1
|
Choi Y, Jung JH, Lee EG, Kim KM, Yoo WH. 4-phenylbutyric acid mediates therapeutic effect in systemic lupus erythematosus: Observations in an experimental murine lupus model. Exp Ther Med 2021; 21:460. [PMID: 33747192 PMCID: PMC7967889 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.9891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired function of regulatory T cells (Tregs) contributes to the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Our previous study demonstrated aberrant responses of T lymphocytes to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in patients with SLE. The present study investigated whether ER stress inhibition by 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA) ameliorated lupus manifestations in an experimental lupus model and the effect of ER stress inhibition on the frequency and function of Tregs. A murine lupus model was induced through a 4-week treatment with Resiquimod, a toll-like receptor (TLR) 7 agonist. From the 8th week, the mice were treated with 4-PBA for 4 weeks. 4-PBA significantly decreased the levels of anti-dsDNA antibodies and serum TNF-α. A significant decrease in glomerulonephritis score was also observed in the 4-PBA-treated group. ER stress inhibition decreased the activated T and B lymphocytes population of splenocytes; however, the population of Tregs was not significantly different between the vehicle and 4-PBA group. However, a markedly enhanced suppressive capacity of Treg was detected in the 4-PBA-treated group. The present results suggest that ER stress inhibition attenuated disease activity in an experimental model by improving the suppressive capacity of Tregs. Therefore, reduction of ER stress could be used as a beneficial therapeutic strategy in SLE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunjung Choi
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo 54907, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo 54907, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyun Jung
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo 54907, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo 54907, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Gyeong Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo 54907, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo 54907, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Min Kim
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo 54907, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pathology, Jeonjuk National Medical School, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo 54907, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan-Hee Yoo
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo 54907, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo 54907, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mempel TR, Marangoni F. Guidance factors orchestrating regulatory T cell positioning in tissues during development, homeostasis, and response. Immunol Rev 2020; 289:129-141. [PMID: 30977195 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Over their lifetime, regulatory T cells (Treg) recalibrate their expression of trafficking receptors multiple times as they progress through development, respond to immune challenges, or adapt to the requirements of functioning in various non-lymphoid tissue environments. These trafficking receptors, which include chemokine receptors and other G-protein coupled receptors, integrins, as well as selectins and their ligands, enable Treg not only to enter appropriate tissues from the bloodstream via post-capillary venules, but also to navigate these tissues to locally execute their immune-regulatory functions, and finally to seek out the right antigen-presenting cells and interact with these, in part in order to receive the signals that sustain their survival, proliferation, and functional activity, in part in order to execute their immuno-regulatory function by altering antigen presenting cell function. Here, we will review our current knowledge of when and in what ways Treg alter their trafficking properties. We will focus on the chemokine system and try to identify specialized, non-redundant roles of individual receptors as well as similarities and differences to the conventional T cell compartment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten R Mempel
- The Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases at Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Francesco Marangoni
- The Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases at Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ramírez-Moreno IG, Ibarra-Sánchez A, Castillo-Arellano JI, Blank U, González-Espinosa C. Mast Cells Localize in Hypoxic Zones of Tumors and Secrete CCL-2 under Hypoxia through Activation of L-Type Calcium Channels. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:1056-1068. [PMID: 31900336 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia is a condition that together with low pH, high amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and increased adenosine levels characterize tumor microenvironment. Mast cells (MCs) are part of tumor microenvironment, but the effect of hypoxia on the production of MC-derived cytokines has not been fully described. Using the hypoxia marker pimonidazole in vivo, we found that MCs were largely located in the low-oxygen areas within B16-F1 mice melanoma tumors. In vitro, hypoxia promoted ROS production, a ROS-dependent increase of intracellular calcium, and the production of MCP 1 (CCL-2) in murine bone marrow-derived MCs. Hypoxia-induced CCL-2 production was sensitive to the antioxidant trolox and to nifedipine, a blocker of L-type voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels (LVDCCs). Simultaneously with CCL-2 production, hypoxia caused the ROS-dependent glutathionylation and membrane translocation of the α1c subunit of Cav1.2 LVDCCs. Relationship between ROS production, calcium rise, and CCL-2 synthesis was also observed when cells were treated with H2O2 In vivo, high CCL-2 production was detected on hypoxic zones of melanoma tumors (where tryptase-positive MCs were also found). Pimonidazole and CCL-2 positive staining diminished when B16-F1 cell-inoculated animals were treated with trolox, nifedipine, or the adenosine receptor 2A antagonist KW6002. Our results show that MCs are located preferentially in hypoxic zones of melanoma tumors, hypoxia-induced CCL-2 production in MCs requires calcium rise mediated by glutathionylation and membrane translocation of LVDCCs, and this mechanism of CCL-2 synthesis seems to operate in other cells inside melanoma tumors, with the participation of the adenosine receptor 2A.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Itzel G Ramírez-Moreno
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav), Tlalpan, 14330 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alfredo Ibarra-Sánchez
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav), Tlalpan, 14330 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jorge Ivan Castillo-Arellano
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico; and
| | - Ulrich Blank
- Inserm U1149, CNRS ERL 8252, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Site X. bichat, Laboratorie d'excellence INFLAMEX, 75018 Paris, France
| | - Claudia González-Espinosa
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav), Tlalpan, 14330 Mexico City, Mexico;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Milger K, Yu Y, Brudy E, Irmler M, Skapenko A, Mayinger M, Lehmann M, Beckers J, Reichenberger F, Behr J, Eickelberg O, Königshoff M, Krauss-Etschmann S. Pulmonary CCR2 +CD4 + T cells are immune regulatory and attenuate lung fibrosis development. Thorax 2017; 72:1007-1020. [PMID: 28780502 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2016-208423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal models have suggested that CCR2-dependent signalling contributes to the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis, but global blockade of CCL2 failed to improve the clinical course of patients with lung fibrosis. However, as levels of CCR2+CD4+ T cells in paediatric lung fibrosis had previously been found to be increased, correlating with clinical symptoms, we hypothesised that distinct CCR2+ cell populations might either increase or decrease disease pathogenesis depending on their subtype. OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of CCR2+CD4+ T cells in experimental lung fibrosis and in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and other fibrosis. METHODS Pulmonary CCR2+CD4+ T cells were analysed using flow cytometry and mRNA profiling, followed by in silico pathway analysis, in vitro assays and adoptive transfer experiments. RESULTS Frequencies of CCR2+CD4+ T cells were increased in experimental fibrosis-specifically the CD62L-CD44+ effector memory T cell phenotype, displaying a distinct chemokine receptor profile. mRNA profiling of isolated CCR2+CD4+ T cells from fibrotic lungs suggested immune regulatory functions, a finding that was confirmed in vitro using suppressor assays. Importantly, adoptive transfer of CCR2+CD4+ T cells attenuated fibrosis development. The results were partly corroborated in patients with lung fibrosis, by showing higher percentages of Foxp3+ CD25+ cells within bronchoalveolar lavage fluid CCR2+CD4+ T cells as compared with CCR2-CD4+ T cells. CONCLUSION Pulmonary CCR2+CD4+ T cells are immunosuppressive, and could attenuate lung inflammation and fibrosis. Therapeutic strategies completely abrogating CCR2-dependent signalling will therefore also eliminate cell populations with protective roles in fibrotic lung disease. This emphasises the need for a detailed understanding of the functions of immune cell subsets in fibrotic lung disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Milger
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Helmholtz Center Munich Germany, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine V, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Yingyan Yu
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Helmholtz Center Munich Germany, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany.,Dr von Hauner Children Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Eva Brudy
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Helmholtz Center Munich Germany, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Irmler
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alla Skapenko
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, University of Munich, Germany, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Mayinger
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Helmholtz Center Munich Germany, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Mareike Lehmann
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Helmholtz Center Munich Germany, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Beckers
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany.,Chair of Experimental Genetics, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Jürgen Behr
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Asklepios Clinic Gauting, Munich, Germany
| | - Oliver Eickelberg
