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Al-Zuhairy SAS, Teaima MH, Shoman NA, Elasaly M, El-Nabarawi MA, El-Sawy HS. PEGylated Tween 80-functionalized chitosan-lipidic nano-vesicular hybrids for heightening nose-to-brain delivery and bioavailability of metoclopramide. Drug Deliv 2023; 30:2189112. [PMID: 36916128 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2023.2189112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A PEGylated Tween 80-functionalized chitosan-lipidic (PEG-T-Chito-Lip) nano-vesicular hybrid was developed for intranasal administration as an alternative delivery route to help improve the poor oral bioavailability of BCS class-III model/antiemetic (metoclopramide hydrochloride; MTC). The influence of varying levels of chitosan, cholesterol, PEG 600, and Tween 80 on the stability/release parameters of the formulated nanovesicles was optimized using Draper-Lin Design. Two optimized formulations (Opti-Max and Opti-Min) with both maximized and minimized MTC-release goals, were predicted, characterized, and proved their vesicular outline via light/electron microscopy, along with the mutual prompt/extended in-vitro release patterns. The dual-optimized MTC-loaded PEG-T-Chito-Lip nanovesicles were loaded in intranasal in-situ gel (ISG) and further underwent in-vivo pharmacokinetics/nose-to-brain delivery valuation on Sprague-Dawley rats. The absorption profiles in plasma (plasma-AUC0-∞) of the intranasal dual-optimized MTC-loaded nano-vesicular ISG formulation in pretreated rats were 2.95-fold and 1.64-fold more than rats pretreated with orally administered MTC and intranasally administered raw MTC-loaded ISG formulation, respectively. Interestingly, the brain-AUC0-∞ of the intranasal dual-optimized MTC-loaded ISG was 10 and 3 times more than brain-AUC0-∞ of the MTC-oral tablet and the intranasal raw MTC-loaded ISG, respectively. It was also revealed that the intranasal dual-optimized ISG significantly had the lowest liver-AUC0-∞ (862.19 ng.g-1.h-1) versus the MTC-oral tablet (5732.17 ng.g-1.h-1) and the intranasal raw MTC-loaded ISG (1799.69 ng.g-1.h-1). The brain/blood ratio profile for the intranasal dual-optimized ISG was significantly enhanced over all other MTC formulations (P < 0.05). Moreover, the 198.55% drug targeting efficiency, 75.26% nose-to-brain direct transport percentage, and 4.06 drug targeting index of the dual-optimized formulation were significantly higher than those of the raw MTC-loaded ISG formulation. The performance of the dual-optimized PEG-T-Chito-Lip nano-vesicular hybrids for intranasal administration evidenced MTC-improved bioavailability, circumvented hepatic metabolism, and enhanced brain targetability, with increased potentiality in heightening the convenience and compliance for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mahmoud H Teaima
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nabil A Shoman
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Elasaly
- Pharmaceutical Inspection Department, Medical Service Sector, Ministry of Interior, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A El-Nabarawi
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hossam S El-Sawy
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Cairo, Egypt
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Ali A, Madni A, Shah H, Jamshaid T, Jan N, Khan S, Khan MM, Mahmood MA. Solid lipid-based nanoparticulate system for sustained release and enhanced in-vitro cytotoxic effect of 5-fluorouracil on skin Melanoma and squamous cell carcinoma. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281004. [PMID: 36854019 PMCID: PMC9974133 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to prepare solid lipid-based nanoparticles (SLNs) using Precirol® ATO 5 as solid lipid and Poloxamer 188 and Tween 80 as surfactant and co-surfactant respectively, and SLNs-derived gel for sustained delivery, enhanced in-vitro cytotoxicity, enhanced cellular uptake of 5-FU and enhanced permeation of 5-FU across the skin. The 5-FU-loaded SLNs were prepared by the hot melt encapsulation method and converted into SLN-derived gel using a gelling agent (Carbopol 940). The 5-FU-loaded SLNs had a particle size in the range of 76.82±1.48 to 327±4.46 nm, zeta potential between -11.3±2.11 and -28.4±2.40 mV, and entrapment efficiency (%) in range of 63.46±1.13 and 76.08±2.42. The FTIR