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Singh G, Kumar R, D S D, Chaudhary M, Kaur C, Khurrana N. Thiazolidinedione as a Promising Medicinal Scaffold for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes. Curr Diabetes Rev 2024; 20:e201023222411. [PMID: 37867272 DOI: 10.2174/0115733998254798231005095627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thiazolidinediones, also known as glitazones, are considered as biologically active scaffold and a well-established class of anti-diabetic agents for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Thiazolidinediones act by reducing insulin resistance through elevated peripheral glucose disposal and glucose production. These molecules activate peroxisome proliferated activated receptor (PPARγ), one of the sub-types of PPARs, and a diverse group of its hybrid have also shown numerous therapeutic activities along with antidiabetic activity. OBJECTIVE The objective of this review was to collect and summarize the research related to the medicinal potential, structure-activity relationship and safety aspects of thiazolidinedione analogues designed and investigated in type 2 diabetes during the last two decades. METHODS The mentioned objective was achieved by collecting and reviewing the research manuscripts, review articles, and patents from PubMed, Science Direct, Embase, google scholar and journals related to the topic from different publishers like Wiley, Springer, Elsevier, Taylor and Francis, Indian and International government patent sites etc. Results: The thiazolidinedione scaffold has been a focus of research in the design and synthesis of novel derivatives for the management of type 2 diabetes, specifically in the case of insulin resistance. The complications like fluid retention, idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity, weight gain and congestive heart failure in the case of trosiglitazone, and pioglitazone have restricted their use. The newer analogues have been synthesized by different research groups to attain better efficacy and less side effects. CONCLUSION Thus, the potential of thiazolidinediones in terms of their chemical evolution, action on nuclear receptors, aldose reductase and free fatty acid receptor 1 is well established. The newer TZD analogues with better safety profiles and tolerability will soon be available in the market for common use without further delay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurvinder Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India
| | - Desna D S
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India
| | - Manish Chaudhary
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India
| | - Charanjit Kaur
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India
| | - Navneet Khurrana
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India
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Turosz N, Chęcińska K, Chęciński M, Kamińska M, Nowak Z, Sikora M, Chlubek D. A Scoping Review of the Use of Pioglitazone in the Treatment of Temporo-Mandibular Joint Arthritis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph192416518. [PMID: 36554400 PMCID: PMC9779153 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192416518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are a group of diabetes medications currently being investigated for anti-arthritis effectiveness, one of which is pioglitazone. The purpose of this scoping review is to evaluate the potential use of pioglitazone in the treatment of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) arthritis. The criteria of eligibility were studies with the diagnosis of arthritis and pioglitazone treatment with a change in any inflammation index as an outcome. Of the 1169 records initially identified following the selection process, two animal studies and four clinical studies were included in the review. Improvements from the baseline were observed in each treatment group for each inflammation indicator. The results of the animal studies on the temporomandibular joints and on patients with rheumatoid and psoriatic arthritis indicate that the drug in question may have potential to treat arthritis, including within the temporomandibular joint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Turosz
- Ortomania, Bartosza Głowackiego 6/1, 30-085 Kraków, Poland
| | - Kamila Chęcińska
- Department of Glass Technology and Amorphous Coatings, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
| | - Maciej Chęciński
- Department of Oral Surgery, Preventive Medicine Center, Komorowskiego 12, 30-106 Kraków, Poland
| | - Monika Kamińska
- Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University, aleja IX Wieków Kielc 19A, 25-317 Kielce, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Nowak
- Department of Temporomandibular Disorders, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Traugutta sq.2, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Maciej Sikora
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of the Ministry of Interior, Wojska Polskiego 51, 25-375 Kielce, Poland
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Dariusz Chlubek
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
