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Pougoue Ketchemen J, Njotu FN, Babeker H, Ahenkorah S, Tikum AF, Nwangele E, Henning N, Cleeren F, Fonge H. Effectiveness of [ 67Cu]Cu-trastuzumab as a theranostic against HER2-positive breast cancer. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2024; 51:2070-2084. [PMID: 38376808 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-024-06648-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the imaging and therapeutic properties (theranostic) of 67Cu-labeled anti-human epidermal growth factor receptor II (HER2) monoclonal antibody trastuzumab against HER2-positive breast cancer (BC). METHODS We conjugated trastuzumab with p-SCN-Bn-NOTA, 3p-C-NETA-NCS, or p-SCN-Bn-DOTA, and radiolabeled with [67Cu]CuCl2. Immunoconjugate internalization was evaluated in BT-474, JIMT-1 and MCF-7 BC cells. In vitro stability was studied in human serum (HS) and Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS). Flow cytometry, radioligand binding and immunoreactive fraction assays were carried out. ImmunoSPECT imaging of [67Cu]Cu-NOTA-trastuzumab was done in mice bearing BT-474, JIMT-1 and MCF-7 xenografts. Pharmacokinetic was studied in healthy Balb/c mice while dosimetry was done in both healthy Balb/c and in athymic nude mice bearing JIMT-1 xenograft. The therapeutic effectiveness of [67Cu]Cu-NOTA-trastuzumab was evaluated in mice bearing BT-474 and JIMT-1 xenografts after a single intravenous (i.v.) injection of ~ 16.8 MBq. RESULTS Pure immunoconjugates and radioimmunoconjugates (> 95%) were obtained. Internalization was HER2 density-dependent with highest internalization observed with NOTA-trastuzumab. After 5 days, in vitro stabilities were 97 ± 1.7%, 31 ± 6.2%, and 28 ± 4% in HS, and 79 ± 3.5%, 94 ± 1.2%, and 86 ± 2.3% in PBS for [67Cu]Cu-NOTA-trastuzumab, [67Cu]Cu-3p-C-NETA-trastuzumab and [67Cu]Cu-DOTA-trastuzumab, respectively. [67Cu]Cu-NOTA-trastuzumab was chosen for further evaluation. BT-474 flow cytometry showed low KD, 8.2 ± 0.2 nM for trastuzumab vs 26.5 ± 1.6 nM for NOTA-trastuzumab. There were 2.9 NOTA molecules per trastuzumab molecule. Radioligand binding assay showed a low KD of 2.1 ± 0.4 nM and immunoreactive fraction of 69.3 ± 0.9. Highest uptake of [67Cu]Cu-NOTA-trastuzumab was observed in JIMT-1 (33.9 ± 5.5% IA/g) and BT-474 (33.1 ± 10.6% IA/g) xenograft at 120 h post injection (p.i.). Effectiveness of the radioimmunoconjugate was also expressed as percent tumor growth inhibition (%TGI). [67Cu]Cu-NOTA-trastuzumab was more effective than trastuzumab against BT-474 xenografts (78% vs 54% TGI after 28 days), and JIMT-1 xenografts (90% vs 23% TGI after 19 days). Mean survival of [67Cu]Cu-NOTA-trastuzumab, trastuzumab and saline treated groups were > 90, 77 and 72 days for BT-474 xenografts, while that of JIMT-1 were 78, 24, and 20 days, respectively. CONCLUSION [67Cu]Cu-NOTA-trastuzumab is a promising theranostic agent against HER2-positive BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Pougoue Ketchemen
- Department of Medical Imaging, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0W8, Canada
| | - Fabrice Ngoh Njotu
- Department of Medical Imaging, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0W8, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Lab. Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Rd, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A2, Canada
| | - Hanan Babeker
- Department of Medical Imaging, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0W8, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Lab. Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Rd, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A2, Canada
| | - Stephen Ahenkorah
- NURA Research Group, Belgian Nuclear Research Center (SCK CEN), Mol, Belgium
- Radiopharmaceutical Research, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anjong Florence Tikum
- Department of Medical Imaging, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0W8, Canada
| | - Emmanuel Nwangele
- Department of Medical Imaging, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0W8, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Lab. Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Rd, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A2, Canada
| | - Nikita Henning
- Department of Medical Imaging, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0W8, Canada
| | - Frederik Cleeren
- Radiopharmaceutical Research, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Humphrey Fonge
- Department of Medical Imaging, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0W8, Canada.
- Department of Medical Imaging, Royal University Hospital Saskatoon, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0W8, Canada.
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Woods JJ, Cosby AG, Wacker JN, Aguirre Quintana LM, Peterson A, Minasian SG, Abergel RJ. Macrocyclic 1,2-Hydroxypyridinone-Based Chelators as Potential Ligands for Thorium-227 and Zirconium-89 Radiopharmaceuticals. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:20721-20732. [PMID: 37590371 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Thorium-227 (227Th) is an α-emitting radionuclide that has shown preclinical and clinical promise for use in targeted α-therapy (TAT), a type of molecular radiopharmaceutical treatment that harnesses high energy α particles to eradicate cancerous lesions. Despite these initial successes, there still exists a need for bifunctional chelators that can stably bind thorium in vivo. Toward this goal, we have prepared two macrocyclic chelators bearing 1,2-hydroxypyridinone groups. Both chelators can be synthesized in less than six steps from readily available starting materials, which is an advantage over currently available platforms. The complex formation constants (log βmlh) of these ligands with Zr4+ and Th4+, measured by spectrophotometric titrations, are greater than 34 for both chelators, indicating the formation of exceedingly stable complexes. Radiolabeling studies were performed to show that these ligands can bind [227Th]Th4+ at concentrations as low as 10-6 M, and serum stability experiments demonstrate the high kinetic stability of the formed complexes under biological conditions. Identical experiments with zirconium-89 (89Zr), a positron-emitting radioisotope used for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, demonstrate that these chelators can also effectively bind Zr4+ with high thermodynamic and kinetic stability. Collectively, the data reported herein highlight the suitability of these ligands for use in 89Zr/227Th paired radioimmunotheranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Woods
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Alexia G Cosby
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jennifer N Wacker
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Luis M Aguirre Quintana
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Appie Peterson
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Stefan G Minasian
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Rebecca J Abergel
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Nuclear Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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Karlsson J, Hagemann UB, Cruciani V, Schatz CA, Grant D, Ellingsen C, Kristian A, Katoozi S, Mihaylova D, Uran SR, Suominen M, Bjerke RM, Ryan OB, Cuthbertson A. Efficacy of a HER2-Targeted Thorium-227 Conjugate in a HER2-Positive Breast Cancer Bone Metastasis Model. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3419. [PMID: 37444529 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15133419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is overexpressed in 15-30% of breast cancers but has low expression in normal tissue, making it attractive for targeted alpha therapy (TAT). HER2-positive breast cancer typically metastasizes to bone, resulting in incurable disease and significant morbidity and mortality. Therefore, new strategies for HER2-targeting therapy are needed. Here, we present the preclinical in vitro and in vivo characterization of the HER2-targeted thorium-227 conjugate (HER2-TTC) TAT in various HER2-positive cancer models. In vitro, HER2-TTC showed potent cytotoxicity in various HER2-expressing cancer cell lines and increased DNA double strand break formation and the induction of cell cycle arrest in BT-474 cells. In vivo, HER2-TTC demonstrated dose-dependent antitumor efficacy in subcutaneous xenograft models. Notably, HER2-TTC also inhibited intratibial tumor growth and tumor-induced abnormal bone formation in an intratibial BT-474 mouse model that mimics breast cancer metastasized to bone. Furthermore, a match in HER2 expression levels between primary breast tumor and matched bone metastases samples from breast cancer patients was observed. These results demonstrate proof-of-concept for TAT in the treatment of patients with HER2-positive breast cancer, including cases where the tumor has metastasized to bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Karlsson
- Targeted Radiopharmaceuticals, Bayer AS, 0283 Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | | | - Derek Grant
- Targeted Radiopharmaceuticals, Bayer AS, 0283 Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - Shirin Katoozi
- Targeted Radiopharmaceuticals, Bayer AS, 0283 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Steinar R Uran
- Targeted Radiopharmaceuticals, Bayer AS, 0283 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Roger M Bjerke
- Targeted Radiopharmaceuticals, Bayer AS, 0283 Oslo, Norway
| | - Olav B Ryan
- Targeted Radiopharmaceuticals, Bayer AS, 0283 Oslo, Norway
