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Leoni C, Manzari C, Chiara M, Veronico P, Bruno GL, Pesole G, Ceci LR, Volpicella M. Chitinolytic Enzymes of the Hyperparasite Fungus Aphanocladium album: Genome-Wide Survey and Characterization of A Selected Enzyme. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1357. [PMID: 37317333 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The filamentous fungus Aphanocladium album is known as a hyperparasite of plant pathogenic fungi; hence, it has been studied as a possible agent for plant protection. Chitinases secreted by A. album have proven to be essential for its fungicidal activity. However, no complete analysis of the A. album chitinase assortment has been carried out, nor have any of its chitinases been characterized yet. In this study, we report the first draft assembly of the genome sequence of A. album (strain MX-95). The in silico functional annotation of the genome allowed the identification of 46 genes encoding chitinolytic enzymes of the GH18 (26 genes), GH20 (8 genes), GH75 (8 genes), and GH3 (4 genes) families. The encoded proteins were investigated by comparative and phylogenetic analysis, allowing clustering in different subgroups. A. album chitinases were also characterized according to the presence of different functional protein domains (carbohydrate-binding modules and catalytic domains) providing the first complete description of the chitinase repertoire of A. album. A single chitinase gene was then selected for complete functional characterization. The encoded protein was expressed in the yeast Pichia pastoris, and its activity was assayed under different conditions of temperature and pH and with different substrates. It was found that the enzyme acts mainly as a chitobiosidase, with higher activity in the 37-50 °C range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Leoni
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, CNR, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Caterina Manzari
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Enviroment, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Matteo Chiara
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Pasqua Veronico
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, Via G. Amendola 122/D, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Luigi Bruno
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Graziano Pesole
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, CNR, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Enviroment, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
- Interuniversity Consortium for Biotechnology, Località Padriciano, 99, Area di Ricerca, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Luigi R Ceci
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, CNR, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Mariateresa Volpicella
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Enviroment, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
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Wang Q, Liu S, Li K, Xing R, Chen X, Li P. A Computational Biology Study on the Structure and Dynamics Determinants of Thermal Stability of the Chitosanase from Aspergillus fumigatus. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076671. [PMID: 37047643 PMCID: PMC10095384 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmentally friendly and efficient biodegradation with chitosanase for degrading chitosan to oligosaccharide has been gaining more importance. Here, we studied a chitosanase from Aspergillus fumigatus with potential for production, but does not have the ideal thermal stability. The structure predicted by the Alphafold2 model, especially the binding site and two catalytic residues, has been found to have a high similarity with the experimental structure of the chitosanase V-CSN from the same family. The effects of temperature on structure and function were studied by dynamic simulation and the results showed that the binding site had high flexibility. After heating up from 300 K to 350 K, the RMSD and RMSF of the binding site increased significantly, in particular, the downward shift of loop6 closed the binding site, resulting in the spatial hindrance of binding. The time proportions of important hydrogen bonds at the binding site decreased sharply, indicating that serious disruption of hydrogen bonds should be the main interaction factor for conformational changes. The residues contributing energetically to binding were also revealed to be in the highly flexible region, which inevitably leads to the decrease in the activity stability at high temperature. These findings provide directions for the modification of thermal stability and perspectives on the research of proteins without experimental structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Song Liu
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Kecheng Li
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Ronge Xing
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xiaolin Chen
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Pengcheng Li
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
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Soni T, Zhuang M, Kumar M, Balan V, Ubanwa B, Vivekanand V, Pareek N. Multifaceted production strategies and applications of glucosamine: a comprehensive review. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2023; 43:100-120. [PMID: 34923890 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.2003750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Glucosamine (GlcN) and its derivatives are in high demand and used in various applications such as food, a precursor for the biochemical synthesis of fuels and chemicals, drug delivery, cosmetics, and supplements. The vast number of applications attributed to GlcN has raised its demand, and there is a growing emphasis on developing production methods that are sustainable and economical. Several: physical, chemical, enzymatic, microbial fermentation, recombinant processing methods, and their combinations have been reported to produce GlcN from chitin and chitosan available from different sources, such as animals, plants, and fungi. In addition, genetic manipulation of certain organisms has significantly improved the quality and yield of GlcN compared to conventional processing methods. This review will summarize the chitin and chitosan-degrading enzymes found in various organisms and the expression systems that are widely used to produce GlcN. Furthermore, new developments and methods, including genetic and metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis to produce high titers of GlcN and GlcNAc will be reviewed. Moreover, other sources of glucosamine production viz. starch and inorganic ammonia will also be discussed. Finally, the conversion of GlcN to fuels and chemicals using catalytic and biochemical conversion will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Twinkle Soni