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Hassan FE, Sakr HI, Mohie PM, Suliman HS, Mohamed AS, Attia MH, Eid DM. Pioglitazone improves skeletal muscle functions in reserpine-induced fibromyalgia rat model. Ann Med 2021; 53:1032-1040. [PMID: 34233552 PMCID: PMC8274527 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2021.1916069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibromyalgia (FM) is characterized by musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, sleep and memory disturbance. There is no definitive cure yet for FM-related health problems. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor's (PPAR's) activation is associated with insulin sensitisation and improved glucose metabolism. PPAR-γ was reported to alleviate FM allodynia. Limited data are discussing its effect on motor disorders. OBJECTIVE To investigate the potential effect of PPAR-γ agonists (pioglitazone, as one member of thiazolidinediones (TZD)) on motor dysfunction in reserpine-induced FM in a rat model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-six male Wistar rats were divided into negative control (n = 9) and reserpine-induced FM (n = 27) groups. The latter was subdivided into three equal subgroups (n = 9), positive control (untreated FM model), pioglitazone-treated and GW9662-treated. We evaluated muscle functions and activity of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase, superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde, and serum levels of interleukin-8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. RESULTS Pioglitazone significantly relieved fatigue, improved muscle performance, reduced inflammatory cytokines and enhanced antioxidant's activity, while GW9662, a known PPAR-γ antagonist, aggravated the FM manifestations in the rat model. CONCLUSION PPAR-γ agonists show a promising role against FM-associated motor dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma E. Hassan
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Hader I. Sakr
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
- Department of Medical Physiology, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Passant M. Mohie
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Howayda Saeed Suliman
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | | | - Mohamed H. Attia
- Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Egypt
| | - Dalia M. Eid
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Egypt
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Tripolino C, Ciaffi J, Pucino V, Ruscitti P, van Leeuwen N, Borghi C, Giacomelli R, Meliconi R, Ursini F. Insulin Signaling in Arthritis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:672519. [PMID: 33995414 PMCID: PMC8119635 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.672519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory arthritis is burdened by an increased risk of metabolic disorders. Cytokines and other mediators in inflammatory diseases lead to insulin resistance, diabetes and hyperlipidemia. Accumulating evidence in the field of immunometabolism suggests that the cause-effect relationship between arthritis and metabolic abnormalities might be bidirectional. Indeed, the immune response can be modulated by various factors such as environmental agents, bacterial products and hormones. Insulin is produced by pancreatic cells and regulates glucose, fat metabolism and cell growth. The action of insulin is mediated through the insulin receptor (IR), localized on the cellular membrane of hepatocytes, myocytes and adipocytes but also on the surface of T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells. In murine models, the absence of IR in T-cells coincided with reduced cytokine production, proliferation, and migration. In macrophages, defective insulin signaling resulted in enhanced glycolysis affecting the responses to pathogens. In this review, we focalize on the bidirectional cause-effect relationship between impaired insulin signaling and arthritis analyzing how insulin signaling may be involved in the aberrant immune response implicated in arthritis and how inflammatory mediators affect insulin signaling. Finally, the effect of glucose-lowering agents on arthritis was summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesare Tripolino
- Geriatric Medicine Unit, Department of Medical Functional Area, "San Giovanni di Dio" Hospital, Crotone, Italy
| | - Jacopo Ciaffi
- Medicine and Rheumatology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli (IOR), Bologna, Italy
| | - Valentina Pucino
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham and Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Piero Ruscitti
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Nina van Leeuwen
- Rheumatology Department, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Claudio Borghi
- Unità Operativa Medicina Interna Cardiovascolare-IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberto Giacomelli
- Rheumatology and Immunology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Rome "Campus Biomedico", Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Meliconi
- Geriatric Medicine Unit, Department of Medical Functional Area, "San Giovanni di Dio" Hospital, Crotone, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Ursini
- Geriatric Medicine Unit, Department of Medical Functional Area, "San Giovanni di Dio" Hospital, Crotone, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Olson WJ, Jakic B, Hermann‐Kleiter N. Regulation of the germinal center response by nuclear receptors and implications for autoimmune diseases. FEBS J 2020; 287:2866-2890. [PMID: 32246891 PMCID: PMC7497069 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The immune system plays an essential role in protecting the host from infectious diseases and cancer. Notably, B and T lymphocytes from the adaptive arm of the immune system can co-operate to form long-lived antibody responses and are therefore the main target in vaccination approaches. Nevertheless, protective immune responses must be tightly regulated to avoid hyper-responsiveness and responses against self that can result in autoimmunity. Nuclear receptors (NRs) are perfectly adapted to rapidly alter transcriptional cellular responses to altered environmental settings. Their functional role is associated with both immune deficiencies and autoimmunity. Despite extensive linking of nuclear receptor function with specific CD4 T helper subsets, research on the functional roles and mechanisms of specific NRs in CD4 follicular T helper cells (Tfh) and germinal center (GC) B cells during the germinal center reaction is just emerging. We review recent advances in our understanding of NR regulation in specific cell types of the GC response and discuss their implications for autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