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Bravo MG, Egorova BV, Vasiliev AN, Lapshina EV, Ermolaev SV, Durymanov MO. DTPA(DOTA)-Nimotuzumab Radiolabeling with Generator-produced Thorium for Radioimmunotherapy of EGFR-overexpressing Carcinomas. Curr Radiopharm 2023; 16:233-242. [PMID: 36809934 DOI: 10.2174/1874471016666230221102518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The feasibility of preparing the "in-house" generators and the Th- DTPA(DOTA)-Nimotuzumab radioimmunoconjugate was evaluated. 226Th is perspective for TAT, however, due to short half-life it is preferable to apply this radionuclide for readily available epithelial malignancies. Nimotuzumab being specific for EGFR expressing cells as a targeting moiety is considered to be suitable for thorium delivery. METHODS TEVA extraction chromatographic resin and anion exchange resin AG 1x8 were used as sorbents for 226Th generator. In order to determine features of labeling by Th4+ we applied 234Th as a longer-lived analog of short-lived 226Th and the immunoconjugates DTPA(DOTA)-Nimotuzumab were used for radiolabeling. RESULTS The generator on the base of TEVA resin has shown higher volume activity of the product compared to the AG 1x8. The 226Th volume concentration was up to 80%/mL. The radiolabeling of BFCA by thorium radioisotopes reached 95% at the MR(Th:p-SCN-Bn-DTPA) = 1:100 and 86% for MR(Th:p-SCN-Bn-DOTA) = 1:5000 at 90°C. The procedure of Nimotuzumab labeling with Th4+ for radiotherapy of EGFR-overexpressing carcinomas was established. The overall labeling yield in both radioimmunoconjugates - DTPA and DOTA functionalized - was in the range of 45-50%. The immunoconjugate Nimotuzumab-p-SCN-Bn-DTPA was obtained with a molar ratio 1:25 (Nimotuzumab: BFCA), within 1 hour of conjugation at 25°C and labelled via postconjugation approach. Whereas Nimotuzumab-p-SCN-Bn-DOTA was obtained at the same conditions, but radiolabeled by the method of pre-conjugation. CONCLUSION Thorium-234 incorporation into both radioimmunoconjugates reached 45-50%. It has been shown that Th-DTPA-Nimotuzumab radioimmunoconjugate specifically bound with EGFR overexpressing epidermoid carcinoma A431 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdiel G Bravo
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, GSP-1, Leninskie Gory, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- The Center of Isotopes (CENTIS), Ave. Monumental y Carretera La Rada, Km 3 1/2, CP 32700, San Jose de las Lajas, Mayabeque, Republic of Cuba
| | - Bayirta V Egorova
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, GSP-1, Leninskie Gory, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Aleksandr N Vasiliev
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, GSP-1, Leninskie Gory, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 60th October Anniversary Prospect, 7a, Moscow, 117312, Russia
| | - Elena V Lapshina
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 60th October Anniversary Prospect, 7a, Moscow, 117312, Russia
| | - Stanislav V Ermolaev
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 60th October Anniversary Prospect, 7a, Moscow, 117312, Russia
| | - Mikhail O Durymanov
- Department of Biophysics Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutsky per., Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141700, Russia
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Karlsson J, Schatz CA, Wengner AM, Hammer S, Scholz A, Cuthbertson A, Wagner V, Hennekes H, Jardine V, Hagemann UB. Targeted thorium-227 conjugates as treatment options in oncology. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 9:1071086. [PMID: 36726355 PMCID: PMC9885765 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1071086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeted alpha therapy (TAT) is a promising approach for addressing unmet needs in oncology. Inherent properties make α-emitting radionuclides well suited to cancer therapy, including high linear energy transfer (LET), penetration range of 2-10 cell layers, induction of complex double-stranded DNA breaks, and immune-stimulatory effects. Several alpha radionuclides, including radium-223 (223Ra), actinium-225 (225Ac), and thorium-227 (227Th), have been investigated. Conjugation of tumor targeting modalities, such as antibodies and small molecules, with a chelator moiety and subsequent radiolabeling with α-emitters enables specific delivery of cytotoxic payloads to different tumor types. 223Ra dichloride, approved for the treatment of patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) with bone-metastatic disease and no visceral metastasis, is the only approved and commercialized alpha therapy. However, 223Ra dichloride cannot currently be complexed to targeting moieties. In contrast to 223Ra, 227Th may be readily chelated, which allows radiolabeling of tumor targeting moieties to produce targeted thorium conjugates (TTCs), facilitating delivery to a broad range of tumors. TTCs have shown promise in pre-clinical studies across a range of tumor-cell expressing antigens. A clinical study in hematological malignancy targeting CD22 has demonstrated early signs of activity. Furthermore, pre-clinical studies show additive or synergistic effects when TTCs are combined with established anti-cancer therapies, for example androgen receptor inhibitors (ARI), DNA damage response inhibitors such as poly (ADP)-ribose polymerase inhibitors or ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related kinase inhibitors, as well as immune checkpoint inhibitors.
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6
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Nuclear medicine therapy of lung cancer, breast cancer and colorectal cancer. Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-822960-6.00172-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Kovács A. Theoretical Study of Actinide(III)-DOTA Complexes. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:13321-13330. [PMID: 34056480 PMCID: PMC8158830 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c01292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
1,4,7,10-Tetraazacyclododecane-N,N',N″,N‴-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) is a prominent chelating ligand used in imaging contrast agents and radiopharmaceuticals. The present study explores the stabilities, structures, and bonding properties of its complexes with trivalent actinides (Ac, U, Np, Pu, Am, Cm, Cf) using density functional theory and relativistic multireference calculations. For reference purposes, the La- and Lu-DOTA complexes are also included. Similar to La3+, the large An3+ ions prefer the TSAP conformer of the ligand. The An-ligand bonding is mainly electrostatic, with minor charge transfer contributions to the An 6d orbitals. For the assessment of the thermodynamic stabilities in aqueous solution, PCM radii to use in conjunction with the SMD solvation model were developed. Basically, the thermodynamic stability of the DOTA complexes increases along the An row but with notable counteracting of spin-orbit coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Kovács
- European Commission Joint
Research Centre, P. O. Box 2340, Karlsruhe D-76125, Germany
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8
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White JM, Escorcia FE, Viola NT. Perspectives on metals-based radioimmunotherapy (RIT): moving forward. Theranostics 2021; 11:6293-6314. [PMID: 33995659 PMCID: PMC8120204 DOI: 10.7150/thno.57177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Radioimmunotherapy (RIT) is FDA-approved for the clinical management of liquid malignancies, however, its use for solid malignancies remains a challenge. The putative benefit of RIT lies in selective targeting of antigens expressed on the tumor surface using monoclonal antibodies, to systemically deliver cytotoxic radionuclides. The past several decades yielded dramatic improvements in the quality, quantity, recent commercial availability of alpha-, beta- and Auger Electron-emitting therapeutic radiometals. Investigators have created new or improved existing bifunctional chelators. These bifunctional chelators bind radiometals and can be coupled to antigen-specific antibodies. In this review, we discuss approaches to develop radiometal-based RITs, including the selection of radiometals, chelators and antibody platforms (i.e. full-length, F(ab')2, Fab, minibodies, diabodies, scFv-Fc and nanobodies). We cite examples of the performance of RIT in the clinic, describe challenges to its implementation, and offer insights to address gaps toward translation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/administration & dosage
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/metabolism
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/therapeutic use
- Chelating Agents/administration & dosage
- Chelating Agents/metabolism
- Click Chemistry
- Clinical Trials as Topic
- Dose Fractionation, Radiation
- Drug Delivery Systems
- Forecasting
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/administration & dosage
- Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/therapeutic use
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/radiotherapy
- Mice
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Neoplasm Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Neoplasms, Experimental/diagnostic imaging
- Neoplasms, Experimental/radiotherapy
- Organ Specificity
- Precision Medicine
- Radiation Tolerance
- Radioimmunotherapy/methods
- Radiopharmaceuticals/administration & dosage
- Radiopharmaceuticals/therapeutic use
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Single-Chain Antibodies/administration & dosage
- Single-Chain Antibodies/therapeutic use
- Single-Domain Antibodies/administration & dosage
- Single-Domain Antibodies/therapeutic use
- Yttrium Radioisotopes/administration & dosage
- Yttrium Radioisotopes/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan M. White
- Cancer Biology Graduate Program, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Freddy E. Escorcia
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Nerissa T. Viola
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI 48201
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Hatcher-Lamarre JL, Sanders VA, Rahman M, Cutler CS, Francesconi LC. Alpha emitting nuclides for targeted therapy. Nucl Med Biol 2021; 92:228-240. [PMID: 33558017 PMCID: PMC8363053 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Targeted alpha therapy (TAT) is an area of research with rapidly increasing importance as the emitted alpha particle has a significant effect on inducing cytotoxic effects on tumor cells while mitigating dose to normal tissues. Two significant isotopes of interest within the area of TAT are thorium-227 and actinium-225 due to their nuclear characteristics. Both isotopes have physical half-lives suitable for coordination with larger biomolecules, and additionally actinium-225 has potential to serve as an in vivo generator. In this review, the authors will discuss the production, purification, labeling reactions, and biological studies of actinium-225 and thorium-227 complexes and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vanessa A Sanders
- Collider Accelerator Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, USA
| | - Mohammed Rahman
- Chemistry Department, Hunter College of the City University of New York, USA
| | - Cathy S Cutler
- Collider Accelerator Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, USA
| | - Lynn C Francesconi
- Chemistry Department, Hunter College of the City University of New York, USA; Chemistry Department, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, USA.