- Microbial Catalysis and Process Engineering Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India
| | - Mengchuan Zhuang
- Department of Engineering Technology, College of Technology, University of Houston, Sugar Land, TX, USA
| | - Manish Kumar
- Microbial Catalysis and Process Engineering Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India
| | - Venkatesh Balan
- Department of Engineering Technology, College of Technology, University of Houston, Sugar Land, TX, USA
| | - Bryan Ubanwa
- Department of Engineering Technology, College of Technology, University of Houston, Sugar Land, TX, USA
| | - Vivekanand Vivekanand
- Centre for Energy and Environment, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, India
| | - Nidhi Pareek
- Microbial Catalysis and Process Engineering Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India
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Zhang RX, Wu ZW, Zhang SJ, Wei HM, Hua CW, Li L, Yang TY. Gene cloning and molecular characterization of a thermostable chitosanase from Bacillus cereus TY24. BMC Biotechnol 2022; 22:30. [PMID: 36303174 PMCID: PMC9615241 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-022-00762-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background An important conceptual advance in health and the environment has been recognized that enzymes play a key role in the green processing industries. Of particular interest, chitosanase is beneficial for recycling the chitosan resource and producing chitosan oligosaccharides. Also, chitosan gene expression and molecular characterization will promote understanding of the biological function of bacterial chitosanase as well as explore chitosanase for utilizing chitosan resources. Results A chitosanase-producing bacterium TY24 was isolated and identified as Bacillus cereus. Moreover, the chitosanase gene was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. Sequence analysis reveals that the recombinant chitosanase (CHOE) belongs to the glycoside hydrolases 8 family. The purified CHOE has a molecular weight of about 48 kDa and the specific activity of 1150 U/mg. The optimal pH and temperature of CHOE were 5.5 and 65 °C, respectively. The enzyme was observed stable at the pH range of 4.5–7.5 and the temperature range of 30–65 °C. Especially, the half-life of CHOE at 65 °C was 161 min. Additionally, the activity of CHOE was remarkably enhanced in the presence of Mn2+, Cu2+, Mg2+ and K+, beside Ca2+ at 5 mM. Especially, the activity of CHOE was enhanced to more than 120% in the presence of 1% of various surfactants. CHOE exhibited the highest substrate specificity toward colloid chitosan. Conclusion A bacterial chitosanase was cloned from B. cereus and successfully expressed in E. coli (BL21) DE3. The recombinant enzyme displayed good stability under acid pH and high-temperature conditions. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12896-022-00762-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Xian Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhong-Wei Wu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Juan Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Min Wei
- School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Wei Hua
- School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, People's Republic of China
| | - Lan Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian-You Yang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, People's Republic of China
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5
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Cao S, Gao P, Xia W, Liu S, Liu X. Cloning and characterization of a novel GH75 family chitosanase from Penicillium oxalicum M2. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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6
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Zhang LL, Jiang XH, Xiao XF, Zhang WX, Shi YQ, Wang ZP, Zhou HX. Expression and Characterization of a Novel Cold-Adapted Chitosanase from Marine Renibacterium sp. Suitable for Chitooligosaccharides Preparation. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:596. [PMID: 34822467 PMCID: PMC8620120 DOI: 10.3390/md19110596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Chitooligosaccharides (COS) have numerous applications due to their excellent properties. Chitosan hydrolysis using chitosanases has been proposed as an advisable method for COS preparation. Although many chitosanases from various sources have been identified, the cold-adapted ones with high stability are still rather rare but required. (2) Methods: A novel chitosanase named CsnY from marine bacterium Renibacterium sp. Y82 was expressed in Escherichia coli, following sequence analysis. Then, the characterizations of recombinant CsnY purified through Ni-NTA affinity chromatography were conducted, including effects of pH and temperature, effects of metal ions and chemicals, and final product analysis. (3) Results: The GH46 family chitosanase CsnY possessed promising thermostability at broad temperature range (0-50 °C), and with optimal activity at 40 °C and pH 6.0, especially showing relatively high activity (over 80% of its maximum activity) at low temperatures (20-30 °C), which demonstrated the cold-adapted property. Common metal ions or chemicals had no obvious effect on CsnY except Mn2+ and Co2+. Finally, CsnY was determined to be an endo-type chitosanase generating chitodisaccharides and -trisaccharides as main products, whose total concentration reached 56.74 mM within 2 h against 2% (w/v) initial chitosan substrate. (4) Conclusions: The results suggest the cold-adapted CsnY with favorable stability has desirable potential for the industrial production of COS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Lin Zhang
- College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266510, China; (L.-L.Z.); (X.-F.X.); (W.-X.Z.); (Y.-Q.S.)