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Helmholtz Center Munich Germany, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Melanie Königshoff
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Helmholtz Center Munich Germany, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Susanne Krauss-Etschmann
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Helmholtz Center Munich Germany, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany.,Dr von Hauner Children Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Asklepios Clinic Gauting, Munich, Germany.,Research Center Borstel, Leibniz-Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany., Borstel, Germany.,Institute of Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hepatic immunophenotyping for streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemia in mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30656. [PMID: 27464894 PMCID: PMC4964583 DOI: 10.1038/srep30656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence revealed that diabetes induces abnormal immune responses that result in serious complications in organs. However, the effect of hyperglycemia on hepatic immunity remains obscure. We evaluated the population and function of hepatic immune cells in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced hyperglycemic mice. CC chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2)-knockout mice and mice with a depletion of regulatory T cells (DEREG) were used to investigate the migration and role of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in hyperglycemic mice. The inflammatory cytokines and hepatic transaminase levels were significantly increased in the hyperglycemic mice. The population and number of infiltrating monocytes, granulocytes, and Tregs were enhanced in the livers of the hyperglycemic mice. Hepatic monocytes other than macrophages showed the increased expression of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the hyperglycemic mice. The CCR2 knockout and DEREG chimeric mice exhibited increased populations of activated T cells and neutrophils compared to the WT chimeric mice, which promoted hepatic inflammation in the hyperglycemic mice. The migration of CCR2 knockout Tregs into the liver was significantly reduced compared to the WT Tregs. We demonstrated that hyperglycemia contributes to increase in infiltrating monocytes and Tregs, which are associated with hepatic immune dysfunction in mice. CCR2-mediated migration of Tregs regulates hyperglycemia-induced hepatic inflammation.
Collapse
|
6
|
Mathian A, Jouenne R, Chader D, Cohen-Aubart F, Haroche J, Fadlallah J, Claër L, Musset L, Gorochov G, Amoura Z, Miyara M. Regulatory T Cell Responses to High-Dose Methylprednisolone in Active Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143689. [PMID: 26629828 PMCID: PMC4667921 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE A slight increase in the proportion of circulating regulatory T (Treg) cells has been reported in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients taking oral prednisone. The effects of intravenous (IV) high dose methylprednisolone (MP) on Tregs have not yet been described, especially in active SLE. METHODS We prospectively analyzed the proportion of circulating CD4+ Treg cell subsets defined as follows: (1) naïve Treg (nTreg) FoxP3lowCD45RA+ cells; (2) effector Treg (eTreg) FoxP3highCD45RA- cells; and (3) non-suppressive FoxP3lowCD45RA- cells (non-regulatory Foxp3low T cells). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with active SLE were analyzed before the first infusion of IV high dose MP (day 0) and the following days (day 1, day 2, ±day 3 and ±day 8). The activity of SLE was assessed by the SLEDAI score. RESULTS Seventeen patients were included. Following MP infusions, the median (range) percentage of eTregs significantly increased from 1.62% (0.53-8.43) at day 0 to 2.80% (0.83-14.60) at day 1 (p = 0.003 versus day 0), 4.64% (0.50-12.40) at day 2 (p = 0.06 versus day 1) and 7.50% (1.02-20.70) at day 3 (p = 0.008 versus day 2), and declined to baseline values at day 8. Expanding eTreg cells were actively proliferating, as they expressed Ki-67. The frequency of non-regulatory FoxP3low T cells decreased from 6.39% (3.20-17.70) at day 0 to 4.74% (1.03-9.72) at day 2 (p = 0.005); nTreg frequency did not change. All patients clinically improved immediately after MP pulses. The absence of flare after one year of follow up was associated with a higher frequency of eTregs at day 2. CONCLUSION IV high dose MP induces a rapid, dramatic and transient increase in circulating regulatory T cells. This increase may participate in the preventive effect of MP on subsequent flares in SLE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Mathian
- Service de médecine interne 2, Centre de Référence National pour le Lupus et le Syndrome des Antiphospholipides, institut E3M, Groupement Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm UMRS1135, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (Cimi-Paris), 83 Bd de l’hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Romain Jouenne
- Service de médecine interne 2, Centre de Référence National pour le Lupus et le Syndrome des Antiphospholipides, institut E3M, Groupement Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm UMRS1135, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (Cimi-Paris), 83 Bd de l’hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Driss Chader
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm UMRS1135, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (Cimi-Paris), 83 Bd de l’hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France
