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González-Gutiérrez AG, Gutiérrez-Mora A, Verdín J, Rodríguez-Garay B. An F-Actin Mega-Cable Is Associated With the Migration of the Sperm Nucleus During the Fertilization of the Polarity-Inverted Central Cell of Agave inaequidens. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:774098. [PMID: 34899803 PMCID: PMC8652256 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.774098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Asparagaceae's large embryo sacs display a central cell nucleus polarized toward the chalaza, which means the sperm nucleus that fuses with it during double fertilization migrates an atypical long distance before karyogamy. Because of the size and inverted polarity of the central cell in Asparagaceae, we hypothesize that the second fertilization process is supported by an F-actin machinery different from the short-range F-actin structures observed in Arabidopsis and other plant models. Here, we analyzed the F-actin dynamics of Agave inaequidens, a classical Asparagaceae, before, during, and after the central cell fertilization. Several parallel F-actin cables, spanning from the central cell nucleus to the micropylar pole, and enclosing the vacuole, were observed. As fertilization progressed, a thick F-actin mega-cable traversing the vacuole appeared, connecting the central cell nucleus with the micropylar pole near the egg cell. This mega-cable wrapped the sperm nucleus in transit to fuse with the central cell nucleus. Once karyogamy finished, and the endosperm started to develop, the mega-cable disassembled, but new F-actin structures formed. These observations suggest that Asparagaceae, and probably other plant species with similar embryo sacs, evolved an F-actin machinery specifically adapted to support the migration of the fertilizing sperm nucleus within a large-sized and polarity-inverted central cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra G. González-Gutiérrez
- Unidad de Biotecnología Vegetal, CIATEJ, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Zapopan, Mexico
| | - Antonia Gutiérrez-Mora
- Unidad de Biotecnología Vegetal, CIATEJ, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Zapopan, Mexico
| | - Jorge Verdín
- Unidad de Biotecnología Industrial, CIATEJ, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Zapopan, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Jorge Verdín,
| | - Benjamín Rodríguez-Garay
- Unidad de Biotecnología Vegetal, CIATEJ, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Zapopan, Mexico
- Benjamín Rodríguez-Garay,
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Cerović R, Fotirić Akšić M, Đorđević M, Meland M. Functionality of Embryo Sacs in Pear Cultivars 'Ingeborg' and 'Celina' as Related to Fruit Set under Nordic Climate. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E1716. [PMID: 33291400 PMCID: PMC7762079 DOI: 10.3390/plants9121716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Since the European pear (Pyrus communis L.) is a self-incompatible fruit species, synchrony and compatibility between female parts of the mother plant and male gametes from the pollen donor must be fulfilled. Besides pollination and fertilization, normal embryo and zygote development is one of the prerequisites for the satisfactory yields in pears. The main goal of this experiment was to investigate the functionality of embryo sacs and the embryo's early stages of growth in relation to the fruit set of diploid ('Celina') and the triploid ('Ingeborg') pear cultivars under specific Norwegian climatic conditions. For this purpose, flowers were collected at the beginning of flowering, and on the third, sixth, ninth, and twelfth days after the beginning of this phenophase for two consecutive years. Ovaries were dehydrated, embedded in paraffin wax, sectioned, stained, and observed under the light microscope. In the analyzed cultivars, results showed different tendencies in embryo sac development and degradation processes, in both experimental years, which is probably due to the genetic background of the examined cultivars. Also, fertilization success and fruit set were higher in the second year of study due to the higher average temperature during the flowering period. Diploid cultivar 'Celina' showed much better adaptation to high temperatures in relation to triploid cultivar 'Ingeborg'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radosav Cerović
- Innovation Centre at Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11120 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Milica Fotirić Akšić
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Milena Đorđević
- Fruit Research Institute, Čačak, Kralja Petra I/9, 32000 Čačak, Serbia;
| | - Mekjell Meland
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, NIBIO Ullensvang, N-5781 Lofthus, Norway
