336.5 pg/ml and 68.5 ± 136.8 pg/ml, respectively). We found a highly significant increase in levels of serum AFU in textile workers, compared to the control group. CONCLUSION Exposure to fungi had a significant effect on AFM1 measurements and tumor biomarkers, especially in allergic textile workers (with the exception of the arginase biomarker), though results were generally within normal limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Saad-Hussein
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Medicine; National Research Centre; Cairo Egypt
| | - Safia Beshir
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Medicine; National Research Centre; Cairo Egypt
| | - Gehan Moubarz
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Medicine; National Research Centre; Cairo Egypt
| | - Safaa Elserougy
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Medicine; National Research Centre; Cairo Egypt
| | - Mohamed I.M. Ibrahim
- Department of Food Toxicology & Contaminants; National Research Centre; Cairo Egypt
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