- Département d’immunologie, Groupement Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Fleur Cohen-Aubart
- Service de médecine interne 2, Centre de Référence National pour le Lupus et le Syndrome des Antiphospholipides, institut E3M, Groupement Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Julien Haroche
- Service de médecine interne 2, Centre de Référence National pour le Lupus et le Syndrome des Antiphospholipides, institut E3M, Groupement Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm UMRS1135, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (Cimi-Paris), 83 Bd de l’hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Jehane Fadlallah
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm UMRS1135, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (Cimi-Paris), 83 Bd de l’hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Laetitia Claër
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm UMRS1135, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (Cimi-Paris), 83 Bd de l’hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Lucile Musset
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm UMRS1135, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (Cimi-Paris), 83 Bd de l’hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France
- Département d’immunologie, Groupement Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Guy Gorochov
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm UMRS1135, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (Cimi-Paris), 83 Bd de l’hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France
- Département d’immunologie, Groupement Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Zahir Amoura
- Service de médecine interne 2, Centre de Référence National pour le Lupus et le Syndrome des Antiphospholipides, institut E3M, Groupement Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm UMRS1135, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (Cimi-Paris), 83 Bd de l’hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Makoto Miyara
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm UMRS1135, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (Cimi-Paris), 83 Bd de l’hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France
- Département d’immunologie, Groupement Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
The role of chemokines in adjusting the balance between CD4+ effector T cell subsets and FOXp3-negative regulatory T cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 28:829-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
8
|
Okamura T, Sumitomo S, Morita K, Iwasaki Y, Inoue M, Nakachi S, Komai T, Shoda H, Miyazaki JI, Fujio K, Yamamoto K. TGF-β3-expressing CD4+CD25(-)LAG3+ regulatory T cells control humoral immune responses. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6329. [PMID: 25695838 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoantibodies induce various autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We previously described that CD4(+)CD25(-)LAG3(+) regulatory T cells (LAG3(+) Treg) are regulated by Egr2, a zinc-finger transcription factor required for the induction of T-cell anergy. We herein demonstrate that LAG3(+) Treg produce high amounts of TGF-β3 in an Egr2- and Fas-dependent manner. LAG3(+) Treg require TGF-β3 to suppress B-cell responses in a murine model of lupus. Moreover, TGF-β3- and LAG3(+) Treg-mediated suppression requires PD-1 expression on B cells. We also show that TGF-β3-expressing human LAG3(+) Treg suppress antibody production and that SLE patients exhibit decreased frequencies of LAG3(+) Treg. These results clarify the mechanism of B-cell regulation and suggest therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohisa Okamura
- 1] Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan [2] Max Planck-The University of Tokyo Center for Integrative Inflammology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Shuji Sumitomo
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kaoru Morita
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yukiko Iwasaki
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Mariko Inoue
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Nakachi
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Komai
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Shoda
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Miyazaki
- Division of Stem Cell Regulation Research, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Keishi Fujio
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Yamamoto
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Naturally occurring Foxp3(+)CD25(+)CD4(+) regulatory T (TREG) cells maintain immunological self-tolerance and prevent a variety of autoimmune diseases, including rheumatic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. In animal models of rheumatic disease, autoimmune responses can be controlled by re-establishing the T-cell balance in favour of TREG cells. Here we discuss three potential strategies for the clinical use of TREG cells to treat autoimmune rheumatic disease: expansion of self-antigen-specific natural TREG cells in vivo; propagation of antigen-specific natural TREG cells ex vivo, by in vitro antigenic stimulation, and subsequent transfer back into the host; or conversion of antigen-specific conventional T cells into TREG cells in vivo or ex vivo. These strategies require depletion of the effector T cells that mediate autoimmunity before initiating TREG-cell-based therapies. Immunotherapies that target TREG cells, and the balance of TREG cells and autoreactive T cells, are therefore an important modality for the treatment of autoimmune rheumatic disease.