| | - Xiao-Hua Jiang
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China;
| | - Xin-Feng Xiao
- College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266510, China; (L.-L.Z.); (X.-F.X.); (W.-X.Z.); (Y.-Q.S.)
| | - Wen-Xiu Zhang
- College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266510, China; (L.-L.Z.); (X.-F.X.); (W.-X.Z.); (Y.-Q.S.)
| | - Yi-Qian Shi
- College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266510, China; (L.-L.Z.); (X.-F.X.); (W.-X.Z.); (Y.-Q.S.)
| | - Zhi-Peng Wang
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Hai-Xiang Zhou
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China;
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7
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Ali A, Ellinger B, Brandt SC, Betzel C, Rühl M, Wrenger C, Schlüter H, Schäfer W, Brognaro H, Gand M. Genome and Secretome Analysis of Staphylotrichum longicolleum DSM105789 Cultured on Agro-Residual and Chitinous Biomass. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1581. [PMID: 34442660 PMCID: PMC8398502 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylotrichum longicolleum FW57 (DSM105789) is a prolific chitinolytic fungus isolated from wood, with a chitinase activity of 0.11 ± 0.01 U/mg. We selected this strain for genome sequencing and annotation, and compiled its growth characteristics on four different chitinous substrates as well as two agro-industrial waste products. We found that the enzymatic mixture secreted by FW57 was not only able to digest pre-treated sugarcane bagasse, but also untreated sugarcane bagasse and maize leaves. The efficiency was comparable to a commercial enzymatic cocktail, highlighting the potential of the S. longicolleum enzyme mixture as an alternative pretreatment method. To further characterize the enzymes, which efficiently digested polymers such as cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, starch, and lignin, we performed in-depth mass spectrometry-based secretome analysis using tryptic peptides from in-gel and in-solution digestions. Depending on the growth conditions, we were able to detect from 442 to 1092 proteins, which were annotated to identify from 134 to 224 putative carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) in five different families: glycoside hydrolases, auxiliary activities, carbohydrate esterases, polysaccharide lyases, glycosyl transferases, and proteins containing a carbohydrate-binding module, as well as combinations thereof. The FW57 enzyme mixture could be used to replace commercial enzyme cocktails for the digestion of agro-residual substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arslan Ali
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Hamburg, Martin Luther King Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany; (A.A.); (C.B.); (C.W.); (H.S.); (H.B.)
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, University Road, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Diagnostic Center, Section Mass Spectrometry & Proteomics, Campus Research, Martinistr. 2, N27, Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Universität Hamburg, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Ellinger
- Department ScreeningPort, Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Schnackenburgallee 114, 22525 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Sophie C. Brandt
- Department of Molecular Phytopathology, Biocenter Klein Flottbek, University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststr. 18, 22609 Hamburg, Germany; (S.C.B.); (W.S.)
| | - Christian Betzel
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Hamburg, Martin Luther King Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany; (A.A.); (C.B.); (C.W.); (H.S.); (H.B.)
| | - Martin Rühl
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Department Biology and Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Gießen, Germany;
| | - Carsten Wrenger
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Hamburg, Martin Luther King Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany; (A.A.); (C.B.); (C.W.); (H.S.); (H.B.)
- Biomedical Science Institute, University of São Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes, 2415, São Paulo CEP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Hartmut Schlüter
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Hamburg, Martin Luther King Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany; (A.A.); (C.B.); (C.W.); (H.S.); (H.B.)