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10
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Grieve ML, Paterson BM. The Evolving Coordination Chemistry of Radiometals for Targeted Alpha Therapy. Aust J Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1071/ch21184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Kovács A. Theoretical Study of Actinide Complexes with Macropa. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:26431-26440. [PMID: 33110971 PMCID: PMC7581080 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The complex formation of actinium (Ac3+) and californium (Cf3+) ions with macropa (a promising ligand for medical applications, e.g., in targeted α therapy) has been studied by means of density functional theory (DFT) calculations. This work is focused on the structural and bonding properties, the latter on the basis of charge transfer data and topological properties of the electron density distribution. The effect of water solvent on the energetics has been investigated using the SMD model. A comparative analysis with the related properties of two representative lanthanide (La, Lu) complexes has been performed.
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Guerra Liberal FDC, O'Sullivan JM, McMahon SJ, Prise KM. Targeted Alpha Therapy: Current Clinical Applications. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2020; 35:404-417. [PMID: 32552031 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2020.3576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Emitting radionuclides have been approved for cancer treatment since 2013, with increasing degrees of success. Despite this clinical utility, little is known regarding the mechanisms of action of α particles in this setting, and accurate assessments of the dosimetry underpinning their effectiveness are lacking. However, targeted alpha therapy (TAT) is gaining more attention as new targets, synthetic chemistry approaches, and α particle emitters are identified, constructed, developed, and realized. From a radiobiological perspective, α particles are more effective at killing cells compared to low linear energy transfer radiation. Also, from these direct effects, it is now evident from preclinical and clinical data that α emitters are capable of both producing effects in nonirradiated bystander cells and stimulating the immune system, extending the biological effects of TAT beyond the range of α particles. The short range of α particles makes them a potent tool to irradiate single-cell lesions or treat solid tumors by minimizing unwanted irradiation of normal tissue surrounding the cancer cells, assuming a high specificity of the radiopharmaceutical and good stability of its chemical bonds. Clinical approval of 223RaCl2 in 2013 was a major milestone in the widespread application of TAT as a safe and effective strategy for cancer treatment. In addition, 225Ac-prostate specific membrane antigen treatment benefit in metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer patients, refractory to standard therapies, is another game-changing piece in the short history of TAT clinical application. Clinical applications of TAT are growing with different radionuclides and combination therapies, and in different clinical settings. Despite the remarkable advances in TAT dosimetry and imaging, it has not yet been used to its full potential. Labeled 227Th and 225Ac appear to be promising candidates and could represent the next generation of agents able to extend patient survival in several clinical scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco D C Guerra Liberal
- The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom.,Faculdade de Ciências e Tenclonogia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Joe M O'Sullivan
- The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom.,Clinical Oncology, Northern Ireland Cancer Centre, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J McMahon
- The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin M Prise
- The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
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13
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Toro-González M, Dame AN, Foster CM, Millet LJ, Woodward JD, Rojas JV, Mirzadeh S, Davern SM. Quantitative encapsulation and retention of 227Th and decay daughters in core-shell lanthanum phosphate nanoparticles. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:9744-9755. [PMID: 32324185 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr01172j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Targeted alpha therapy (TAT) offers great promise for treating recalcitrant tumors and micrometastatic cancers. One drawback of TAT is the potential damage to normal tissues and organs due to the relocation of decay daughters from the treatment site. The present study evaluates La(227Th)PO4 core (C) and core +2 shells (C2S) nanoparticles (NPs) as a delivery platform of 227Th to minimize systemic distribution of decay daughters, 223Ra and 211Pb. In vitro retention of decay daughters within La(227Th)PO4 C NPs was influenced by the concentration of reagents used during synthesis, in which the leakage of 223Ra was between 0.4 ± 0.2% and 20.3 ± 1.1% in deionized water. Deposition of two nonradioactive LaPO4 shells onto La(227Th)PO4 C NPs increased the retention of decay daughters to >99.75%. The toxicity of the nonradioactive LaPO4 C and C2S NP delivery platforms was examined in a mammalian breast cancer cell line, BT-474. No significant decrease in cell viability was observed for a monolayer of BT-474 cells for NP concentrations below 233.9 μg mL-1, however cell viability decreased below 60% when BT-474 spheroids were incubated with either LaPO4 C or C2S NPs at concentrations exceeding 29.2 μg mL-1. La(227Th)PO4 C2S NPs exhibit a high encapsulation and in vitro retention of radionuclides with limited contribution to cellular cytotoxicity for TAT applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Toro-González
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, , Richmond 23284, USA. and Isotope and Fuel Cycle Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge 37830, USA.
| | - A N Dame
- Isotope and Fuel Cycle Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge 37830, USA.
| | - C M Foster
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge 37830, USA
| | - L J Millet
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge 37830, USA and Joint Research Activity, The Bredesen Center, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996, USA
| | - J D Woodward
- Isotope and Fuel Cycle Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge 37830, USA.
| | - J V Rojas
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, , Richmond 23284, USA.
| | - S Mirzadeh
- Isotope and Fuel Cycle Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge 37830, USA.
| | - S M Davern
- Isotope and Fuel Cycle Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge 37830, USA.
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Frantellizzi V, Cosma L, Brunotti G, Pani A, Spanu A, Nuvoli S, De Cristofaro F, Civitelli L, De Vincentis G. Targeted Alpha Therapy with Thorium-227. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2020; 35:437-445. [PMID: 31967907 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2019.3105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeted alpha therapy (TAT) can deliver high localized burden of radiation selectively to cancer cells as well as the tumor microenvironment, while minimizing toxicity to normal surrounding cell. Radium-223 (223Ra), the first-in-class α-emitter approved for bone metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer has shown the ability to prolong patient survival. Targeted Thorium-227 (227Th) conjugates represent a new class of therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals for TAT. They are comprised of the α-emitter 227Th complexed to a chelator conjugated to a tumor-targeting monoclonal antibody. In this review, the authors will focus out interest on this therapeutic agent. In recent studies 227Th-labeled radioimmunoconjugates showed a relevant stability both in serum and vivo conditions with a significant antigen-dependent inhibition of cell growth. Unlike 223Ra, the parent radionuclide 227Th can form highly stable chelator complexes and is therefore amenable to targeted radioimmunotherapy. The authors discuss the future potential role of 227Th TAT in the treatment of several solid as well as hematologic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Frantellizzi
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Oncology and Anatomical Pathology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Cosma
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Oncology and Anatomical Pathology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Brunotti
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Oncology and Anatomical Pathology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Arianna Pani
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-oncology, University of Milan "Statale," Milan, Italy
| | - Angela Spanu
- Unit of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Medicine, Surgical and Experimental Science, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Susanna Nuvoli
- Unit of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Medicine, Surgical and Experimental Science, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Flaminia De Cristofaro
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Oncology and Anatomical Pathology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Liana Civitelli
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Oncology and Anatomical Pathology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe De Vincentis
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Oncology and Anatomical Pathology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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15
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Tafreshi NK, Doligalski ML, Tichacek CJ, Pandya DN, Budzevich MM, El-Haddad G, Khushalani NI, Moros EG, McLaughlin ML, Wadas TJ, Morse DL. Development of Targeted Alpha Particle Therapy for Solid Tumors. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24234314. [PMID: 31779154 PMCID: PMC6930656 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24234314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted alpha-particle therapy (TAT) aims to selectively deliver radionuclides emitting α-particles (cytotoxic payload) to tumors by chelation to monoclonal antibodies, peptides or small molecules that recognize tumor-associated antigens or cell-surface receptors. Because of the high linear energy transfer (LET) and short range of alpha (α) particles in tissue, cancer cells can be significantly damaged while causing minimal toxicity to surrounding healthy cells. Recent clinical studies have demonstrated the remarkable efficacy of TAT in the treatment of metastatic, castration-resistant prostate cancer. In this comprehensive review, we discuss the current consensus regarding the properties of the α-particle-emitting radionuclides that are potentially relevant for use in the clinic; the TAT-mediated mechanisms responsible for cell death; the different classes of targeting moieties and radiometal chelators available for TAT development; current approaches to calculating radiation dosimetry for TATs; and lead optimization via medicinal chemistry to improve the TAT radiopharmaceutical properties. We have also summarized the use of TATs in pre-clinical and clinical studies to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges K. Tafreshi
- Department of Cancer Physiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (N.K.T.); (M.L.D.); (C.J.T.); (E.G.M.)