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Kwiatkowska M, Kadłuczka D, Wędzony M, Dedicova B, Grzebelus E. Refinement of a clearing protocol to study crassinucellate ovules of the sugar beet ( Beta vulgaris L., Amaranthaceae). PLANT METHODS 2019; 15:71. [PMID: 31316582 PMCID: PMC6613245 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-019-0452-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clearing methods allow relatively quick processing of plant material and examination of cellular structures by rendering tissues and organs translucent. They have been adapted for plant embryology, primarily to study ovule development, megasporogenesis, megagametogenesis and embryogenesis. Such clearing methods overcome several disadvantages of the conventional embedding-sectioning techniques that are arduous and time-consuming. Although numerous protocols with different clearing solutions have been described, there have been no reports to date proposing a reliable method to clear the crassinucellate ovules of the sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.), an economically important crop. Therefore, this study aims to find a suitable approach to improve the tissue transparency of sugar beet ovules at different developmental stages. RESULTS We established a methyl salicylate-based protocol that significantly improved the transparency of the B. vulgaris ovule structures, which allowed us to observe the megagameto- and embryogenesis of that species. This was achieved by (1) chemical softening of the tissues; (2) vacuum pump-assisted infiltration step; (3) shaking-assisted incubation with clearing mixtures; and (4) manual removal of the chemically softened seed coat. CONCLUSIONS The effectiveness of our method is due to the strategy combining various approaches at different stages of the procedure aiming at increasing the accessibility of the internal ovule structures to the clearing solution. The results of this study may be applied in sugar beet breeding programs, and it will provide a basis for further investigation of numerous aspects of the species' embryology. Moreover, that unique approach may be easily adapted to other species developing crassinucellate ovules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Kwiatkowska
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Dariusz Kadłuczka
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 29 Listopada 54, 31-425 Kraków, Poland
| | - Maria Wędzony
- Institute of Biology, Pedagogical University of Cracow, Podchorążych 2, 30-084 Kraków, Poland
| | - Beata Dedicova
- MariboHilleshög Research AB, Säbyholmsvägen 24, 261 91 Landskrona, Sweden
| | - Ewa Grzebelus
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 29 Listopada 54, 31-425 Kraków, Poland
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Barranco-Guzmán AM, González-Gutiérrez AG, Rout NP, Verdín J, Rodríguez-Garay B. Cytosolic calcium localization and dynamics during early endosperm development in the genus Agave (Asparagales, Asparagaceae). PROTOPLASMA 2019; 256:1079-1092. [PMID: 30923921 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-019-01366-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Calcium is a secondary messenger that regulates and coordinates the cellular responses to environmental cues. Despite calcium being a key player during fertilization in plants, little is known about its role during the development of the endosperm. For this reason, the distribution, abundance, and dynamics of cytosolic calcium during the first stages of endosperm development of Agave tequilana and Agave salmiana were analyzed. Cytosolic calcium and actin filaments detected in the embryo sacs of Agave tequilana and A. salmiana revealed that they play an important role during the division and nuclear migration of the endosperm. After fertilization, a relatively high concentration of cytosolic calcium was located in the primary nucleus of the endosperm, as well as around migrating nuclei during the development of the endosperm. Cytosolic calcium participates actively during the first mitosis of the endosperm mother cell and interacts with the actin filaments that generate the motor forces during the migration of the nuclei through the large cytoplasm of the central cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Martín Barranco-Guzmán
- Unidad de Biotecnología Vegetal, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Camino Arenero 1227, El Bajío del Arenal, Zapopan, 45019, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Alejandra G González-Gutiérrez
- Unidad de Biotecnología Vegetal, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Camino Arenero 1227, El Bajío del Arenal, Zapopan, 45019, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Nutan Prasad Rout
- Unidad de Biotecnología Vegetal, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Camino Arenero 1227, El Bajío del Arenal, Zapopan, 45019, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Jorge Verdín
- Unidad de Biotecnología Industrial, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Camino Arenero 1227, El Bajío del Arenal, Zapopan, 45019, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Benjamín Rodríguez-Garay
- Unidad de Biotecnología Vegetal, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Camino Arenero 1227, El Bajío del Arenal, Zapopan, 45019, Jalisco, Mexico.