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Affiliation(s)
- William J. Olson
- Translational Cell GeneticsDepartment of Pharmacology and GeneticsMedical University of InnsbruckAustria
| | - Bojana Jakic
- Translational Cell GeneticsDepartment of Pharmacology and GeneticsMedical University of InnsbruckAustria
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and PathologyUppsala UniversitySweden
| | - Natascha Hermann‐Kleiter
- Translational Cell GeneticsDepartment of Pharmacology and GeneticsMedical University of InnsbruckAustria
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Quintão NLM, Pastor MVD, Antonialli CDS, da Silva GF, Rocha LW, Berté TE, de Souza MM, Meyre-Silva C, Lucinda-Silva RM, Bresolin TMB, Cechinel Filho V. Aleurites moluccanus and its main active constituent, the flavonoid 2″-O-rhamnosylswertisin, in experimental model of rheumatoid arthritis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 235:248-254. [PMID: 30769038 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Aleurites moluccana is used in folk medicine to treat pain, fever, asthma, hepatitis, gastric ulcer and inflammatory process in general, and the nut oil had been topically applied to treat arthritis and other joint pain, however the seeds are classified as toxic for oral use. AIM Faced with the need for new alternative to treat the symptoms and modify rheumatoid arthritis (RA) the aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of A. moluccanus' leaves dried extract in rats and mice submitted to complete Freund adjuvant (CFA)-induced RA. MATERIAL AND METHODS Wistar Rats and Swiss mice were submitted to CFA-induced RA in the right hindpaw. They received A. moluccanus extract (orally; p.o.), dexamethasone (subcutaneously), 2″-O-rhamnosylswertisin (p.o.) or vehicle (p.o.), from the 14th day after the CFA injection for up to 8 days. The mechanical hypersensitivity was evaluated using the von Frey filaments and the paw-oedema was measured using a plethysmometer. The rats' injected hindpaw was used to perform the histological analysis. RESULTS A. moluccanus was able to significantly reduce the mechanical hypersensitivity in both ipsi- and contralateral hindpaws of mice injected with CFA, in a dose dependent manner. Furthermore, the paw-oedema was progressively reduced by A. moluccanus. Similar results were obtained for the positive-control drug dexamethasone and the isolated compound 2″-O-rhamnosylswertisin. Besides the effects mentioned above, the extract was also effective to repair the joint damage in CFA-induced RA rats, including reduction of fibrosis, cartilage degradation and bone erosion scores. CONCLUSION These results together with the literature data reinforce the anti-hypersensitivity and anti-inflammatory activity of A. moluccanus extract. Part of the observed effects is due to the presence of the compound 2″-O-rhamnosylswertisin. The fact that the extract acted as a disease modifier point this herbal product as a promisor and safe tool to treat RA and other associated chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nara Lins Meira Quintão
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí (UNIVALI), Itajaí, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
| | | | - Carla de-Souza Antonialli
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí (UNIVALI), Itajaí, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Gislaine Francieli da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí (UNIVALI), Itajaí, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Lilian Wünsch Rocha
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí (UNIVALI), Itajaí, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Talita Elisa Berté
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí (UNIVALI), Itajaí, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Márcia Maria de Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí (UNIVALI), Itajaí, Santa Catarina, Brazil; Pharmacy Course, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí (UNIVALI), Itajaí, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Christiane Meyre-Silva
- Pharmacy Course, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí (UNIVALI), Itajaí, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Ruth Meri Lucinda-Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí (UNIVALI), Itajaí, Santa Catarina, Brazil; Pharmacy Course, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí (UNIVALI), Itajaí, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Tania Mari Belle Bresolin
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí (UNIVALI), Itajaí, Santa Catarina, Brazil; Pharmacy Course, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí (UNIVALI), Itajaí, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Valdir Cechinel Filho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí (UNIVALI), Itajaí, Santa Catarina, Brazil; Pharmacy Course, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí (UNIVALI), Itajaí, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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7