| | - Michael L. Doligalski
- Department of Cancer Physiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (N.K.T.); (M.L.D.); (C.J.T.); (E.G.M.)
| | - Christopher J. Tichacek
- Department of Cancer Physiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (N.K.T.); (M.L.D.); (C.J.T.); (E.G.M.)
| | - Darpan N. Pandya
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (D.N.P.); (T.J.W.)
| | - Mikalai M. Budzevich
- Small Animal Imaging Laboratory, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
| | - Ghassan El-Haddad
- Depts. of Diagnostic Imaging and Interventional Radiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
| | - Nikhil I. Khushalani
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
| | - Eduardo G. Moros
- Department of Cancer Physiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (N.K.T.); (M.L.D.); (C.J.T.); (E.G.M.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Mark L. McLaughlin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV & Modulation Therapeutics Inc., 64 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA;
| | - Thaddeus J. Wadas
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (D.N.P.); (T.J.W.)
| | - David L. Morse
- Department of Cancer Physiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (N.K.T.); (M.L.D.); (C.J.T.); (E.G.M.)
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Small Animal Imaging Laboratory, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-813-745-8948; Fax: +1-813-745-8375
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16
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Parker C, Lewington V, Shore N, Kratochwil C, Levy M, Lindén O, Noordzij W, Park J, Saad F. Targeted Alpha Therapy, an Emerging Class of Cancer Agents: A Review. JAMA Oncol 2019; 4:1765-1772. [PMID: 30326033 DOI: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2018.4044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Importance Targeted alpha therapy attempts to deliver systemic radiation selectively to cancer cells while minimizing systemic toxic effects and may lead to additional treatment options for many cancer types. Observations Theoretically, the high-energy emission of short-range alpha particles causes complex double-stranded DNA breaks, eliciting cell death. No known resistance mechanism to alpha particles has been reported or scientifically established. The short-range emission of alpha particle radiation confines its cytotoxic effect to cancerous lesions and the surrounding tumor microenvironment while limiting toxic effects to noncancerous tissues. The high level of radiobiological effectiveness of alpha particles, in comparison with beta emissions, requires fewer particle tracks to induce cell death. Clinically effective alpha particle-emitting isotopes for cancer therapy should have a short half-life, which will limit long-term radiation exposure and allow for the production, preparation, and administration of these isotopes for clinical use and application. Radium 223 dichloride is the first-in-class, commercially available targeted alpha therapy approved for the treatment of patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer with bone metastases. Given the established overall survival benefit conferred by radium 223 for patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer, several other targeted alpha therapies are being investigated in clinical trials across many tumor types. Conclusions and Relevance Targeted alpha therapy represents an emerging treatment approach and provides for the possibility to bypass mechanisms of acquired resistance in selected tumors. In addition, developing novel radionuclide conjugation strategies may overcome targeting limitations. So far, the clinical success of radium 223 has demonstrated the proof of concept for targeted alpha therapy, and future studies may lead to additional treatment options for many cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher Parker
- The Royal Marsden National Health Service Foundation Trust-Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Neal Shore
- Carolina Urologic Research Center, Myrtle Beach, South Carolina
| | | | - Moshe Levy
- Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | | | - Walter Noordzij
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jae Park
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Fred Saad
- Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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17
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Wickstroem K, Karlsson J, Ellingsen C, Cruciani V, Kristian A, Hagemann UB, Bjerke RM, Ryan OB, Linden L, Mumberg D, Brands M, Cuthbertson A. Synergistic Effect of a HER2 Targeted Thorium-227 Conjugate in Combination with Olaparib in a BRCA2 Deficient Xenograft Model. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2019; 12:ph12040155. [PMID: 31618864 PMCID: PMC6958469 DOI: 10.3390/ph12040155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeted thorium-227 conjugates (TTCs) represent a novel class of therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals for the treatment of cancer. TTCs consist of the alpha particle emitter thorium-227 complexed to a 3,2-hydroxypyridinone chelator conjugated to a tumor-targeting monoclonal antibody. The high energy and short range of the alpha particles induce potent and selective anti-tumor activity driven by the induction of DNA damage in the target cell. Methods: The efficacy of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-TTC was tested in combination in vitro and in vivo with the poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitor (PARPi), olaparib, in the human colorectal adenocarcinoma isogenic cell line pair DLD-1 and the knockout variant DLD-1 BRCA2 -/- Results: The in vitro combination effects were determined to be synergistic in DLD-1 BRCA2 -/- and additive in DLD-1 parental cell lines. Similarly, the in vivo efficacy of the combination was determined to be synergistic only in the DLD-1 BRCA2 -/- xenograft model, with statistically significant tumor growth inhibition at a single TTC dose of 120 kBq/kg body weight (bw) and 50 mg/kg bw olaparib (daily, i.p. for 4 weeks), demonstrating comparable tumor growth inhibition to a single TTC dose of 600 kBq/kg bw. Conclusions: This study supports the further investigation of DNA damage response inhibitors in combination with TTCs as a new strategy for the effective treatment of mutation-associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jenny Karlsson
- Thorium Conjugate Research, Bayer AS, Oslo 0283, Norway.
| | | | | | | | - Urs B Hagemann
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals Division, Berlin 13353, Germany.
| | - Roger M Bjerke
- Thorium Conjugate Research, Bayer AS, Oslo 0283, Norway.
| | - Olav B Ryan
- Thorium Conjugate Research, Bayer AS, Oslo 0283, Norway.
| | - Lars Linden
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals Division, Wuppertal 42113, Germany.
| | | | - Michael Brands
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals Division, Berlin 13353, Germany.