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Diagnostic Center, Section Mass Spectrometry & Proteomics, Campus Research, Martinistr. 2, N27, Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Universität Hamburg, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schäfer
- Department of Molecular Phytopathology, Biocenter Klein Flottbek, University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststr. 18, 22609 Hamburg, Germany; (S.C.B.); (W.S.)
| | - Hévila Brognaro
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Hamburg, Martin Luther King Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany; (A.A.); (C.B.); (C.W.); (H.S.); (H.B.)
- Biomedical Science Institute, University of São Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes, 2415, São Paulo CEP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Martin Gand
- Department of Molecular Phytopathology, Biocenter Klein Flottbek, University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststr. 18, 22609 Hamburg, Germany; (S.C.B.); (W.S.)
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Department Biology and Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Gießen, Germany;
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8
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Kaczmarek-Szczepańska B, Sionkowska MM, Mazur O, Świątczak J, Brzezinska MS. The role of microorganisms in biodegradation of chitosan/tannic acid materials. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 184:584-592. [PMID: 34171256 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
High utilization of thermoplastic polymers with low degradation rates as packaging materials generates a large amount of waste. Therefore, it should be replaced by natural polymers that can be degraded by microorganisms. In this paper, chitosan (CTS)/tannic acid (TA) materials in the weight ratios of 80CTS/20TA and 50CTS/50TA were prepared as potential packaging materials. The results showed that these materials were similarly degraded in soil and compost. However, in comparison to 50CTS/50TA, 80CTS/20TA was slightly better degraded in soil. After 14 days of biodegradation, the chemical structure of materials was changed resulting from adhesion of the microorganisms. The smallest changes were observed on 80CTS/20TA film. Bacterial species were collected and identified from materials after the degradation process. Microorganisms with the highest hydrolytic activity were chosen for the degradation study. Biodegradation and hydrolytic activity were observed only in a few strains, which indicate difficulties in material degradation. Soil bacteria degraded the films better than bacteria isolated from the compost. This study showed also that consortia of bacteria added to soil and compost had a positive effect on the biodegradation of the tested materials and increased the biodegradation of these materials in the studied environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Kaczmarek-Szczepańska
- Department of Biomaterials and Cosmetics Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Marta Michalska Sionkowska
- Department of Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Lwowska 1, 87 100 Torun, Poland
| | - Olha Mazur
- Department of Biomaterials and Cosmetics Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Joanna Świątczak
- Department of Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Lwowska 1, 87 100 Torun, Poland
| | - Maria Swiontek Brzezinska
- Department of Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Lwowska 1, 87 100 Torun, Poland.
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9
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Pang Y, Yang J, Chen X, Jia Y, Li T, Jin J, Liu H, Jiang L, Hao Y, Zhang H, Xie Y. An Antifungal Chitosanase from Bacillus subtilis SH21. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26071863. [PMID: 33806149 PMCID: PMC8036696 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26071863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis SH21 was observed to produce an antifungal protein that inhibited the growth of F. solani. To purify this protein, ammonium sulfate precipitation, gel filtration chromatography, and ion-exchange chromatography were used. The purity of the purified product was 91.33% according to high-performance liquid chromatography results. Sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) analysis revealed that the molecular weight of the protein is 30.72 kDa. The results of the LC–MS/MS analysis and a subsequent sequence-database search indicated that this protein was a chitosanase, and thus, we named it chitosanase SH21. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy revealed that chitosanase SH21 appeared to inhibit the growth of F. solani by causing hyphal ablation, distortion, or abnormalities, and cell-wall depression. The minimum inhibitory concentration of chitosanase SH21 against F. solani was 68 µg/mL. Subsequently, the corresponding gene was cloned and sequenced, and sequence analysis indicated an open reading frame of 831 bp. The predicted secondary structure indicated that chitosanase SH21 has a typical a-helix from the glycoside hydrolase (GH) 46 family. The tertiary structure shared 40% similarity with that of Streptomyces sp. N174. This study provides a theoretical basis for a topical cream against fungal infections in agriculture and a selection marker on fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanxiang Pang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Detection and Control of Spoilage Organisms and Pesticides, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Probiotics Key Technology Development, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Food Safety Immune Rapid Detection, Food Science and Engineering College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China; (Y.P.); (J.Y.); (X.C.); (Y.J.); (T.L.); (J.J.); (H.L.); (L.J.)