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Huang Y, Zhou M, Li C, Chen Y, Fang W, Xu G, Shi X. Picroside II protects against sepsis via suppressing inflammation in mice. Am J Transl Res 2016; 8:5519-5531. [PMID: 28078023 PMCID: PMC5209503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Picroside II, an iridoid compound extracted from Picrorhiza, exhibits anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activities. We explored the protective effects and mechanisms of picroside II in a mouse model of sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), using three groups of mice: Group A (sham), Group B (CLP+NS) and Group C (CLP+20 mg/kg picroside II). The mortality in mice with sepsis was decreased by the administration of picroside II, and lung injury was alleviated simultaneously. Picroside II treatment enhanced bacterial clearance in septic mice. Further, picroside II treatment alleviated the inflammatory response in sepsis and enhanced immune function by inhibiting the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and NF-κB pathways. Picroside II may represent an anti-inflammatory drug candidate, providing novel insight into the treatment of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Huang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhou, China
- Department of Anesthesiology and SICU, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Miao Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology and SICU, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Chengbao Li
- Department of Medicine, Hebei North UniversityZhangjiakou, Hebei, China
| | - Yuanli Chen
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhou, China
| | - Wei Fang
- Department of Medicine, Hebei North UniversityZhangjiakou, Hebei, China
| | - Guo Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Huai’an First People’s Hospital, Nanjing Medical UniversityHuai’an, China
| | - Xueyin Shi
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhou, China
- Department of Anesthesiology and SICU, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong UniversityShanghai, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
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Ganeb SS, El-Brashy AEWS, Baraka EA, Aboelazm AA, Abdul Basset SA. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma expression in peripheral monocytes from rheumatoid arthritis patients. THE EGYPTIAN RHEUMATOLOGIST 2016; 38:141-146. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejr.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Dunn SL, Wilkinson JM, Crawford A, Bunning RAD, Le Maitre CL. Expression of Cannabinoid Receptors in Human Osteoarthritic Cartilage: Implications for Future Therapies. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2016; 1:3-15. [PMID: 28861474 PMCID: PMC5576594 DOI: 10.1089/can.2015.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Cannabinoids have shown to reduce joint damage in animal models of arthritis and reduce matrix metalloproteinase expression in primary human osteoarthritic (OA) chondrocytes. The actions of cannabinoids are mediated by a number of receptors, including cannabinoid receptors 1 and 2 (CB1 and CB2), G-protein-coupled receptors 55 and 18 (GPR55 and GPR18), transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 (TRPV1), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha and gamma (PPARα and PPARγ). However, to date very few studies have investigated the expression and localization of these receptors in human chondrocytes, and expression during degeneration, and thus their potential in clinical applications is unknown. Methods: Human articular cartilage from patients with symptomatic OA was graded histologically and the expression and localization of cannabinoid receptors within OA cartilage and underlying bone were determined immunohistochemically. Expression levels across regions of cartilage and changes with degeneration were investigated. Results: Expression of all the cannabinoid receptors investigated was observed with no change with grade of degeneration seen in the expression of CB1, CB2, GPR55, PPARα, and PPARγ. Conversely, the number of chondrocytes within the deep zone of cartilage displaying immunopositivity for GPR18 and TRPV1 was significantly decreased in degenerate cartilage. Receptor expression was higher in chondrocytes than in osteocytes in the underlying bone. Conclusions: Chondrocytes from OA joints were shown to express a wide range of cannabinoid receptors even in degenerate tissues, demonstrating that these cells could respond to cannabinoids. Cannabinoids designed to bind to receptors inhibiting the catabolic and pain pathways within the arthritic joint, while avoiding psychoactive effects, could provide potential arthritis therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara L Dunn
- Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Mark Wilkinson
- Academic Unit of Bone Metabolism, Department of Human Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Aileen Crawford
- Centre for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Rowena A D Bunning
- Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Christine L Le Maitre
- Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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Chen W, Lin YJ, Zhou XY, Chen H, Jin Y. Rosiglitazone protects rat liver against acute liver injury associated with the NF-κB signaling pathway. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2016; 94:28-34. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2015-0230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Rosiglitazone, which is mainly used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus, is also involved in the regulation of inflammation. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ receptor subtype appears to play a pivotal role in the regulation of inflammation. However, the exact mechanism for the protective effects of rosiglitazone against inflammation such as liver injury remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of rosiglitazone on inflammation in the liver of rats treated with D-GaIN/LPS. Male Sprague–Dawley rats were injected with D-GaIN/LPS with or without pre-administration of rosiglitazone (3, 10, or 30 mg/kg, intraperitoneal injection). Our data showed that rosiglitazone significantly inhibited D-GaIN/LPS-induced hepatotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner, as indicated by both diagnostic indicators of liver damage (serum aminotransferase activities) and histopathological analysis. Western blot analysis showed that rosiglitazone significantly decreased protein expression levels of COX-2 and production of pro-inflammatory markers, including TNF-α and IL-6, in D-GaIN/LPS-treated rat liver. The results indicated that the inhibition of D-GaIN/LPS-induced inflammation by rosiglitazone can be attributed, at least partially, to its capacity to regulate the the immunoregulatory transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Jie Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xu-Ya Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao Chen
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology,Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong Jin
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
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Pal R, Chaudhary MJ, Tiwari PC, Babu S, Pant K. Protective role of theophylline and their interaction with nitric oxide (NO) in adjuvant-induced rheumatoid arthritis in rats. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 29:854-862. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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12
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Zhang DQ, Wang R, Li T, Li X, Qi Y, Wang J, Yang L. Remarkably increased resistin levels in anti-AChR antibody-positive myasthenia gravis. J Neuroimmunol 2015; 283:7-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor- γ in Thyroid Autoimmunity. PPAR Res 2015; 2015:232818. [PMID: 25722716 PMCID: PMC4333335 DOI: 10.1155/2015/232818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor- (PPAR-) γ expression has been shown in thyroid tissue from patients with thyroiditis or Graves' disease and furthermore in the orbital tissue of patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO), such as in extraocular muscle cells. An increasing body of evidence shows the importance of the (C-X-C motif) receptor 3 (CXCR3) and cognate chemokines (C-X-C motif) ligand (CXCL)9, CXCL10, and CXCL11, in the T helper 1 immune response and in inflammatory diseases such as thyroid autoimmune disorders. PPAR-γ agonists show a strong inhibitory effect on the expression and release of CXCR3 chemokines, in vitro, in various kinds of cells, such as thyrocytes, and in orbital fibroblasts, preadipocytes, and myoblasts from patients with GO. Recently, it has been demonstrated that rosiglitazone is involved in a higher risk of heart failure, stroke, and all-cause mortality in old patients. On the contrary, pioglitazone has not shown these effects until now; this favors pioglitazone for a possible use in patients with thyroid autoimmunity. However, further studies are ongoing to explore the use of new PPAR-γ agonists in the treatment of thyroid autoimmune disorders.
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Chang SH, Wu LS, Chiou MJ, Liu JR, Yu KH, Kuo CF, Wen MS, Chen WJ, Yeh YH, See LC. Association of metformin with lower atrial fibrillation risk among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a population-based dynamic cohort and in vitro studies. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2014; 13:123. [PMID: 25106079 PMCID: PMC4149273 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-014-0123-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atrial fibrillation (AF), an inflammatory process involving arrhythmia, is associated with severe morbidity and mortality and commonly seen in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). The effect of metformin, the most commonly used medication for patients with DM, on AF has not been investigated. The primary aim of this study was to examine whether metformin prevented the occurrence of AF in type 2 DM patients by analyzing a nationwide, population-based dynamic cohort. Additionally, we investigated the effect of metformin on tachycardia-induced myolysis and oxidative stress in atrial cells. METHODS The study population included 645,710 patients with type 2 diabetes and not using other anti-diabetic medication from a subset of the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. Of these patients, those who used metformin were categorized as the user group, and the remaining were classified as the non-user group. The time-dependent Cox's proportional hazard model was used to examine the effect of metformin on AF and the status of metformin use was treated as a time-dependent covariate. HL-1 atrial cells were paced with or without metformin, and then troponin and heavy-chain-myosin were measured as markers of myolysis. RESULTS After 13 years of follow-up, 9,983 patients developed AF with an incidence rate of 1.5% (287 per 100,000 person-years). After adjusting for co-morbidities and medications, metformin independently protected the diabetic patients from new-onset AF with a hazard ratio of .81 (95% confidence interval 0.76-0.86, p < 0.0001). Metformin significantly decreased the extent of pacing-induced myolysis and the production of reactive oxygen species. CONCLUSION Metformin use was associated with a decreased risk of AF in patients with type 2 DM who were not using other anti-diabetic medication, probably via attenuation of atrial cell tachycardia-induced myolysis and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yung-Hsin Yeh