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18
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Preclinical Combination Studies of an FGFR2 Targeted Thorium-227 Conjugate and the ATR Inhibitor BAY 1895344. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2019; 105:410-422. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2019.06.2508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Thiele NA, Woods JJ, Wilson JJ. Implementing f-Block Metal Ions in Medicine: Tuning the Size Selectivity of Expanded Macrocycles. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:10483-10500. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b01277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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20
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Wickstroem K, Hagemann UB, Cruciani V, Wengner AM, Kristian A, Ellingsen C, Siemeister G, Bjerke RM, Karlsson J, Ryan OB, Linden L, Mumberg D, Ziegelbauer K, Cuthbertson AS. Synergistic Effect of a Mesothelin-Targeted 227Th Conjugate in Combination with DNA Damage Response Inhibitors in Ovarian Cancer Xenograft Models. J Nucl Med 2019; 60:1293-1300. [PMID: 30850485 PMCID: PMC6735281 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.118.223701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeted 227Th conjugates (TTCs) represent a new class of therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals for targeted α-therapy. They comprise the α-emitter 227Th complexed to a 3,2-hydroxypyridinone chelator conjugated to a tumor-targeting monoclonal antibody. The high energy and short range of the α-particles induce antitumor activity, driven by the induction of complex DNA double-strand breaks. We hypothesized that blocking the DNA damage response (DDR) pathway should further sensitize cancer cells by inhibiting DNA repair, thereby increasing the response to TTCs. Methods: This article reports the evaluation of the mesothelin (MSLN)-TTC conjugate (BAY 2287411) in combination with several DDR inhibitors, each of them blocking different DDR pathway enzymes. MSLN is a validated cancer target known to be overexpressed in mesothelioma, ovarian, lung, breast, and pancreatic cancer, with low expression in normal tissue. In vitro cytotoxicity experiments were performed on cancer cell lines by combining the MSLN-TTC with inhibitors of ataxia telangiectasia mutated, ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR), DNA-dependent protein kinase, and poly[adenosine diphosphate ribose] polymerase (PARP) 1/2. Further, we evaluated the antitumor efficacy of the MSLN-TTC in combination with DDR inhibitors in human ovarian cancer xenograft models. Results: Synergistic activity was observed in vitro for all tested inhibitors (inhibitors are denoted herein by the suffix “i”) when combined with MSLN-TTC. ATRi and PARPi appeared to induce the strongest increase in potency. Further, in vivo antitumor efficacy of the MSLN-TTC in combination with ATRi or PARPi was investigated in the OVCAR-3 and OVCAR-8 xenograft models in nude mice, demonstrating synergistic antitumor activity for the ATRi combination at doses demonstrated to be nonefficacious when administered as monotherapy. Conclusion: The presented data support the mechanism-based rationale for combining the MSLN-TTC with DDR inhibitors as new treatment strategies in MSLN-positive ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Roger M Bjerke
- Thorium Conjugate Research, Bayer American Samoa, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jenny Karlsson
- Thorium Conjugate Research, Bayer American Samoa, Oslo, Norway
| | - Olav B Ryan
- Thorium Conjugate Research, Bayer American Samoa, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars Linden
- Bayer AG Pharmaceuticals Division, Wuppertal, Germany
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21
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Collins SM, Keightley JD, Ivanov P, Arinc A, Fenwick AJ, Pearce AK. The potential radio-immunotherapeutic α-emitter 227Th – part II: Absolute γ-ray emission intensities from the excited levels of 223Ra. Appl Radiat Isot 2019; 145:251-257. [PMID: 30686576 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2018.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S M Collins
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0LW, United Kingdom.
| | - J D Keightley
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - P Ivanov
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - A Arinc
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - A J Fenwick
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - A K Pearce
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
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22
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Collins SM, Keightley JD, Ivanov P, Arinc A, Jerome SM, Fenwick AJ, Pearce AK. The potential radio-immunotherapeutic α-emitter 227Th - part I: Standardisation via primary liquid scintillation techniques and decay progeny ingrowth measurements. Appl Radiat Isot 2018; 145:240-250. [PMID: 30583971 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2018.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Thorium-227 is a potential therapeutic radionuclide for applications in targeted α-radioimmunotherapy for the treatment of various types of cancer. To provide nuclear medicine departments involved in Phase I clinical trials traceability to the SI unit of radioactivity (Bq), a standardisation of a radiochemically pure 227Th aqueous solution has been performed at the National Physical Laboratory. This was achieved via two primary liquid scintillation (LS) techniques -4π(LS)-γ digital coincidence counting (DCC) and 4π LS counting. These absolute techniques were supported by the indirect determination of the 227Th activity via the measurement of the ingrowth and decay rate of the decay progeny by both ionisations chambers and high purity germanium (HPGe) gamma-ray spectrometry. The results of the primary techniques were found to be consistent, both with each other (zeta score = 1.1) and to the decay progeny ingrowth measurements. An activity per unit mass of 20.726 (51) kBq g-1 was determined for the solution. A procedure has been developed that provided an effective separation of the 227Th from its decay progeny, which was shown by the effective time zero of the 227Th-223Ra nuclear chronometer measured by HPGe gamma-ray spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Collins
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom.
| | - J D Keightley
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - P Ivanov
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - A Arinc
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - S M Jerome
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - A J Fenwick
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - A K Pearce
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
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23
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Abstract
α-Particle irradiation of cancerous tissue is increasingly recognized as a potent therapeutic option. We briefly review the physics, radiobiology, and dosimetry of α-particle emitters, as well as the distinguishing features that make them unique for radiopharmaceutical therapy. We also review the emerging clinical role of α-particle therapy in managing cancer and recent studies on in vitro and preclinical α-particle therapy delivered by antibodies, other small molecules, and nanometer-sized particles. In addition to their unique radiopharmaceutical characteristics, the increased availability and improved radiochemistry of α-particle radionuclides have contributed to the growing recent interest in α-particle radiotherapy. Targeted therapy strategies have presented novel possibilities for the use of α-particles in the treatment of cancer. Clinical experience has already demonstrated the safe and effective use of α-particle emitters as potent tumor-selective drugs for the treatment of leukemia and metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R McDevitt
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - George Sgouros
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Stavroula Sofou
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
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24
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Kasten BB, Oliver PG, Kim H, Fan J, Ferrone S, Zinn KR, Buchsbaum DJ. 212Pb-Labeled Antibody 225.28 Targeted to Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycan 4 for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Therapy in Mouse Models. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19040925. [PMID: 29561763 PMCID: PMC5979285 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19040925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive subtype of breast cancer with a poor prognosis. There is a clinical need for effective, targeted therapy strategies that destroy both differentiated TNBC cells and TNBC cancer initiating cells (CICs), as the latter are implicated in the metastasis and recurrence of TNBC. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4) is overexpressed on differentiated tumor cells and CICs obtained from TNBC patient specimens, suggesting that CSPG4 may be a clinically relevant target for the imaging and therapy of TNBC. The purpose of this study was to determine whether α-particle radioimmunotherapy (RIT) targeting TNBC cells using the CSPG4-specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) 225.28 as a carrier was effective at eliminating TNBC tumors in preclinical models. To this end, mAb 225.28 labeled with 212Pb (212Pb-225.28) as a source of α-particles for RIT was used for in vitro Scatchard assays and clonogenic survival assays with human TNBC cells (SUM159 and 2LMP) grown as adherent cells or non-adherent CIC-enriched mammospheres. Immune-deficient mice bearing orthotopic SUM159 or 2LMP xenografts were injected i.v. with the targeted (225.28) or irrelevant isotype-matched control (F3-C25) mAbs, labeled with 99mTc, 125I, or 212Pb for in vivo imaging, biodistribution, or tumor growth inhibition studies. 212Pb-225.28 bound to adherent SUM159 and 2LMP cells and to CICs from SUM159 and 2LMP mammospheres with a mean affinity of 0.5 nM. Nearly ten times more binding sites per cell were present on SUM159 cells and CICs compared with 2LMP cells. 212Pb-225.28 was six to seven times more effective than 212Pb-F3-C25 at inhibiting SUM159 cell and CIC clonogenic survival (p < 0.05). Radiolabeled mAb 225.28 showed significantly higher uptake than radiolabeled mAb F3-C25 in SUM159 and 2LMP xenografts (p < 0.05), and the uptake of 212Pb-225.28 in TNBC xenografts was correlated with target epitope expression. 212Pb-225.28 caused dose-dependent growth inhibition of SUM159 xenografts; 0.30 MBq 212Pb-225.28 was significantly more effective than 0.33 MBq 212Pb-F3-C25 at inhibiting tumor growth (p < 0.01). These results suggest that CSPG4-specific 212Pb-225.28 is a useful reagent for RIT of CSPG4-expressing tumors, including metastatic TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin B Kasten
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Patsy G Oliver
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Harrison Kim
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Jinda Fan
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Soldano Ferrone
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Kurt R Zinn
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Donald J Buchsbaum
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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25
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Milenic DE, Baidoo KE, Kim YS, Barkley R, Brechbiel MW. Comparative studies on the therapeutic benefit of targeted α-particle radiation therapy for the treatment of disseminated intraperitoneal disease. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:14591-14601. [PMID: 28675216 PMCID: PMC5664163 DOI: 10.1039/c7dt01819c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Identification of the appropriate combination of radionuclide, target and targeting vehicle is critical for successful radioimmunotherapy. For the treatment of disseminated peritoneal diseases such as pancreatic or ovarian cancer, α-emitting radionuclides have been proposed for targeted radiation therapy. This laboratory has taken a systematic approach investigating targeted α-radiation therapy, allowing comparisons to now be made between 211At, 227Th, 213Bi and 212Pb. Herein, trastuzumab radiolabeled with 211At and 227Th was evaluated for therapeutic efficacy in the LS-174T i.p. tumor model. A dose escalation study was conducted with each radioimmunoconjugate (RIC). Therapeutic benefit was realized with 211At-trastuzumab with doses of 20, 30 and 40 μCi. At doses >40 μCi, toxicity was observed with greater weight loss and 2-fold higher decrease in the platelet counts. Following a second study comparing the effect of 20, 30 and 40 μCi of 211At-trastuzumab, 30 μCi was selected as the dose for future studies. A parallel study was performed evaluating 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 5.0 μCi of 227Th-trastuzumab. The 0.5 and 1.0 μCi injected dose resulted in a therapeutic response; a lower degree of weight loss was experienced by the mice in the 0.5 μCi cohort. When the data is normalized for comparing 211At, 227Th, 213Bi and 212Pb, the choice of radionuclide for RIT is perhaps not entirely based on simple therapeutic efficacy, other factors may play a role in choosing the "right" radionuclide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane E Milenic
- Radioimmune & Inorganic Chemistry Section, Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD, USA.