| | - Jianjun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Detection and Control of Spoilage Organisms and Pesticides, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Probiotics Key Technology Development, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Food Safety Immune Rapid Detection, Food Science and Engineering College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China; (Y.P.); (J.Y.); (X.C.); (Y.J.); (T.L.); (J.J.); (H.L.); (L.J.)
| | - Xinyue Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Detection and Control of Spoilage Organisms and Pesticides, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Probiotics Key Technology Development, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Food Safety Immune Rapid Detection, Food Science and Engineering College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China; (Y.P.); (J.Y.); (X.C.); (Y.J.); (T.L.); (J.J.); (H.L.); (L.J.)
| | - Yu Jia
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Detection and Control of Spoilage Organisms and Pesticides, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Probiotics Key Technology Development, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Food Safety Immune Rapid Detection, Food Science and Engineering College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China; (Y.P.); (J.Y.); (X.C.); (Y.J.); (T.L.); (J.J.); (H.L.); (L.J.)
| | - Tong Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Detection and Control of Spoilage Organisms and Pesticides, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Probiotics Key Technology Development, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Food Safety Immune Rapid Detection, Food Science and Engineering College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China; (Y.P.); (J.Y.); (X.C.); (Y.J.); (T.L.); (J.J.); (H.L.); (L.J.)
| | - Junhua Jin
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Detection and Control of Spoilage Organisms and Pesticides, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Probiotics Key Technology Development, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Food Safety Immune Rapid Detection, Food Science and Engineering College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China; (Y.P.); (J.Y.); (X.C.); (Y.J.); (T.L.); (J.J.); (H.L.); (L.J.)
| | - Hui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Detection and Control of Spoilage Organisms and Pesticides, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Probiotics Key Technology Development, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Food Safety Immune Rapid Detection, Food Science and Engineering College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China; (Y.P.); (J.Y.); (X.C.); (Y.J.); (T.L.); (J.J.); (H.L.); (L.J.)
| | - Linshu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Detection and Control of Spoilage Organisms and Pesticides, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Probiotics Key Technology Development, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Food Safety Immune Rapid Detection, Food Science and Engineering College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China; (Y.P.); (J.Y.); (X.C.); (Y.J.); (T.L.); (J.J.); (H.L.); (L.J.)
| | - Yanling Hao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy Science of Beijing and Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China;
| | - Hongxing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Detection and Control of Spoilage Organisms and Pesticides, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Probiotics Key Technology Development, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Food Safety Immune Rapid Detection, Food Science and Engineering College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China; (Y.P.); (J.Y.); (X.C.); (Y.J.); (T.L.); (J.J.); (H.L.); (L.J.)
- Correspondence: (H.Z.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yuanhong Xie
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Detection and Control of Spoilage Organisms and Pesticides, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Probiotics Key Technology Development, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Food Safety Immune Rapid Detection, Food Science and Engineering College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China; (Y.P.); (J.Y.); (X.C.); (Y.J.); (T.L.); (J.J.); (H.L.); (L.J.)
- Correspondence: (H.Z.); (Y.X.)