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhang Y, Xia Y, Ni S, Gu Z, Liu H. Transplantation of umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells alleviates pneumonitis of MRL/lpr mice. J Thorac Dis 2014; 6:109-17. [PMID: 24605224 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2013.12.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether the umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSCs) transplantation in the MRL/lpr mice has effect or not on their pneumonitis and the possible mechanisms underlying this treatment. METHODS Twenty four 18-week-old MRL/lpr female mice were divided into three groups as following: the group 2 (UC-MSCT group) have been transplanted with 1×10(6) UC-MSCs through caudal vein, the group 3 (multi-UC-MSCT Group) have been transplanted with 1×10(6) UC-MSCs three times and the group 1 (control group) have been treated with 0.5 mL phosphate buffer saline (PBS) as control. The histopathology of the lung was observed. The pulmonary expression of high mobility group box protein-1 (HMGB-1) was measured by western blot and detected by quantitation real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Immunohistochemistry method was used to detect HMGB-1 expressions in pulmo. RESULTS In comparision to control ground mice, UC-MSCs significantly reduced interstitial pneumonitis in the MRL/lpr mice. The lung peribronchiolar lesion index of UC-MSCT group (1.40±0.24) and multi-UC-MSCT group (1.02±0.29) were significantly decreased as compared to control group (1.95±0.35) (P<0.01). The perivascular lesion index of UC-MSCT group (1.20±0.18) and multi-UC-MSCT group (1.08±0.16) were also significantly reduced as compared to control group (1.56±0.32) (P=0.018, 0.002) and the lung alveolar areas lesion index of control group (1.72±0.34) was significantly increased as compared to UC-MSCT group (1.30±0.21) and multi-UC-MSCT group (1.05±0.15) (P=0.011, 0.000). The lung HMGB-1 protein in UC-MSCT group (0.32±0.04) and in multi-UC-MSCT group (0.28±0.06) were both significantly decreased as compared to that in control group (0.80±0.21) (P<0.05). The level of HMGB-1 mRNA in UC-MSCT group (4.68±0.37) and in multi-UC-MSCT group (4.35±0.10) lung were both significantly decreased as compared to those in control group (16.29±3.84) (P<0.05). In immunohistochemical staining lung sections, high expression of HMGB-1 was found mainly located in the cytoplasm and extracellular matrix of MRL/lpr mice pulmonary epithelial cells, the expression of HMGB-1 in UC-MSCT group and multi-UC-MSCT group was significantly decreased as compared to that in the control group. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that UC-MSCs have a therapeutic effect on systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) pneumonitis, possibly by inhibiting HMGB-1 expression, which suggests a potential application of UC-MSCs in the treatment of human lupus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanju Zhang
- 1 Department of Respiratory Medicine, 2 Department of Rheumatology Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Yunfei Xia
- 1 Department of Respiratory Medicine, 2 Department of Rheumatology Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Songshi Ni
- 1 Department of Respiratory Medicine, 2 Department of Rheumatology Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Zhifeng Gu
- 1 Department of Respiratory Medicine, 2 Department of Rheumatology Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Hua Liu