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Brzezicka E, Kozieradzka-Kiszkurno M. Female gametophyte development in Sedum sediforme (Jacq.) Pau (Crassulaceae): an anatomical, cytochemical and ultrastructural analysis. PROTOPLASMA 2019; 256:537-553. [PMID: 30324403 PMCID: PMC6514081 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-018-1319-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Available documentation about the development of the female gametophyte of Crassulaceae is very limited. The aim of this study was to extend the embryological knowledge of Crassulaceae by analysing the development of the embryo sac in Sedum sediforme. Transmission electron microscopy and light microscopy including Nomarski optics (DIC) were used to observe individual stages of female gametophyte development. Cytochemical staining enabled detection of lipids, insoluble polysaccharides and proteins in gametophyte cells during their formation. Their increased accumulation was observed during nucellar cell and unfunctional cell degeneration in the embryo sac at the coenocytic and cellular stages (megagametogenesis). The female gametophyte develops in anatropous, bitegmic and crassinucellate ovules. The mature embryo sac is built of seven cells but after antipodes degeneration it is formed by the egg apparatus and a central cell. The monosporic Polygonum type was observed. One megaspore mother cell (MMC) formed three cells after meiosis. A triad was formed from a functional megaspore (placed chalazally), one uninucleate megaspore and a binucleate cell located at the micropylar end. Plasmodesmata with adhering electron-dense dome were noticed in walls of the coenocytic embryo sac and in the outer walls of ephemeral antipodes. Moreover, similar to synergids, antipodes form wall ingrowths. Here, we report new structural features of the antipodal cells (the presence of plasmodesmata with an electron-dense dome) which have not been described before. This new structural observation indicates that these cells participate in substance transport and that this process can probably be additionally regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Brzezicka
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, 59 Wita Stwosza St., 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kozieradzka-Kiszkurno
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, 59 Wita Stwosza St., 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland.
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Brzezicka E, Kozieradzka-Kiszkurno M. Ultrastructural and cytochemical aspects of female gametophyte development in Sedum hispanicum L. (Crassulaceae). PROTOPLASMA 2018; 255:247-261. [PMID: 28840347 PMCID: PMC5756285 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-017-1155-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Until now, development of the female gametophyte has been investigated only in some species of Crassulaceae using a light microscope. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that describes the process of megasporogenesis and megagametogenesis in Crassulaceae in detail. To achieve this, we performed embryological studies on Sedum hispanicum L. (Crassulaceae). Cytochemical analysis detected the presence of proteins, lipids, and insoluble polysaccharides in individual cells of the gametophyte. The development of the embryo sac conforms to the monosporic or Polygonum-type in anatropous, crassinucellate, and bitegmic ovules. One megaspore mother cell initiates the process of megasporogenesis. Prior to the first meiotic division, the nucleus is centrally located within the meiocyte. Other organelles seem to be distributed evenly over the micropylar and chalazal parts during the development. Most storage reserves detected during megasporogenesis were observed in the megaspore mother cell. Three mitotic divisions within the chalazal functional megaspore resulted in the enlargement of the eight-nucleated embryo sac. In the seven-celled gametophyte, three chalazally located antipodes degenerated. A mature embryo sac was formed by the egg apparatus and central cell. When the antipodes degenerated, both synergids became organelle-rich and more active. The concentration of lipid droplets, starch grains, and proteins increased during megagametogenesis in the growing gametophyte. In the cellular embryo sac, the central cell can be distinguished by its largest accumulation. Our data confirm the hypothesis that plasmodesmata with electron-dense dome are formed during development of the female gametophyte in S. hispanicum and not just during the stages of embryogenesis. We observed these structures in megaspores and coenocytic embryo sac walls. Functions of observed plasmodesmata are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Brzezicka
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, 59 Wita Stwosza Street, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kozieradzka-Kiszkurno
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, 59 Wita Stwosza Street, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland.
