Design, synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation of novel 2-aryl-thiazolidin-4-one derivatives

Recent advances in synthetic strategies and SAR of thiazolidin-4-one containing molecules in cancer therapeutics

Cancer is one of the life-threatening diseases accountable for millions of demises globally. The inadequate effectiveness of the existing chemotherapy and its harmful effects has resulted in the necessity of developing innovative anticancer agents. Thiazolidin-4-one scaffold is among the most important chemical skeletons that illustrate anticancer activity. Thiazolidin-4-one derivatives have been the subject of extensive research and current scientific literature reveals that these compounds have shown significant anticancer activities. This manuscript is an earnest attempt to review novel thiazolidin-4-one derivatives demonstrating considerable potential as anticancer agents along with a brief discussion of medicinal chemistry-related aspects of these compounds and structural activity relationship studies in order to develop possible multi-target enzyme inhibitors. Most recently, various synthetic strategies have been developed by researchers to get various thiazolidin-4-one derivatives. In this review, the authors highlight the various synthetic, green, and nanomaterial-based synthesis routes of thiazolidin-4-ones as well as their role in anticancer activity by inhibition of various enzymes and cell lines. The detailed description of the existing modern standards in the field presented in this article may be interesting and beneficial to the scientists for further exploration of these heterocyclic compounds as possible anticancer agents.

Design, synthesis, in silico studies and biological evaluation of 5-((E)-4-((E)-(substituted aryl/alkyl)methyl)benzylidene)thiazolidine-2,4-dione derivatives

BACKGROUND

Looking at the extensive biological potential of thiazolidine-2,4-dione (TZD) moiety, a new series of thiazolidine-2,4-dione analogues was synthesized. Different spectral techniques (1H-NMR, IR, MS etc.) were used to confirm the chemical structures of the synthesized analogues. These synthesized compounds were screened for their antioxidant and antimicrobial potential.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The antimicrobial screening was carried out against selected strains of fungi and bacteria using serial tube dilution method. The antioxidant potential was assessed using stable 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging method. Further, the interaction between synthesized thiazolidine-2,4-dione compounds and DNA gyrase was explored using molecular docking studies. Various ADME parameters were also studied to evaluate the drug likeness of the synthesized compounds.

CONCLUSION

In antimicrobial evaluation, the compounds 4, 9, 11, 12, 13, 15 and 16 displayed promising activity against selected strains of microbes. Antioxidant evaluation found compound 6 having IC50 = 9.18 μg/mL to be the most potent compound in the series. The molecular docking study revealed compounds 4 (dock score = - 4.73) and 7 (dock score = - 4.61) with decent docking score, possess good interaction inside the ATP binding pocket of DNA gyrase and therefore can be used as lead structure for further optimizing into potent antimicrobial molecule.

Yb(OTf)3 catalysed regioselective synthesis of unusual di- and tri- substituted 3,4-dihydrothiochromeno[3,2-e][1,3]thiazin-5(2H)-one derivatives through a pseudo four-component hetero-Diels–Alder reaction

An efficient and facile regioselective synthesis of di- and tri-substituted 3,4-dihydrothiochromeno[3,2-e][1,3]thiazin-5(2H)-one derivatives was achieved through an ytterbium triflate catalysed pseudo four component hetero-Diels–Alder reaction.

DMAP-promoted domino annulation of β-ketothioamides with internal alkynes: a highly regioselective access to functionalized 1,3-thiazolidin-4-ones at room temperature

One-pot DMAP-mediated regioselective access to functionalized 1,3-thiazolidin-4-ones has been achieved via annulation of β-ketothioamides with internal alkynes.

The synthesis and the biological evaluation of new thiazolidin-4-one derivatives containing a xanthine moiety

Starting from theophylline (1,3-dimethylxanthine) new thiazolidin-4-one derivatives 7a_1–7, 7b_1–7 have been synthesized as potential antidiabetic drugs. The structure of the new derivatives was confirmed using spectral methods (FT-IR, ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR). The in vitro antioxidant potential of the synthesized compounds was evaluated according to the ferric reducing power, the total antioxidant activity and the DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radicals are considered to be implicated in a variety of pathological events, such as diabetes mellitus and its micro- and macrovascular complications. The results of chemical modulation of the thiazolidin-4-one intermediaries 6a, 6b through condensation with several aromatic aldehydes is the improvement of the antioxidant effect. All benzylidenethiazolidin-4-one derivatives 7a_1–7, 7b_1–7 are more active than their parent thiazolidin-4-ones. The most active compounds are the ones obtained by reaction of condensation with 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (compounds 7a₅, 7a₆), 4-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (compounds 7a₆, 7b₆) and 2-nitrobenzaldehyde (compounds 7a₇, 7b₇).

Synthesis, antifungal and cytotoxic activities of 2-aryl-3-((piperidin-1-yl)ethyl)thiazolidinones

A series of sixteen novel thiazolidinone derivatives were synthesized from the efficient one-pot reaction of 2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethylamine, arenealdehydes and mercaptoacetic acid in good yields. Identification and characterization of products were achieved by NMR and GC-MS techniques. The in vitro antifungal activities of all synthesized compounds were evaluated against seven fungi: Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis, Candida guilliermondii, Cryptococcus laurentii, Geotrichum sp, Trichosporon asahii and Rhodotorula sp. The results are expressed as the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) and the best results were found against the Rhodotorula sp yeast. Two thiazolidinones (4h and 4l), MIC and MFC (16.5 μg/mL) proved to be 1.6 times more active than fluconazole and four of them (4b, 4e, 4g and 4k (MIC and MFC 25 μg/mL)) showed similar activity of standard drug to Rhodotorula sp. In addition, the cytotoxicity of thiazolidinones 4a-p was evaluated on cultured Vero cells and most of them displayed low toxicity (above 98 μg/mL). These preliminary and important results could be considered a starting point for the development of new antifungal agents.