analysis depicted that there was no chemical interaction between 5-FU and formulation components. Differential scanning calorimetric analysis showed thermal stability of 5-FU in the nanoparticles and powdered X-ray diffraction analysis revealed successful incorporation of 5-FU in nanoparticles. The in-vitro release study of 5-FU-loaded SLNs showed biphasic release behavior with initial burst release followed by sustained release over 48 hr. The 5-FU-loaded SLNs showed a greater cytotoxic effect on skin melanoma (B16F10 cells) and squamous cell carcinoma (A-431 cells) as compared to free 5-FU drug solution after 48 hr. Flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy displayed enhanced quantitative and qualitative cellular uptake of SLNs. The SLNs formulation showed acceptable safety and biocompatible profile after an acute toxicity study in Wistar rats. Moreover, ex-vivo permeation studies depicted 2.13±0.076 folds enhanced flux of 5-FU-loaded SLN derived gel compared to 5-FU plain gel, and skin retention studies revealed target efficiency (%) 2.54±0.03 of 5-FU-loaded SLN derived gel compared to 5-FU plain gel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahsan Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Asadullah Madni
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
- * E-mail:
| | - Hassan Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Talha Jamshaid
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Nasrullah Jan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
- Akson College of Pharmacy, Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mirpur, AJ&K, Pakistan
| | - Safiullah Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
- Cadson College of Pharmacy, Kharian, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Muzamil Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ahmad Mahmood
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
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Cholesterol-Based Nanovesicles Enhance the In Vitro Cytotoxicity, Ex Vivo Intestinal Absorption, and In Vivo Bioavailability of Flutamide. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13111741. [PMID: 34834155 PMCID: PMC8623090 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Critical adverse effects and frequent administration, three times per day, limit the use of flutamide (FLT) as a chemotherapeutic agent in the treatment of prostate cancer. Therefore, our research aimed to develop new cholesterol-based nanovesicles for delivering FLT to malignant cells in an endeavor to maximize its therapeutic efficacy and minimize undesired adverse effects. Draper–Lin small composite design was used to optimize the critical quality attributes of FLT-loaded niosomes and ensure the desired product quality. The influence of the selected four independent variables on mean particle size (Y1), zeta potential (Y2), drug entrapment efficiency (Y3), and the cumulative drug release after 24 h (Y4) was examined. The optimized nanovesicles were assessed for their in vitro cytotoxicity, ex-vivo absorption via freshly excised rabbit intestine as well as in vivo pharmacokinetics on male rats. TEM confirmed nanovescicles’ spherical shape with bilayer structure. Values of dependent variables were 748.6 nm, −48.60 mV, 72.8% and 72.2% for Y1, Y2, Y3 and Y4, respectively. The optimized FLT-loaded niosomes exerted high cytotoxic efficacy against human prostate cancer cell line (PC-3) with an IC50 value of 0.64 ± 0.04 µg/mL whilst, it was 1.88 ± 0.16 µg/mL for free FLT. Moreover, the IC50 values on breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) were 0.27 ± 0.07 µg/mL and 4.07 ± 0.74 µg/mL for FLT-loaded niosomes and free FLT, respectively. The permeation of the optimized FLT-loaded niosomes through the rabbit intestine showed an enhancement ratio of about 1.5 times that of the free FLT suspension. In vivo pharmacokinetic study displayed an improvement in oral bioavailability of the optimized niosomal formulation with AUC and Cmax values of 741.583 ± 33.557 μg/mL × min and 6.950 ± 0.45 μg/mL compared to 364.536 ± 45.215 μg/mL × min and 2.650 ± 0.55 μg/mL for the oral FLT suspension. With these promising findings, we conclude that encapsulation of FLT in cholesterol-loaded nanovesicles enhanced its anticancer activity and oral bioavailability which endorse its use in the management of prostate cancer.
