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Baek SU, Lim MH, Kim T, Lee YM, Won JU, Yoon JH. Relationship between long working hours and smoking behaviors: Evidence from population-based cohort studies in Korea. Scand J Work Environ Health 2024; 50:257-267. [PMID: 38497505 PMCID: PMC11129822 DOI: 10.5271/sjweh.4147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Long working hours and overwork are growing public health concerns in the Western-Pacific region. We explored the relationship between working hours and smoking behaviors of Korean workers. METHODS This study included 284 782 observations (50 508 workers) from four nationwide cohort studies in Korea. Using generalized estimating equations, we estimated the associations of working hours with current smoking status, smoking initiation, and smoking cessation within each cohort. Cohort-specific estimates were combined through random-effect meta-analysis. Effect sizes were presented as odds ratios (OR) and 95 confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS The overall smoking prevalence was 26.8% within the cohorts. The adjusted OR (95% CI) of the association between working hours and current smoking were 1.01 (0.94-1.08) for <35 hours/week, 1.04 (1.01-1.09) for 41-48 hours/week, 1.06 (1.01-1.10) for 49-54 hours/week, and 1.07 (1.04-1.10) for ≥55 hours/week compared with 35-40 hours/week. The adjusted OR (95% CI) of the association between working hours and smoking cessation in the follow-up were 0.93 (0.85-1.02) for <35 hours/week, 0.89 (0.83-0.96) for 41-48 hours/week, 0.87 (0.81-0.95) for 48-54 hours/week, and 0.91 (0.85-0.98) for ≥55 hours/week compared with 35-40 hours/week. No clear associations were observed between working hours and smoking initiation. CONCLUSION Long working hours are associated with high current smoking risk and reduced likelihood of smoking cessation among Korean workers. Policy interventions are required to promote smoking cessation and reduce excess overwork for individuals experiencing long working hours.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jin-Ha Yoon
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yonsei University Health System, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
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Baek SU, Yoon JH. Association between long working hours and cigarette smoking, leisure-time physical activity, and risky alcohol use: Findings from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2014-2021). Prev Med 2023; 175:107691. [PMID: 37652108 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2023.107691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long working hours cause adverse health outcomes; however, the precise mechanisms underlying this relationship remain unknown. We examined the association between long working hours and health behaviors, as well as gender differences in this association. METHODS A nationally representative sample of 26,385 Korean workers was analyzed. The exposure variable was self-reported weekly working hours. The outcomes examined were cigarette smoking, high-level physical activity (defined as engaging in ≥150 min/week of moderate-to-vigorous leisure-time physical activity), and risky alcohol use (defined as consuming seven glasses for men or five glasses for women of alcohol in a single sitting, twice or more per week). Logistic regression models were utilized, and gender differences were examined by incorporating interaction terms into the regression models. RESULTS Among 26,385 workers, 4,109 (16%) worked ≥55 h/week. The prevalence of cigarette smoking, high-level physical activity, and risky alcohol use was 19%, 18%, and 14%, respectively. The odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval [CI]) of the association between working ≥55 h/week and outcomes was 1.26 (1.12-1.43) for cigarette smoking, 0.73 (0.65-0.83) for high-level physical activity, and 0.95 (0.83-1.08) for risky alcohol use compared to working 35-40 h/week. A moderating effect of gender on the association between long working hours and risky alcohol use was observed. The OR (95% CI) of the association between working ≥55 h/week was 0.88 (0.76-1.02) in men and 1.51 (1.12-2.05) in women. CONCLUSION Our findings emphasize the need for policy interventions aimed at reducing excessive working hours and fostering healthy lifestyle behaviors among individuals engaged in long working hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Uk Baek
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; The Institute for Occupational Health, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Graduate School, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jin-Ha Yoon
- The Institute for Occupational Health, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Lu Y, Li Z, Chen Q, Fan Y, Wang J, Ye Y, Chen Y, Zhong T, Wang L, Xiao Y, Zhang D, Yu X. Association of working hours and cumulative fatigue among Chinese primary health care professionals. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1193942. [PMID: 37304083 PMCID: PMC10247995 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1193942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The association between long working hours and cumulative fatigue is widely acknowledged in the literature. However, there are few studies on the mediating effect of working hours on cumulative fatigue using occupational stress as a mediating variable. The present study aimed at investigating the mediating role of occupational stress in the relationship between working hours and cumulative fatigue in a sample of 1,327 primary health care professionals. Methods The Core Occupational Stress Scale and the Workers' Fatigue Accumulation Self-Diagnosis Scale were utilized in this study. The mediating effect of occupational stress was examined using hierarchical regression analysis and the Bootstrap test. Results Working hours were positively associated with cumulative fatigue via occupational stress (p < 0.01). Occupational stress was found to partially mediate the relationship between working hours and cumulative fatigue, with a mediating effect of 0.078 (95% CI: 0.043-0.115, p < 0.01), and the percentage of occupational stress mediating effect was 28.3%. Discussion Working hours can be associated with cumulative fatigue either directly or indirectly via occupational stress. As a result, by reducing occupational stress, primary health care professionals may reduce the cumulative fatigue symptoms caused by long hours of work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushi Lu
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, Macao SAR, China
| | - Zhi Li
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, Macao SAR, China
| | - Qingsong Chen
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuting Fan
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Beijing, China
| | - Yonghao Ye
- Resproly Pharmaceutical Technology Co. Ltd, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongqi Chen
- Resproly Pharmaceutical Technology Co. Ltd, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Tian Zhong
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, Macao SAR, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, Macao SAR, China
| | - Ying Xiao
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, Macao SAR, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xi Yu