- Chang Gung University and Department of Cardiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kweishan 333, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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Ormseth MJ, Oeser AM, Cunningham A, Bian A, Shintani A, Solus J, Tanner S, Stein CM. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ agonist effect on rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized controlled trial. Arthritis Res Ther 2014; 15:R110. [PMID: 24020899 PMCID: PMC3978636 DOI: 10.1186/ar4290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a chronic inflammatory disease, is associated with insulin resistance. Experimental evidence indicates that the relationship between insulin resistance and inflammation is bidirectional: Inflammation promotes insulin resistance, and insulin resistance promotes inflammation. Therefore, we examined the hypothesis that pioglitazone, a thiazolidinedione peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ agonist, would decrease inflammation and disease activity and improve insulin resistance in patients with RA. Methods In a single-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study patients with RA (N = 34) receiving stable therapy were randomized to also receive either pioglitazone 45 mg daily (n = 17) or matching placebo (n = 17) for eight weeks. This was followed by a four-week washout period and alternative treatment for eight weeks. Outcomes included change in Disease Activity Score in 28 joints (DAS28) score, individual components of the DAS28 score and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA). Intention-to-treat analysis and linear mixed-effects models were used. Results Patients had a mean (±SD) age of 51 (±14.2) years, 82.4% were female and baseline DAS28 high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (DAS28-CRP) was 4.58 (±1.1) units. Addition of pioglitazone was associated with a 9.3% reduction (95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.17% to 17.6%) in DAS28-CRP (P = 0.046), but no significant change in DAS28 erythrocyte sedimentation rate (DAS28-ESR) (P = 0.92). There was a 10.7mm (95% CI = 0.4 to 20.9 mm) improvement in patient-reported global health (P = 0.042), a 48.6% decrease (95% CI = 27.6% to 63.5%) in CRP (P < 0.001) and a 26.4% decrease (95% CI = 3.7% to 43.8%) in insulin resistance as measured by HOMA (P = 0.025), but no significant reduction in swollen or tender joint count or in ESR (all P > 0.05). Lower-extremity edema was more common during pioglitazone treatment (16%) than placebo (0%). Conclusion Addition of pioglitazone to RA therapy improves insulin resistance and modestly reduces RA disease activity measured by DAS28-CRP and two of its components, including patient-reported global health and CRP, but not DAS28-ESR or ESR. Trial registration NCT00763139
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Sarwa KK, Das PJ, Mazumder B. A nanovesicle topical formulation of Bhut Jolokia (hottest capsicum): a potential anti-arthritic medicine. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2014; 11:661-76. [PMID: 24661126 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2014.891581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Bhut Jolokia is a capsicum variety indigenous to Northeast India and is recognized as the hottest capsicum variety of the world. The ethnobotanical survey revealed that it has potential anti-arthritic activity but its topical adverse events restrict its usability. In the present study, the semipurified capsaicinoids extract of Bhut Jolokia was formulated as a topical formulation via ethosomal nanovesicle approach, which enhanced the acceptability. METHODS Prepared formulation was optimized by surface response methodology and characterized for morphology, zeta potential, differential scanning calorimetry study and permeation and penetration studies. The experimental formulations were characterized on Freunds complete adjuvant-induced chronic arthritis model. RESULTS Ethosomal nanovesicles prepared with the semipurified capsaicinoids extract demonstrated good anti-arthritic activity in rat model, superior to Thermagel (a marketed formulation of capsaicin) in the reduction of joint swelling and pain throughout the observation period. Nanovesicle formulation showed better tolerability and acceptance on both animal and human models. Results obtained from the study strengthen the potential application of Bhut Jolokia semipurified extract in an ethosomal nanovesicle carrier as a topical analgesic as well as an anti-arthritic. CONCLUSION The significant positive results, with reduced irritant effect of the semipurified capsaicinoids extract of Bhut Jolokia-loaded ethosomal nanovesicle carrier, suggest that it could be one of the choices for formulation development in anti-arthritic medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khomendra K Sarwa
- Dibrugarh University, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Dibrurarh, 786004 , India