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Gill MR, Falzone N, Du Y, Vallis KA. Targeted radionuclide therapy in combined-modality regimens. Lancet Oncol 2017; 18:e414-e423. [PMID: 28677577 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(17)30379-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Targeted radionuclide therapy (TRT) is a branch of cancer medicine concerned with the use of radioisotopes, radiolabelled molecules, nanoparticles, or microparticles that either naturally accumulate in or are designed to target tumours. TRT combines the specificity of molecular and sometimes physical targeting with the potent cytotoxicity of ionising radiation. Targeting vectors for TRT include antibodies, antibody fragments, proteins, peptides, and small molecules. The diversity of available carrier molecules, together with the large panel of suitable radioisotopes with unique physicochemical properties, allows vector-radionuclide pairings to be matched to the molecular, pathological, and physical characteristics of a tumour. Some pairings are designed for dual therapeutic and diagnostic applications. Use of TRT is increasing with the adoption into practice of radium-223 dichloride for the treatment of bone metastases and with the ongoing clinical development of, among others, 177Lu-dodecanetetraacetic acid tyrosine-3-octreotate (DOTATATE) for the treatment of neuroendocrine tumours and 90Y-microspheres for the treatment of hepatic tumours. The increasing use of TRT raises the question of how best to integrate TRT into multimodality protocols. Achievements in this area and the future prospects of TRT are evaluated in this Review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin R Gill
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nadia Falzone
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yong Du
- The Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, Surrey, UK
| | - Katherine A Vallis
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Frenvik JO, Dyrstad K, Kristensen S, Ryan OB. Development of separation technology for the removal of radium-223 from targeted thorium conjugate formulations. Part II: purification of targeted thorium conjugates on cation exchange columns. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2017; 43:1440-1449. [PMID: 28402142 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2017.1318906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Tumor targeting pharmaceuticals will play a crucial role in future pharma pipelines. The targeted thorium conjugate (TTC) therapeutic platform could provide real benefit to patients, whereby targeting moieties like monoclonal antibodies are radiolabelled with the alpha-emitting radionuclide thorium-227 (227Th, t1/2 = 18.7 days). A potential problem could be the accumulation of the long-lived daughter nuclide radium-223 (223Ra, t1/2 = 11.4 days) in the drug product during manufacturing and distribution. Therefore, the level of 223Ra must be standardized before administration to the patient. The focus in this study has been the removal of 223Ra, as the other progenies will have a very limited stay in the formulation. In this study, the purification of TTCs labeled with decayed 227Th has been explored. Columns packed with a strong cation exchange resin have been used to sequester 223Ra. The separation of TTC from 223Ra has been evaluated as influenced by both formulation and process parameters with a design of experiments (DOE) study; including citrate or acetate buffer, pH, buffer concentration, presence or absence of pABA + EDTA, resin amount and sodium chloride concentration. The aim was to achieve a separation with high sorption of 223Ra and accompanying low TTC sorption. The results were analyzed by multivariate analysis. Four regression models of TTC and 223Ra sorption from citrate and acetate buffered formulations were developed. The predictive accuracy of sorption in the four statistical models was given by standard deviations and confidence intervals. The TTC sorption in citrate and acetate buffered formulations was affected by the identical variables and the variation in TTC sorption was comparable for the two models. However, the DOE variables had a significantly stronger impact on the 223Ra sorption in citrate buffered formulations than the 223Ra sorption in acetate buffer. An optimal separation with a TTC sorption below 25% and 223Ra sorption above 90% can be achieved in both citrate and acetate buffered formulations. Stability studies of radiochemical purity (RCP) indicated that the measured 227Th values may be partly due to free 227Th and not TTC, but the results indicate that TTC stability may be controlled by optimizing formulation parameters. Hence, the sorption data and the regression models presented must be reviewed and further explored with regard to what is known about the stability of the TTC in the different buffered formulations.
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Ivanov PI, Collins SM, van Es EM, García-Miranda M, Jerome SM, Russell BC. Evaluation of the separation and purification of 227Th from its decay progeny by anion exchange and extraction chromatography. Appl Radiat Isot 2017; 124:100-105. [PMID: 28363158 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2017.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Thorium-227 is currently undergoing evaluation as a potential radionuclide for targeted cancer therapy, and as such a high chemical purity of the material is required. To establish a reliable procedure for radiochemical isolation of 227Th from the parent 227Ac and decay progeny, which includes the radiotherapeutic 223Ra, the performance of three different separation schemes based on ion-exchange and extraction chromatography have been evaluated. The results suggest that both ion exchange and extraction chromatographic techniques can be successfully used for the separation of 227Th from its decay progeny, however extraction chromatographic resins demonstrate favourable performance in terms of Th recovery and purification from radionuclide impurities.
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Affiliation(s)
- P I Ivanov
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom.
| | - S M Collins
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - E M van Es
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom; Chemistry Department, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - M García-Miranda
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - S M Jerome
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - B C Russell
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
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Aghevlian S, Boyle AJ, Reilly RM. Radioimmunotherapy of cancer with high linear energy transfer (LET) radiation delivered by radionuclides emitting α-particles or Auger electrons. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 109:102-118. [PMID: 26705852 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Radioimmunotherapy (RIT) aims to selectively deliver radionuclides emitting α-particles, β-particles or Auger electrons to tumors by conjugation to monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that recognize tumor-associated antigens/receptors. The approach has been most successful for treatment of non-Hodgkin's B-cell lymphoma but challenges have been encountered in extending these promising results to the treatment of solid malignancies. These challenges include the low potency of β-particle emitters such as 131I, 177Lu or 90Y which have been commonly conjugated to the mAbs, due to their low linear energy transfer (LET=0.1-1.0keV/μm). Furthermore, since the β-particles have a 2-10mm range, there has been dose-limiting non-specific toxicity to hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow (BM) due to the cross-fire effect. Conjugation of mAbs to α-particle-emitters (e.g. 225Ac, 213Bi, 212Pb or 211At) or Auger electron-emitters (e.g. 111In, 67Ga, 123I or 125I) would increase the potency of RIT due to their high LET (50-230keV/μm and 4 to 26keV/μm, respectively). In addition, α-particles have a range in tissues of 28-100μm and Auger electrons are nanometer in range which greatly reduces or eliminates the cross-fire effect compared to β-particles, potentially reducing their non-specific toxicity to the BM. In this review, we describe the results of preclinical and clinical studies of RIT of cancer using radioimmunoconjugates emitting α-particles or Auger electrons, and discuss the potential of these high LET forms of radiation to improve the outcome of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaf Aghevlian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Amanda J Boyle
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Raymond M Reilly
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Toronto General Research Institute and Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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In Vivo Radionuclide Generators for Diagnostics and Therapy. Bioinorg Chem Appl 2016; 2016:6148357. [PMID: 28058040 PMCID: PMC5183759 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6148357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo radionuclide generators make complex combinations of physical and chemical properties available for medical diagnostics and therapy. Perhaps the best-known in vivo generator is 212Pb/212Bi, which takes advantage of the extended half-life of 212Pb to execute a targeted delivery of the therapeutic short-lived α-emitter 212Bi. Often, as in the case of 81Rb/81Kr, chemical changes resulting from the transmutation of the parent are relied upon for diagnostic value. In other instances such as with extended alpha decay chains, chemical changes may lead to unwanted consequences. This article reviews some common and not-so-common in vivo generators with the purpose of understanding their value in medicine and medical research. This is currently relevant in light of a recent push for alpha emitters in targeted therapies, which often come with extended decay chains.