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, Macao SAR, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Kim SM, Um YH, Kim TW, Seo HJ, Jeong JH, Hong SC. Mediation Effect of the Coping Strategies on the Relation Between Stress and Sleep Quality. Psychiatry Investig 2022; 19:580-587. [PMID: 35903060 PMCID: PMC9334809 DOI: 10.30773/pi.2022.0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recently data has been accumulated regarding the role of coping strategies in the relationship between stress and sleep quality. Therefore, we set out to identify the mediating effects of coping strategies between stress and sleep quality. METHODS A online-based cross-sectional study was performed using the Perceived Stress Scale-10, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and a simplification of the 60-item Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (Brief COPE) inventory in the nonclinical adult sample. The 24 items of Brief COPE were categorized into four factors (social support, problem solving, avoidance, positive thinking). Then, we used the PROCESS macro to conduct the multiple mediation analysis for the four coping styles as potential mediators in the relationship between stress and sleep quality, and an additional subgroup analysis was examined to identify a gender difference for the mediation effect. RESULTS As a group, four coping styles mediated significantly the association between perceived stress and poor sleep quality. And avoidance has maintained its significance thought all regression analyses. Finally, this results remained as same in the females. CONCLUSION The effect of perceived stress on poor sleep quality was mediated by coping strategies, especially by avoidance. Thus, further research should consider the coping styles of individuals to reduce the influence of stress on sleep quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Min Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, H Plus Yangji Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo Hyun Um
- Department of Psychiatry, The Catholic University of Korea, St. Vincent's Hospital, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Won Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, The Catholic University of Korea, St. Vincent's Hospital, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Jun Seo
- Department of Psychiatry, The Catholic University of Korea, St. Vincent's Hospital, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hyun Jeong
- Department of Psychiatry, The Catholic University of Korea, St. Vincent's Hospital, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Chul Hong
- Department of Psychiatry, The Catholic University of Korea, St. Vincent's Hospital, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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Lee D, Jang T, Kim H, Kang M. The relationship between working hours and lifestyle behaviors: Evidence from a population-based panel study in Korea. J Occup Health 2021; 63:e12280. [PMID: 34582095 PMCID: PMC8477655 DOI: 10.1002/1348-9585.12280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the relationship between working hours and lifestyle behaviors using data from a large nationally representative panel survey. METHODS We used the Korea Health Panel Study (KHPS) data from 2011 to 2014. Weekly working hours and lifestyle risk factors were assessed by questionnaires. Comparing to the reference group, the weekly working hours were 40 h per week, odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for smoking status, alcohol consumption status, and regular exercise status of other weekly working hours groups (<40, 40, 41-52, and >52) were calculated, using generalized estimating equation models considering repeated measures. RESULTS Our findings clearly showed a relationship between long working hours and unhealthy lifestyles, such as cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and insufficient sleep. Additionally, weekly working hours are positively associated with the amount of smoking and drinking, and inversely associated with sleep duration among those who worked 40 h or more per week. CONCLUSION Long working hours are associated with unhealthy lifestyles, such as cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and insufficient sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong‐Wook Lee
- Department of Preventive MedicineSeoul National University College of MedicineSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Tae‐Won Jang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental MedicineHanyang University College of MedicineSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Hyoung‐Ryoul Kim
- Department of Occupational and Environmental MedicineSeoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of KoreaSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Mo‐Yeol Kang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental MedicineSeoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of KoreaSeoulRepublic of Korea
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Kim BG, Pang DD, Park YJ, Lee JI, Kim HR, Myong JP, Jang TW. Heavy smoking rate trends and related factors in Korean occupational groups: analysis of KNHANES 2007-2012 data. BMJ Open 2015; 5:e008229. [PMID: 26563212 PMCID: PMC4654360 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study was designed to investigate the smoking and heavy smoking trends and identify possible related factors among Korean male workers from 2007 to 2012 by occupational groups. METHODS The data were derived from the fourth (2007-2009) and fifth (2010-2012) waves of the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Occupational groups were categorised into three groups, which were non-manual, manual and service and sales groups. Age-adjusted prevalence rates of smoking and heavy smoking (>20 cigarettes/day) in men aged 25-64 years were calculated. Factors associated with heavy smoking were investigated using logistic regression analyses. RESULTS Smoking rate in manual workers decreased gradually over time (p for trend <0.0001). Smoking rate was higher in manual than non-manual workers, but the difference reduced over time (p for trend <0.0001). Heavy smoking rate decreased from 2007 to 2012 (p for trend <0.0001). Heavy smoking rate was higher in manual than non-manual workers; however, this difference increased over time. Stress, depressive mood and long working hours (≥60 h/week) were associated with heavy smoking. CONCLUSIONS Antismoking policy should focus on current and heavy smokers. Workplace antismoking programmes should consider working hours and stress, especially in manual workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Guen Kim
- College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Do-Dam Pang
- College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Jun Park
- College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-In Lee
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyoung-Ryoul Kim
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jun-Pyo Myong
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae-Won Jang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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Lee S. The Effects of Job Characteristics on Smoking and Mediating Effects of Job Stress among Older Workers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.14367/kjhep.2014.31.3.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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