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10
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Sun H, Gao L, Xue C, Mao X. Marine-polysaccharide degrading enzymes: Status and prospects. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:2767-2796. [PMID: 33337030 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Marine-polysaccharide degrading enzymes have recently been studied extensively. They are particularly interesting as they catalyze the cleavage of glycosidic bonds in polysaccharide macromolecules and produce oligosaccharides with low degrees of polymerization. Numerous findings have demonstrated that marine polysaccharides and their biotransformed products possess beneficial properties including antitumor, antiviral, anticoagulant, and anti-inflammatory activities, and they have great value in healthcare, cosmetics, the food industry, and agriculture. Exploitation of enzymes that can degrade marine polysaccharides is in the ascendant, and is important for high-value use of marine biomass resources. In this review, we describe research and prospects regarding the classification, biochemical properties, and catalytic mechanisms of the main types of marine-polysaccharide degrading enzymes, focusing on chitinase, chitosanase, alginate lyase, agarase, and carrageenase, and their product oligosaccharides. The state-of-the-art discussion of marine-polysaccharide degrading enzymes and their properties offers information that might enable more efficient production of marine oligosaccharides. We also highlight current problems in the field of marine-polysaccharide degrading enzymes and trends in their development. Understanding the properties, catalytic mechanisms, and modification of known enzymes will aid the identification of novel enzymes to degrade marine polysaccharides and facilitation of their use in various biotechnological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Department of Food Engineering and Nutrition, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Li Gao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Changhu Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiangzhao Mao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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11
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Sun H, Yang G, Cao R, Mao X, Liu Q. Expression and characterization of a novel glycoside hydrolase family 46 chitosanase identified from marine mud metagenome. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 159:904-910. [PMID: 32446901 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.05.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A novel chitosanase gene, csn4, was identified through function-based screening of a marine mud metagenomic library. The encoded protein, named CSN4, which belonged to glycoside hydrolase family 46, showed its maximum identity (79%) with Methylobacter tundripaludum peptidoglycan-binding protein. CSN4 was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified. It displayed maximal activity at 30 °C and pH 7. A weakly-alkaline solution strongly inhibited the activity. The enzymatic activity was enhanced by addition of Mn2+ or Co2+. CSN4 exhibited strict substrate specificity for chitosan, and the activity was enhanced by increasing the degree of deacetylation. Thin-layer chromatography and electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry showed that CSN4 displayed an endo-type cleavage pattern, hydrolyzing chitosan mainly into (GlcN)2, (GlcN)3 and (GlcN)4. The novel characteristics of the chitosanase CSN4 make it a potential candidate to produce chitooligosaccharides from chitosan in industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Sun
- Department of Food Engineering and Nutrition, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Guosong Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Rong Cao
- Department of Food Engineering and Nutrition, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Xiangzhao Mao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Food Engineering and Nutrition, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
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12
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Yang G, Sun H, Cao R, Liu Q, Mao X. Characterization of a novel glycoside hydrolase family 46 chitosanase, Csn-BAC, from Bacillus sp. MD-5. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 146:518-523. [PMID: 31917207 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Chitosanases play an important role in chitosan degradation, and the enzymatic degradation products of chitosan show various biological activities. Here, a novel glycoside hydrolase family 46 chitosanase (named Csn-BAC) from Bacillus sp. MD-5 was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). The recombinant enzyme was purified by Ni-NTA affinity chromatography, and its molecular weight was estimated to be 35 kDa by SDS-PAGE. Csn-BAC showed maximal activity toward colloidal chitosan at pH 7 and 40 °C. The enzymatic activity of Csn-BAC was enhanced by Mn2+, Cu2+ and Co2+ at 1 mM, and by Mn2+ at 5 mM. Thin-layer chromatography and electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry results demonstrated that Csn-BAC exhibited an endo-type cleavage pattern and hydrolyzed chitosan to yield, mainly, (GlcN)2 and (GlcN)3. The enzymatic properties of this chitosanase may make it a good candidate for use in oligosaccharide production-based industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guosong Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Huihui Sun
- Department of Food Engineering and Nutrition, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Rong Cao
- Department of Food Engineering and Nutrition, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Food Engineering and Nutrition, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xiangzhao Mao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
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13
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Aktuganov GE, Melentiev AI, Varlamov VP. Biotechnological Aspects of the Enzymatic Preparation of Bioactive Chitooligosaccharides (Review). APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683819040021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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14