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Hagemann UB, Wickstroem K, Wang E, Shea AO, Sponheim K, Karlsson J, Bjerke RM, Ryan OB, Cuthbertson AS. In Vitro and In Vivo Efficacy of a Novel CD33-Targeted Thorium-227 Conjugate for the Treatment of Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:2422-2431. [PMID: 27535972 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The clinical efficacy of the first approved alpha pharmaceutical, Xofigo (radium-223 dichloride, 223RaCl2), has stimulated significant interest in the development of new alpha-particle emitting drugs in oncology. Unlike radium-223 (223Ra), the parent radionuclide thorium-227 (227Th) is able to form highly stable chelator complexes and is therefore amenable to targeted radioimmunotherapy. We describe the preparation and use of a CD33-targeted thorium-227 conjugate (CD33-TTC), which binds to the sialic acid receptor CD33 for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). A chelator was conjugated to the CD33-targeting antibody lintuzumab via amide bonds, enabling radiolabeling with the alpha-emitter 227Th. The CD33-TTC induced in vitro cytotoxicity on CD33-positive cells, independent of multiple drug resistance (MDR) phenotype. After exposure to CD33-TTC, cells accumulated DNA double-strand breaks and were arrested in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. In vivo, the CD33-TTC demonstrated antitumor activity in a subcutaneous xenograft mouse model using HL-60 cells at a single dose regimen. Dose-dependent significant survival benefit was further demonstrated in a disseminated mouse tumor model after single dose injection or administered as a fractionated dose. The data presented support the further development of the CD33-TTC as a novel alpha pharmaceutical for the treatment of AML. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(10); 2422-31. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ellen Wang
- Thorium Conjugate Research, Bayer AS, Oslo, Norway
| | - Adam O Shea
- Thorium Conjugate Research, Bayer AS, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | | | - Olav B Ryan
- Thorium Conjugate Research, Bayer AS, Oslo, Norway
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32
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Yang C, He H, Zhang T, Chen Y, Kong Z. Decreased DAB2IP gene expression, which could be induced by fractionated irradiation, is associated with resistance to γ‑rays and α‑particles in prostate cancer cells. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:567-73. [PMID: 27177018 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
External beam radiation therapy, alone or combined with androgen deprivation, is a well‑established treatment for prostate cancer (PCa). However, not all patients benefit from radiotherapy due to congenital or acquired radioresistance. The preliminary results of the present study indicated that the loss of disabled homolog 2 interactive protein (DAB2IP) expression in PCa and normal prostate epithelia results in the resistance to γ‑rays. To further explore the association between DAB2IP and ionizing radiation (IR), PCa cells were fractionally irradiated 12 times with 2 Gy of γ‑rays and the change in DAB2IP mRNA expression was monitored. Notably, along with a continuous reduction of DAB2IP expression levels, increased expression levels of ataxia‑telangiectasia mutated (ATM) was observed in IR‑treated cells. In order to improve the sensitivity of DAB2IP‑deficient cells to IR, α‑particles, a type of high linear energy transfer radiation and KU55933, an ATM inhibitor, were used in the current study. It was determined that α‑particle irradiations were more effective than γ‑rays on cells expressing expected and decreased levels of DAB2IP. However, cells with a dysfunctional DAB2IP gene were resistant to α‑particle irradiation. Treatment with KU55933 did not enhance cell sensitivity to α‑irradiation. Therefore, this suggested that DAB2IP downregulation induced by radiotherapy may be associated with acquired radioresistance in patients with PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yang
- Department of Radiobiology, The Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Hui He
- Department of Radiobiology, The Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Department of Radiobiology, The Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Ying Chen
- Division of Children's Health, Huai'an Women and Children Hospital, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223002, P.R. China
| | - Zhaolu Kong
- Department of Radiobiology, The Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
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Targeted α-therapy using 227Th-APOMAB and cross-fire antitumour effects: preliminary in-vivo evaluation. Nucl Med Commun 2015; 35:1284-90. [PMID: 25192189 DOI: 10.1097/mnm.0000000000000199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to conventional cancer treatments is a major problem associated with solid tumours. Tumour hypoxia is associated with a poor prognosis and with poor treatment outcomes; therefore, there is a need for treatments that can kill hypoxic tumour cells. One potential option is targeted α-radioimmunotherapy, as α-particles can directly kill hypoxic tumour cells. The murine monoclonal antibody DAB4 (APOMAB), which binds dead tumour cells after DNA-damaging treatment, was conjugated and radiolabelled with the α-particle-emitting radionuclide thorium-227 (Th). Mice bearing Lewis lung tumours were administered Th-DAB4 alone or after chemotherapy and the tissue biodistribution of the radioimmunoconjugate was examined, as was the effect of these treatments on tumour growth and survival. Th-DAB4 accumulated in the tumour particularly after chemotherapy, whereas the distribution in healthy tissues did not change. Th-DAB4 as a monotherapy increased survival, with more pronounced responses observed when given after chemotherapy. We have shown that targeted α-therapy of necrotic tumour cells with Th-DAB4 had significant and surprising antitumour activity as it would occur only through a cross-fire effect.
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34
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Langford J, Chowdhury F, Orchard K. Development of an ELISA for the Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of a Murine Anti CD66 Monoclonal Antibody in Human Serum. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2015; 36:579-96. [PMID: 25715051 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2015.1017107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was needed to assist in the pharmacokinetic evaluation of the murine antibody conjugate CHX A" DTPA Besilesomab in serum samples in a clinical trial . A search failed to locate a validated assay that quantified murine antibodies in human serum so the purpose of this article was to develop a robust assay, validated against current guidelines. A detailed method for an ELISA to measure a murine antibody in human serum is described. The assay was validated as fit for purpose against the target values of coefficient of variation < 20% and accuracy ± 20%.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Langford
- a Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine , Southampton University , United Kingdom
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Wadas TJ, Pandya DN, Solingapuram Sai KK, Mintz A. Molecular targeted α-particle therapy for oncologic applications. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2014; 203:253-60. [PMID: 25055256 PMCID: PMC4490786 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.14.12554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A significant challenge facing traditional cancer therapies is their propensity to significantly harm normal tissue. The recent clinical success of targeting therapies by attaching them to antibodies that are specific to tumor-restricted biomarkers marks a new era of cancer treatments. CONCLUSION In this article, we highlight the recent developments in α-particle therapy that have enabled investigators to exploit this highly potent form of therapy by targeting tumor-restricted molecular biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaddeus J Wadas
- 1 Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
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36
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Nicolaides NC, O'Shannessy DJ, Albone E, Grasso L. Co-development of diagnostic vectors to support targeted therapies and theranostics: essential tools in personalized cancer therapy. Front Oncol 2014; 4:141. [PMID: 24982846 PMCID: PMC4056284 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel technologies are being developed to improve patient therapy through the identification of targets and surrogate molecular signatures that can help direct appropriate treatment regimens for efficacy and drug safety. This is particularly the case in oncology whereby patient tumor and biofluids are routinely isolated and analyzed for genetic, immunohistochemical, and/or soluble markers to determine if a predictive biomarker signature (i.e., mutated gene product, differentially expressed protein, altered cell surface antigen, etc.) exists as a means for selecting optimal treatment. These biomarkers may be drug-specific targets and/or differentially expressed nucleic acids, proteins, or cell lineage profiles that can directly affect the patient’s disease tissue or immune response to a therapeutic regimen. Improvements in diagnostics that can prescreen predictive response biomarker profiles will continue to optimize the ability to enhance patient therapy via molecularly defined disease-specific treatment. Conversely, patients lacking predictive response biomarkers will no longer needlessly be exposed to drugs that are unlikely to provide clinical benefit, thereby enabling patients to pursue other therapeutic options and lowering overall healthcare costs by avoiding futile treatment. While patient molecular profiling offers a powerful tool to direct treatment options, the difficulty in identifying disease-specific targets or predictive biomarker signatures that stratify a significant fraction within a disease indication remains challenging. A goal for drug developers is to identify and implement new strategies that can rapidly enable the development of beneficial disease-specific therapies for broad patient-specific targeting without the need of tedious predictive biomarker discovery and validation efforts, currently a bottleneck for development timelines. Successful strategies may gain an advantage by employing repurposed, less-expensive existing agents while potentially improving the therapeutic activity of novel, target-specific therapies that may otherwise have off-target toxicities or less efficacy in cells exhibiting certain pathways. Here, we discuss the use of co-developing diagnostic-targeting vectors to identify patients whose malignant tissue can specifically uptake a targeted anti-cancer drug vector prior to treatment. Using this system, a patient can be predetermined in real-time as to whether or not their tumor(s) can specifically uptake a drug-linked diagnostic vector, thus inferring the uptake of a similar vector linked to an anti-cancer agent. If tumor-specific uptake is observed, then the patient may be suitable for drug-linked vector therapy and have a higher likelihood of clinical benefit while patients with no tumor uptake should consider other therapeutic options. This approach offers complementary opportunities to rapidly develop broad tumor-specific agents for use in personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C Nicolaides