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Desoqi MH, El-Sawy HS, Kafagy E, Ghorab M, Gad S. Fluticasone propionate-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles with augmented anti-inflammatory activity: optimisation, characterisation and pharmacodynamic evaluation on rats. J Microencapsul 2021; 38:177-191. [PMID: 33583315 DOI: 10.1080/02652048.2021.1887383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This work aimed to elaborate an optimised fluticasone propionate (FP)-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) to enhance FP effectiveness for topical inflammatory remediation. The influences of drug amount, lipid, and surfactant ratios, on drug release pattern and stability were investigated utilising Box-Behnken design. Elaboration, characterisation, and pharmacodynamic evaluation in comparison with the marketed formulation (Cutivate® cream, 0.05%w/w FP), were conducted for the optimised SLNs. The optimised SLNs with a size of 248.3 ± 1.89 nm (PDI = 0.275) and -32.4 ± 2.85 mV zeta potential were evidenced good stability physiognomies. The optimised SLNs pre-treated rats exhibited non-significant difference in paw volume from that of the control group and showed a significant reduction in both PGE2 and TNF-α levels by 51.5 and 61%, respectively, in comparison with the Carrageenan group. The optimised FP-loaded SLNs maximised the efficacy of FP towards inflammation alleviation that increase its potential as efficient implement in inflammatory skin diseases remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed H Desoqi
- Pharmacy Department, The Armed Forces Medical Complex, Al Qobry El Qoba, Ministry of Defence, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hossam S El-Sawy
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Elsayed Kafagy
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Mamdouh Ghorab
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Shadeed Gad
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
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Gardouh AR, Ewedah TM, Abd-Allah FI, Ghorab MM, Omran MM, El-Sawy HS. Enhanced efficacy, cellular uptake, and antiangiogenic activity of the optimized imatinib mesylate-loaded proniosomal-derived nanovesicles. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.102267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Kassem MA, Megahed MA, Abu Elyazid SK, Abd-Allah FI, Abdelghany TM, Al-Abd AM, El-Say KM. Enhancing the Therapeutic Efficacy of Tamoxifen Citrate Loaded Span-Based Nano-Vesicles on Human Breast Adenocarcinoma Cells. AAPS PharmSciTech 2018; 19:1529-1543. [PMID: 29470829 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-018-0962-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Serious adverse effects and low selectivity to cancer cells are the main obstacles of long term therapy with Tamoxifen (Tmx). This study aimed to develop Tmx-loaded span-based nano-vesicles for delivery to malignant tissues with maximum efficacy. The effect of three variables on vesicle size (Y1), zeta potential (Y2), entrapment efficiency (Y3) and the cumulative percent release after 24 h (Y4) were optimized using Box-Behnken design. The optimized formula was prepared and tested for its stability in different storage conditions. The observed values for the optimized formula were 310.2 nm, - 42.09 mV, 75.45 and 71.70% for Y1, Y2, Y3, and Y4, respectively. The examination using electron microscopy confirmed the formation of rounded vesicles with distinctive bilayer structure. Moreover, the cytotoxic activity of the optimized formula on both breast cancer cells (MCF-7) and normal cells (BHK) showed enhanced selectivity (9.4 folds) on cancerous cells with IC50 values 4.7 ± 1.5 and 44.3 ± 1.3 μg/ml on cancer and normal cells, respectively. While, free Tmx exhibited lower selectivity (2.5 folds) than optimized nano-vesicles on cancer cells with IC50 values of 9.0 ± 1.1 μg/ml and 22.5 ± 5.3 μg/ml on MCF-7 and BHK cells, respectively. The promising prepared vesicular system, with greater efficacy and selectivity, provides a marvelous tool to overcome breast cancer treatment challenges.
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Soliman MS, Abd-Allah FI, Hussain T, Saeed NM, El-Sawy HS. Date seed oil loaded niosomes: development, optimization and anti-inflammatory effect evaluation on rats. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2018; 44:1185-1197. [DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2018.1438465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud S. Soliman
- Department of pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, KSA
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Fathy I. Abd-Allah
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Talib Hussain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, KSA
| | - Noha M. Saeed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hossam S. El-Sawy
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Cairo, Egypt
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An Inhalable Powder Formulation Based on Micro- and Nanoparticles Containing 5-Fluorouracil for the Treatment of Metastatic Melanoma. NANOMATERIALS 2018; 8:nano8020075. [PMID: 29385692 PMCID: PMC5853707 DOI: 10.3390/nano8020075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is the most aggressive and lethal type of skin cancer, with a poor prognosis because of the potential for metastatic spread. The aim was to develop innovative powder formulations for the treatment of metastatic melanoma based on micro- and nanocarriers containing 5-fluorouracil (5FU) for pulmonary administration, aiming at local and systemic action. Therefore, two innovative inhalable powder formulations were produced by spray-drying using chondroitin sulfate as a structuring polymer: (a) 5FU nanoparticles obtained by piezoelectric atomization (5FU-NS) and (b) 5FU microparticles of the mucoadhesive agent Methocel™ F4M for sustained release produced by conventional spray drying (5FU-MS). The physicochemical and aerodynamic were evaluated in vitro for both systems, proving to be attractive for pulmonary delivery. The theoretical aerodynamic diameters obtained were 0.322 ± 0.07 µm (5FU-NS) and 1.138 ± 0.54 µm (5FU-MS). The fraction of respirable particles (FR%) were 76.84 ± 0.07% (5FU-NS) and 55.01 ± 2.91% (5FU-MS). The in vitro mucoadhesive properties exhibited significant adhesion efficiency in the presence of Methocel™ F4M. 5FU-MS and 5FU-NS were tested for their cytotoxic action on melanoma cancer cells (A2058 and A375) and both showed a cytotoxic effect similar to 5FU pure at concentrations of 4.3 and 1.7-fold lower, respectively.