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Li S, Wang L, Chen X, Sun M, Han Y. Design and Synthesis of a Chitodisaccharide-Based Affinity Resin for Chitosanases Purification. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17010068. [PMID: 30669556 PMCID: PMC6356299 DOI: 10.3390/md17010068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitooligosaccharides (CHOS) have gained increasing attention because of their important biological activities. Enhancing the efficiency of CHOS production essentially requires screening of novel chitosanase with unique characteristics. Therefore, a rapid and efficient one-step affinity purification procedure plays important roles in screening native chitosanases. In this study, we report the design and synthesis of affinity resin for efficient purification of native chitosanases without any tags, using chitodisaccharides (CHDS) as an affinity ligand, to couple with Sepharose 6B via a spacer, cyanuric chloride. Based on the CHDS-modified affinity resin, a one-step affinity purification method was developed and optimized, and then applied to purify three typical glycoside hydrolase (GH) families: 46, 75, and 80 chitosanase. The three purified chitosanases were homogeneous with purities of greater than 95% and bioactivity recovery of more than 40%. Moreover, we also developed a rapid and efficient affinity purification procedure, in which tag-free chitosanase could be directly purified from supernatant of bacterial culture. The purified chitosanases samples using such a procedure had apparent homogeneity, with more than 90% purity and 10⁻50% yield. The novel purification methods established in this work can be applied to purify native chitosanases in various scales, such as laboratory and industrial scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangyong Li
- Department of Pharmacology, College of basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Linna Wang
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Xuehong Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, College of basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Mi Sun
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Yantao Han
- Department of Pharmacology, College of basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
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15
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Purification and characterization of exo-β-1,4-glucosaminidase produced by chitosan-degrading fungus, Penicillium sp. IB-37-2A. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 35:18. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-019-2590-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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16
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Cloning, purification and characterization of a novel GH46 family chitosanase, Csn-CAP, from Staphylococcus capitis. Process Biochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2018.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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17
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Sun H, Mao X, Guo N, Zhao L, Cao R, Liu Q. Discovery and Characterization of a Novel Chitosanase from Paenibacillus dendritiformis by Phylogeny-Based Enzymatic Product Specificity Prediction. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:4645-4651. [PMID: 29687713 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b06067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In the process of genome mining for novel chitosanases by phylogeny-based enzymatic product specificity prediction, a gene named Csn-PD from Paenibacillus dendritiformis was discovered. The enzyme was classified as a member of the GH46 family of glycoside hydrolase based on sequence alignment, and it was functionally expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). The recombinant chitosanase was purified, and its molecular weight was estimated to be 31 kDa by SDS-PAGE. Csn-PD displayed maximal activity toward colloidal chitosan at pH 7.0 and 45 °C, respectively. A combination of thin-layer chromatography and electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry results showed that Csn-PD exhibited an endotype cleavage pattern and hydrolyzed chitosan to yield (GlcN)2 as the major product. The unique enzymatic properties of this chitosanase may make it a good candidate for (GlcN)2 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Sun
- Department of Food Engineering and Nutrition , Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences , Qingdao 266071 , China
| | - Xiangzhao Mao
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , Qingdao 266003 , China
| | - Na Guo
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , Qingdao 266003 , China
| | - Ling Zhao
- Department of Food Engineering and Nutrition , Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences , Qingdao 266071 , China
| | - Rong Cao
- Department of Food Engineering and Nutrition , Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences , Qingdao 266071 , China
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Food Engineering and Nutrition , Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences , Qingdao 266071 , China
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18
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Araújo NKD, Pagnoncelli MGB, Pimentel VC, Xavier MLO, Padilha CEA, Macedo GRD, Santos ESD. Single-step purification of chitosanases from Bacillus cereus using expanded bed chromatography. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 82:291-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.09.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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19
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Zhang J, Cao H, Li S, Zhao Y, Wang W, Xu Q, Du Y, Yin H. Characterization of a new family 75 chitosanase from Aspergillus sp. W-2. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 81:362-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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20
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Structural and biochemical insights into the degradation mechanism of chitosan by chitosanase OU01. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1850:1953-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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21
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Thadathil N, Velappan SP. Recent developments in chitosanase research and its biotechnological applications: a review. Food Chem 2013; 150:392-9. [PMID: 24360467 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.10.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Chitosanases (EC 3.2.1.132) are glycosyl hydrolases that catalyse the endohydrolysis of β-1,4-glycosidic bonds of partially acetylated chitosan to release chitosan oligosaccharides (COS). Chitosanases are isolated, purified and characterised from different sources mainly from bacteria and fungi. Chitosanases have received much attention due to their wide range of applications including the preparation of bioactive COS and fungal protoplasts, as biocontrol agent against pathogenic fungi and insects, the bioconversion of chitinous bio waste associated with seafood processing, etc. Bioactive COS produced by the enzymatic hydrolysis of chitosan have finds numerous health benefits as well as other biological activities. This review summarizes the recent advances in chitosanases research, the enzyme production processes, characterization, genetic improvement and their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidheesh Thadathil
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570020, India; Department of Meat and Marine Sciences, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570020, India.
| | - Suresh Puthanveetil Velappan
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570020, India; Department of Meat and Marine Sciences, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570020, India.
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