- 1 Department of Respiratory Medicine, 2 Department of Rheumatology Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ding Y, Xu J, Bromberg JS. Regulatory T cell migration during an immune response. Trends Immunol 2012; 33:174-80. [PMID: 22305714 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Revised: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells migrate into both inflammatory sites and draining lymph nodes (LNs) during an immune response, and have unique and overlaping functions in each location. Current studies suggest that Treg cells in draining LNs and inflamatory sites may not simply be a division of labor, but rather Treg cells migrate in a coordinated fashion between peripheral tissues and draining LNs. Trafficking between inflammatory sites and draining LNs is not only crucial for Treg cells to act, but also for them to acquire optimal immune regulatory activities. Furthermore, recent work has revealed that T helper (Th)1, Th2 and Th17 cell master transcription factors control Treg cell function by regulating genes important for Treg cell migration and suppression, and consequently affect disease pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaozhong Ding
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
A Th1 cytokine-enriched microenvironment enhances tumor killing by activated T cells armed with bispecific antibodies and inhibits the development of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2011; 61:497-509. [PMID: 21971587 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-011-1116-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated whether activated T cells (ATC) armed with bispecific antibodies (aATC) can inhibits tumor growth and MDSC development in a Th1 cytokine-enriched (IL-2 and IFN-γ) microenvironment. Cytotoxicity mediated by aATC was significantly higher (P < 0.001) against breast cancer cell lines in the presence of Th1 cytokines as compared with control co-cultures. In the presence of aATC, CD33+ /CD11b+ /CD14- /HLA-DR- MDSC population was reduced significantly under both control (P < 0.03) and Th1-enriched (P < 0.036) culture conditions. Cytokine analysis in the culture supernatants showed high levels of MDSC suppressive chemokines CXCL9 and CXCL10 in Th1-enriched culture supernatants with highly significant increase (P < 0.001) in the presence of aATC. Interestingly, MDSC recovered from co-cultures without aATC showed potent ability to suppress activated T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity (P < 0.001), IFN-γ production (P < 0.01) and T-cell proliferation (P < 0.05) compared to those recovered from aATC-containing co-cultures. These data suggest that aATC can mediate enhanced killing of tumor cells and may suppress MDSC and T(reg) differentiation, and presence of Th() cytokines potentiates aATC-induced suppression of MDSC, suggesting that Th1-enriching immunotherapy may be beneficial in cancer treatment.
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
The status of a host's immune response influences both the development and progression of a malignancy such that immune responses can have both pro- and anti-tumorigenic effects. Cancer immunotherapy is a form of treatment that aims to improve the ability of a cancer-bearing individual to reject the tumor immunologically. However, antitumor immunity elicited by the host or by immunotherapeutic strategies, can be actively attenuated by mechanisms that limit the strength and/or duration of immune responses, including the presence of immunoregulatory cell types or the production of immunosuppressive factors. As our knowledge of tumor-induced immune suppression increases, it has become obvious that these mechanisms are probably a major barrier to effective therapy. The identification of multiple mechanisms of tumor-induced immune suppression also provides a range of novel targets for new cancer therapies. Given the vital role that a host's immune response is known to play in cancer progression, therapies that target immune suppressive mechanisms have the potential to enhance anticancer immune responses thus leading to better immune surveillance and the limitation of tumor escape. In this review, mechanisms of tumor-associated immune suppression have been divided into four forms that we have designated as (1) regulatory cells; (2) cytokines/chemokines; (3) T cell tolerance/exhaustion and (4) metabolic. We discuss select mechanisms representing each of these forms of immunosuppression that have been shown to aid tumors in evading host immune surveillance and overview therapeutic strategies that have been recently devised to "suppress these suppressors."