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Zhu Q, Zhang XL, Nadir S, DongChen WH, Guo XQ, Zhang HX, Li CY, Chen LJ, Lee DS. A LysM Domain-Containing Gene OsEMSA1 Involved in Embryo sac Development in Rice ( Oryza sativa L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1596. [PMID: 28979272 PMCID: PMC5611485 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The embryo sac plays a vital role in sexual reproduction of angiosperms. LysM domain containing proteins with multiple lysin motifs are widespread proteins and are involved in plant defense responses against fungal chitins and bacterial peptidoglycans. Various studies have reported the role of LysM domain-containing proteins in plant defense mechanisms but their involvement in sexual reproduction remains largely unknown. Here, we report the involvement of a LysM domain-containing gene, EMBRYO SAC 1 (OsEMSA1), in the sexual reproduction of rice. The gene encoded a LysM domain-containing protein that was necessary for embryo sac development and function. The gene was expressed in root, stem, leaf tissues, panicle and ovaries and had some putative role in hormone regulation. Suppression of OsEMSA1 expression resulted in a defective embryo sac with poor differentiation of gametophytic cells, which consequently failed to attract pollen tubes and so reduced the panicle seed-setting rate. Our data offers new insight into the functions of LysM domain-containing proteins in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhu
- Rice Research Institute, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China
| | - Xiao-Ling Zhang
- Rice Research Institute, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China
| | - Sadia Nadir
- Rice Research Institute, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and TechnologyBannu, Pakistan
| | - Wen-Hua DongChen
- Rice Research Institute, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China
| | - Xiao-Qiong Guo
- Rice Research Institute, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China
| | - Hui-Xin Zhang
- Rice Research Institute, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China
| | - Cheng-Yun Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Agricultural Biodiversity and Pest Management of China Education Ministry, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China
| | - Li-Juan Chen
- Rice Research Institute, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China
| | - Dong-Sun Lee
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China
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González-Gutiérrez AG, Rodríguez-Garay B. Embryogenesis in Polianthes tuberosa L var. Simple: from megasporogenesis to early embryo development. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:1804. [PMID: 27812444 PMCID: PMC5069234 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-3528-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The genus Polianthes belongs to the subfamily Agavoideae of the Asparagaceae family formerly known as Agavaceae. The genus is endemic to México and comprises about 15 species, among them is Polianthes tuberosa L. The aim of this work was to study and characterize the embryo sac and early embryo development of this species in order to generate basic knowledge for its use in taxonomy, in vitro fertilization and production of haploid plants and to complement studies already performed in other genera and species belonging to the Agavoideae sub-family. It was found that the normal development of the P. tuberosa var. Simple embryo sac follows a monosporic pattern of the Polygonum type and starts its development from the chalazal megaspore. At maturity, the embryo sac is of a pyriform shape with a chalazal haustorial tube where the antipodals are located, just below the hypostase, which connects the embryo sac with the nucellar tissue of the ovule. The central cell nucleus shows a high polarity, being located at the chalazal extreme of the embryo sac. The position of cells inside the P. tuberosa embryo sac may be useful for in depth studies about the double fertilization. Furthermore, it was possible to make a chronological description of the events that happen from fertilization and early embryo development to the initial development of the endosperm which was classified as of the helobial type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra G González-Gutiérrez
- Unidad de Biotecnología Vegetal, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C. Camino Arenero 1227, El Bajío del Arenal, 45019 Zapopan, Jalisco Mexico
| | - Benjamín Rodríguez-Garay
- Unidad de Biotecnología Vegetal, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C. Camino Arenero 1227, El Bajío del Arenal, 45019 Zapopan, Jalisco Mexico
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