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Kassem MA, El-Sawy HS, Abd-Allah FI, Abdelghany TM, El-Say KM. Maximizing the Therapeutic Efficacy of Imatinib Mesylate–Loaded Niosomes on Human Colon Adenocarcinoma Using Box-Behnken Design. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:111-122. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Jain AS, Dhawan VV, Sarmento B, Nagarsenker MS. In Vitro and Ex Vivo Evaluations of Lipid Anti-Cancer Nanoformulations: Insights and Assessment of Bioavailability Enhancement. AAPS PharmSciTech 2016; 17:553-71. [PMID: 27068527 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-016-0522-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid-based nanoformulations have been extensively investigated for improving oral efficacy of plethora of drugs. Chemotherapeutic agents remain a preferred option for effective management of cancer; however, most chemotherapeutic agents suffer from limitation of poor oral bioavailability that is associated with their physicochemical properties. Drug delivery via lipid-based nanosystems possesses strong rational and potential for improving oral bioavailability of such anti-cancer molecules through various mechanisms, viz. improving their gut solubilisation owing to micellization, improving mucosal permeation, improving lymphatic uptake, inhibiting intestinal metabolism and/or inhibiting P-glycoprotein efflux of molecules in the gastrointestinal tract. Various in vitro characterization techniques have been reported in literature that aid in getting insights into mechanisms of lipid-based nanodevices in improving oral efficacy of anti-cancer drugs. The review focuses on different characterization techniques that can be employed for evaluation of lipid-based nanosystems and their role in effective anti-cancer drug delivery.
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Liu J, Pradhan P, Roy K. Synthetic Polymeric Nanoparticles for Immunomodulation. METHODS IN PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3121-7_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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Shrikhande SS, Jain DS, Athawale RB, Bajaj AN, Goel P, Kamran Z, Nikam Y, Gude R. Evaluation of anti-metastatic potential of Cisplatin polymeric nanocarriers on B16F10 melanoma cells. Saudi Pharm J 2015; 23:341-51. [PMID: 27134534 PMCID: PMC4834695 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles are being increasingly used in the field of cancer treatment due to their unique properties and advantages. The aim of the present research work was to prepare and characterize a polymeric albumin nanosystem for Cisplatin and evaluate its in-vitro efficacy against B16F10 melanoma. The developed nanoparticles were almost spherical in shape with a particle size in the range of 150–300 nm, low polydispersity values and about 80% drug entrapment efficiency. Albumin nanocarriers sustained the release of Cisplatin for more than 48 h, suggesting the reduction in dosing schedule for this drug. The results from in-vitro cell line studies indicated the dose dependent cytotoxic potential of drug loaded albumin nanoparticles, their potential to inhibit cell proliferation and induce morphological changes. In addition, these nanoparticles exhibited superiority to Cisplatin in hampering the cell migration. Developed nanoparticles caused cell cycle arrest along with time and concentration dependent cellular uptake in B16F10 cell line. These results signify that the prepared Cisplatin albumin nanoparticles could serve as a promising approach for B16F10 melanoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti S Shrikhande
- C.U. Shah College of Pharmacy, S.N.D.T. Women's University, Santacruz (W), Mumbai 400049, India
| | - Darshana S Jain
- C.U. Shah College of Pharmacy, S.N.D.T. Women's University, Santacruz (W), Mumbai 400049, India
| | - Rajani B Athawale
- C.U. Shah College of Pharmacy, S.N.D.T. Women's University, Santacruz (W), Mumbai 400049, India
| | - Amrita N Bajaj
- SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, V.M. Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai 400056, India
| | - Peeyush Goel
- Gude Lab, Cancer Research Institute, Advanced Centre for Treatment Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210, India
| | - Zahid Kamran
- Gude Lab, Cancer Research Institute, Advanced Centre for Treatment Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210, India
| | - Yuvraj Nikam
- Gude Lab, Cancer Research Institute, Advanced Centre for Treatment Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210, India
| | - Rajiv Gude
- Gude Lab, Cancer Research Institute, Advanced Centre for Treatment Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210, India
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