Collapse
|
14
|
Khan AR, Dovedi SJ, Wilkinson RW, Pritchard DI. Tumor infiltrating regulatory T cells: tractable targets for immunotherapy. Int Rev Immunol 2011; 29:461-84. [PMID: 20839911 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2010.508854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have linked tumor-infiltration by regulatory T cells with poor patient outcome. Targeting the mechanisms by which regulatory T cells traffic to and persist in the tumor may circumvent tumor immune-escape by de-restricting T cell-mediated cytotoxicity. In this review, we describe the principle axes that govern regulatory T cell migration and the mechanisms that underpin their immunosuppressive activity in cancer. Inhibiting either the migration or function of regulatory T cells may enhance host-anti-cancer immune responses and as such are attractive and tractable targets for therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adnan R Khan
- Doctoral Training Centre for Targeted Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lei J, Hasegawa H, Matsumoto T, Yasukawa M. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α and γ agonists together with TGF-β convert human CD4+CD25- T cells into functional Foxp3+ regulatory T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:7186-98. [PMID: 21057085 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Human peripheral CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells can be induced to express Foxp3 when activated in vitro by TCR stimulation with TGF-β and IL-2. However, these TGF-β-induced Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (iTregs) lack a regulatory phenotype. From libraries of nuclear receptor ligands and bioactive lipids, we screened three peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)α (bezafibrate, GW7647, and 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid) and two PPARγ agonists (ciglitazone and 15-deoxy-Δ-(12,14)-PG J(2)) as molecules that increased Foxp3 expression in human iTregs significantly compared with that in DMSO-treated iTregs (control). These PPARα and PPARγ agonist-treated iTregs maintained a high level of Foxp3 expression and had suppressive properties. There were no significant differences in the suppressive properties of iTregs treated with the three PPARα and two PPARγ agonists, and all of the treated iTregs increased demethylation levels of the Foxp3 promoter and intronic conserved noncoding sequence 3 regions. Furthermore, PPARα and PPARγ agonists, together with TGF-β, more strongly inhibited the expression of all three DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) (DNMT1, DNMT3a, and DNMT3b) in activated CD4(+) T cells. These results demonstrate that PPARα and PPARγ agonists together with TGF-β elicit Foxp3 DNA demethylation through potent downregulation of DNMTs and induce potent and stable Foxp3 expression, resulting in the generation of functional iTregs. Moreover, trichostatin A and retinoic acid enhanced the generation of iTregs synergistically with PPARα and PPARγ agonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Lei
- Department of Bioregulatory Medicine, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Fridlender ZG, Buchlis G, Kapoor V, Cheng G, Sun J, Singhal S, Crisanti MC, Crisanti C, Wang LCS, Heitjan D, Snyder LA, Albelda SM. CCL2 blockade augments cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Res 2009; 70:109-18. [PMID: 20028856 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-2326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Altering the immunosuppressive microenvironment that exists within a tumor will likely be necessary for cancer vaccines to trigger an effective antitumor response. Monocyte chemoattractant proteins (such as CCL2) are produced by many tumors and have both direct and indirect immunoinhibitory effects. We hypothesized that CCL2 blockade would reduce immunosuppression and augment vaccine immunotherapy. Anti-murine CCL2/CCL12 monoclonal antibodies were administered in three immunotherapy models: one aimed at the human papillomavirus E7 antigen expressed by a non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) line, one targeted to mesothelin expressed by a mesothelioma cell line, and one using an adenovirus-expressing IFN-alpha to treat a nonimmunogenic NSCLC line. We evaluated the effect of the combination treatment on tumor growth and assessed the mechanism of these changes by evaluating cytotoxic T cells, immunosuppressive cells, and the tumor microenvironment. Administration of anti-CCL2/CCL12 antibodies along with the vaccines markedly augmented efficacy with enhanced reduction in tumor volume and cures of approximately half of the tumors. The combined treatment generated more total intratumoral CD8+ T cells that were more activated and more antitumor antigen-specific, as measured by tetramer evaluation. Another important potential mechanism was reduction in intratumoral T regulatory cells. CCL2 seems to be a key proximal cytokine mediating immunosuppression in tumors. Its blockade augments CD8+ T-cell immune response to tumors elicited by vaccines via multifactorial mechanisms. These observations suggest that combining CCL2 neutralization with vaccines should be considered in future immunotherapy trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zvi G Fridlender