- Department of Translational Medicine and Diagnostics, Morphotek Inc. , Exton, PA , USA
| | - Daniel J O'Shannessy
- Department of Translational Medicine and Diagnostics, Morphotek Inc. , Exton, PA , USA
| | - Earl Albone
- Department of Translational Medicine and Diagnostics, Morphotek Inc. , Exton, PA , USA
| | - Luigi Grasso
- Department of Translational Medicine and Diagnostics, Morphotek Inc. , Exton, PA , USA
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Clarke RA, Allen BJ. Next-generation therapy for residual prostate cancer. Immunotherapy 2014; 5:1235-41. [PMID: 24188677 DOI: 10.2217/imt.13.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer claimed an estimated 136,500 lives globally in 2011. Ironically, the best existing treatment strategies provide survival benefits and missed opportunities to further improve outcomes. Prostatectomy provides the greatest survival benefit, albeit the risk of systemic recurrence increases dramatically with extracapsular involvement. To date, further systemic treatment is not generally prescribed for these 'high-risk' patients until such time as advanced disease is diagnosed based on persistent high PSA levels and/or when larger tumors are confirmed by imaging. This recurrent form of the disease is most often terminal. Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) provides outstanding early control for these patients, which is rather tragic as the early benefits of ADT are lost within 2 years for most men, as the cancer again progresses to an incurable 'late-stage' castration-resistant form of the disease with a median survival of approximately 18 months. We review the potential of targeted α-therapy as an adjuvant with minimal side effects for early-stage high-risk patients to be administered immediately following prostatectomy and/or during ADT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond A Clarke
- Ingham Institute, School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Liverpool 2170, NSW, Australia.
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Abstract
α-particle-emitting radionuclides are highly cytotoxic and are thus promising candidates for use in targeted radioimmunotherapy of cancer. Due to their high linear energy transfer (LET) combined with a short path length in tissue, α-particles cause severe DNA double-strand breaks that are repaired inaccurately and finally trigger cell death. For radioimmunotherapy, α-emitters such as 225Ac, 211At, 212Bi/212Pb, 213Bi and 227Th are coupled to antibodies via appropriate chelating agents. The α-emitter immunoconjugates preferably target proteins that are overexpressed or exclusively expressed on cancer cells. Application of α-emitter immunoconjugates seems particularly promising in treatment of disseminated cancer cells and small tumor cell clusters that are released during the resection of a primary tumor. α-emitter immunoconjugates have been successfully administered in numerous experimental studies for therapy of ovarian, colon, gastric, blood, breast and bladder cancer. Initial clinical trials evaluating α-emitter immunoconjugates in terms of toxicity and therapeutic efficacy have also shown positive results in patients with melanoma, ovarian cancer, acute myeloid lymphoma and glioma. The present problems in terms of availability of therapeutically effiective α-emitters will presumably be solved by use of alternative production routes and installation of additional production facilities in the near future. Therefore, clinical establishment of targeted α-emitter radioimmunotherapy as one part of a multimodal concept for therapy of cancer is a promising, middle-term concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christof Seidl
- Technische Universität München, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
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Doddamane I, Butler R, Jhaveri A, Chung GG, Cheng D. Where does radioimmunotherapy fit in the management of breast cancer? Immunotherapy 2014; 5:895-904. [PMID: 23902558 DOI: 10.2217/imt.13.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed malignancies and is the main cause of death in women aged 40-49 years. Metastatic breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease that has a variety of different clinical presentations, ranging from solitary metastatic lesion to diffuse and multiple organ involvement. The biological heterogeneity of metastatic breast cancer has led to its unpredictable clinical behavior. One of the major challenges, therefore, is to identify predictive and prognostic models facilitating the selection of patients who can benefit from more aggressive and potentially curative options. This article provides an overview of the current management of metastatic breast cancer with focused emphasis on radioimmunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indu Doddamane
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, PO Box 208042, New Haven, CT 06520-8042, USA.
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40
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Hess C, Venetz D, Neri D. Emerging classes of armed antibody therapeutics against cancer. MEDCHEMCOMM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3md00360d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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41
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Tomblyn MB, Katin MJ, Wallner PE. The New Golden Era for Radioimmunotherapy: Not Just for Lymphomas Anymore. Cancer Control 2013; 20:60-71. [DOI: 10.1177/107327481302000109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael B. Tomblyn
- Department of Radiation Oncology at the H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
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Heyerdahl H, Abbas N, Brevik EM, Mollatt C, Dahle J. Fractionated therapy of HER2-expressing breast and ovarian cancer xenografts in mice with targeted alpha emitting 227Th-DOTA-p-benzyl-trastuzumab. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42345. [PMID: 22879947 PMCID: PMC3411767 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to investigate therapeutic efficacy and normal tissue toxicity of single dosage and fractionated targeted alpha therapy (TAT) in mice with HER2-expressing breast and ovarian cancer xenografts using the low dose rate radioimmunoconjugate 227Th-DOTA-p-benzyl-trastuzumab. Methodology/Principal Findings Nude mice carrying HER2-overexpressing subcutaneous SKOV-3 or SKBR-3 xenografts were treated with 1000 kBq/kg 227Th-trastuzumab as single injection or four injections of 250 kBq/kg with intervals of 4–5 days, 2 weeks, or 4 weeks. Control animals were treated with normal saline or unlabeled trastuzumab. In SKOV-3 xenografts tumor growth to 10-fold size was delayed (p<0.01) and survival with tumor diameter less than 16 mm was prolonged (p<0.05) in all TAT groups compared to the control groups. No statistically significant differences were seen among the treated groups. In SKBR-3 xenografts tumor growth to 10-fold size was delayed in the single injection and 4–5 days interval groups (p<0.001) and all except the 4 weeks interval TAT group showed improved survival to the control groups (p<0.05). Toxicity was assessed by blood cell counts, clinical chemistry measurements and body weight. Transient reduction in white blood cells was seen for the single injection and 4–5 days interval groups (p<0.05). No significant changes were seen in red blood cells, platelets or clinical chemistry parameters. Survival without life threatening loss of body weight was significantly prolonged in 4 weeks interval group compared to single injection group (p<0.05) for SKOV-3 animals and in 2 weeks interval group compared with the 4–5 days interval groups (p<0.05) for SKBR-3 animals. Conclusions/Significance The same concentration of radioactivity split into several fractions may improve toxicity of 227Th-radioimmunotherapy while the therapeutic effect is maintained. Thus, it might be possible to increase the cumulative absorbed radiation dose to tumor with acceptable toxicity by fractionation of the dosage.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/adverse effects
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use
- Autoradiography
- Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Dose Fractionation, Radiation
- Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation
- Female
- Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring/administration & dosage
- Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring/adverse effects
- Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring/therapeutic use
- Humans
- Leukocyte Count
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Organometallic Compounds/administration & dosage
- Organometallic Compounds/adverse effects
- Organometallic Compounds/therapeutic use
- Ovarian Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Ovarian Neoplasms/pathology
- Receptor, ErbB-2/metabolism
- Survival Analysis
- Time Factors
- Trastuzumab
- Tumor Burden
- Weight Loss
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Heyerdahl
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University, Hospital - The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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