- Thoracic Oncology Research Laboratory and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6160, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Tan MCB, Goedegebuure PS, Belt BA, Flaherty B, Sankpal N, Gillanders WE, Eberlein TJ, Hsieh CS, Linehan DC. Disruption of CCR5-dependent homing of regulatory T cells inhibits tumor growth in a murine model of pancreatic cancer. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:1746-55. [PMID: 19155524 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.182.3.1746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Tumors evade immune destruction by actively inducing immune tolerance through the recruitment of CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Treg). We have previously described increased prevalence of these cells in pancreatic adenocarcinoma, but it remains unclear what mechanisms are involved in recruiting Tregs into the tumor microenvironment. Here, we postulated that chemokines might direct Treg homing to tumor. We show, in both human pancreatic adenocarcinoma and a murine pancreatic tumor model (Pan02), that tumor cells produce increased levels of ligands for the CCR5 chemokine receptor and, reciprocally, that CD4(+) Foxp3(+) Tregs, compared with CD4(+) Foxp3(-) effector T cells, preferentially express CCR5. When CCR5/CCL5 signaling is disrupted, either by reducing CCL5 production by tumor cells or by systemic administration of a CCR5 inhibitor (N,N-dimethyl-N-{{4-{[2-(4-methylphenyl)-6,7-dihydro-5H-benzocyclohepten-8-yl]carbonyl}amino}}benzyl]-N,N-dimethyl-N- {{{4-{{{[2-(4-methylphenyl)-6,7-dihydro-5H-benzocycloheptan-8-yl]carbonyl}amino}}benzyl}}}tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-aminiumchloride; TAK-779), Treg migration to tumors is reduced and tumors are smaller than in control mice. Thus, this study demonstrates the importance of Tregs in immune evasion by tumors, how blockade of Treg migration might inhibit tumor growth, and, specifically in pancreatic adenocarcinoma, the role of CCR5 in the homing of tumor-associated Tregs. Selective targeting of CCR5/CCL5 signaling may represent a novel immunomodulatory strategy for the treatment of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus C B Tan
- Department of Surgery, Barnes-Jewish Hospital/Washington University Medical Center, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Milojevic D, Nguyen KD, Wara D, Mellins ED. Regulatory T cells and their role in rheumatic diseases: a potential target for novel therapeutic development. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2008; 6:20. [PMID: 19046457 PMCID: PMC2633304 DOI: 10.1186/1546-0096-6-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2008] [Accepted: 12/01/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells have an important role in limiting immune reactions and are essential regulators of self-tolerance. Among them, CD4+CD25high regulatory T cells are the best-described subset. In this article, we summarize current knowledge on the phenotype, function, and development of CD4+CD25high regulatory T cells. We also review the literature on the role of these T cells in rheumatic diseases and discuss the potential for their use in immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Milojevic
- Department of Pediatrics, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Khoa D Nguyen
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Diane Wara
- Department of Pediatrics, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Nguyen KD, Fohner A, Booker JD, Dong C, Krensky AM, Nadeau KC. XCL1 enhances regulatory activities of CD4+ CD25(high) CD127(low/-) T cells in human allergic asthma. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:5386-95. [PMID: 18832695 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.8.5386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Chemokine-mediated recruitment of regulatory cell subsets to the airway during inflammation and enhancement of their activities are potential strategies for therapeutic development in allergic asthma (AA). In this study, we aim to explore the role of XCL1, a chemokine associated with immune suppression and allergy, on CD4(+)CD25(high)CD127(low/-) regulatory T cell (Treg) function in AA. Flow cytometry and PCR analysis showed a reduction in XCL1 and XCR1 expression in AA Treg compared with healthy control and nonallergic asthmatic counterparts. This reduction in XCL1 expression was associated with the suboptimal regulatory function of Treg in AA. Interestingly, incubation with recombinant human XCL1 significantly increased Treg-mediated suppression and cytotoxicity by up-regulating expression of XCL1 and chief effector molecules of Treg function. Altogether, these results suggest an association between dysregulated XCL1 expression and reduced Treg activities in AA, as well as a potential role of XCL1 in reversing defective Treg function in the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khoa D Nguyen
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|