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Sakr HF, Al-Hashem FH, El-Naby WMH, Alkhateeb MA, Zaki MSA, Refaey HME, Morsy MD. Preventive roles of swimming exercise and pioglitazone treatment on hepatic dysfunction in a rat model of metabolic syndrome. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2014; 92:162-70. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2013-0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pioglitazone (Pio) and swimming exercise (SE) are insulin sensitisers. This investigation was suggested because of the significant side effects associated with Pio treatment in metabolic syndrome (MetS). This study was, therefore, designed to investigate the preventive role of Pio treatment and SE in terms of efficiency and pathological changes in MetS in a rat model. Sixty male Sprague–Dawley rats were distributed equally among 6 groups: (i) control group (C), (ii) exercised control group (C+E), (iii) Pio-treated control group (C+Pio), (iv) group with MetS, (v) group with MetS treated with Pio (MetS+Pio), and (vi) exercised MetS group (MetS+E). Systolic blood pressure and heart rate were measured at the end of the experiments (16 weeks). Retro-orbital blood samples were used to determine the serum levels of glucose, insulin, lipids, gamma glutamyl transferase, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, fetuin-A, and adiponectin. Semiquantitative reverse transcriptase – PCR insulin gene expression assays and hepatic histopathological examination were conducted. Swimming exercise significantly improved all of the aforementioned parameters, more so than the Pio treatment. In particular, the serum hepatic enzyme levels and hepatic histopathological changes were improved compared with the MetS group. These results suggested that swimming exercise might be an alternative physiological preventive tool against hepatic dysfunction to avoid the side effects associated with Pio treatment, and this could be demonstrated in a rat model of metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein F. Sakr
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha 64121, Saudi Arabia
- Medical Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, PO Box 35516 Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Fahaid H. Al-Hashem
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha 64121, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mahmoud A. Alkhateeb
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha 64121, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Samir A. Zaki
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha 64121, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hesham M. El Refaey
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 64121, Saudi Arabia
- Al Azhar University, Egypt
| | - Mohamed D. Morsy
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha 64121, Saudi Arabia
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Fahmi H, Martel-Pelletier J, Pelletier JP, Kapoor M. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma in osteoarthritis. Mod Rheumatol 2014. [DOI: 10.3109/s10165-010-0347-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Koufany M, Chappard D, Netter P, Bastien C, Weryha G, Jouzeau JY, Moulin D. The Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ Agonist Pioglitazone Preserves Bone Microarchitecture in Experimental Arthritis by Reducing the Interleukin-17-Dependent Osteoclastogenic Pathway. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 65:3084-95. [DOI: 10.1002/art.38130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meriem Koufany
- UMR-7365, CNRS, Université de Lorraine; Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy France
| | - Daniel Chappard
- IRIS-IBS Institut de Biologie en Santé and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Angers; Angers France
| | - Patrick Netter
- UMR-7365, CNRS, Université de Lorraine; Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy France
- Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire; Nancy France
| | - Claire Bastien
- Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire; Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy France
| | - Georges Weryha
- Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire; Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy France
| | - Jean-Yves Jouzeau
- UMR-7365, CNRS, Université de Lorraine; Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy France
- Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire; Nancy France
| | - David Moulin
- UMR-7365, CNRS, Université de Lorraine; Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy France
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Marder W, Khalatbari S, Myles JD, Hench R, Lustig S, Yalavarthi S, Parameswaran A, Brook RD, Kaplan MJ. The peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ pioglitazone improves vascular function and decreases disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Am Heart Assoc 2013; 2:e000441. [PMID: 24252844 PMCID: PMC3886758 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.113.000441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is associated with heightened mortality due to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD). Inflammatory pathways in RA negatively affect vascular physiology and promote metabolic disturbances that contribute to CVD. We hypothesized that the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor‐γ (PPAR‐γ) pioglitazone could promote potent vasculoprotective and anti‐inflammatory effects in RA. Methods and Results One hundred forty‐three non‐diabetic adult RA patients (76.2% female, age 55.2±12.1 [mean±SD]) on stable RA standard of care treatment were enrolled in a randomized, double‐blind placebo controlled crossover trial of 45 mg daily pioglitazone versus placebo, with a 3‐month duration/arm and a 2‐month washout period. Pulse wave velocity of the aorta (PWV), brachial artery flow mediated dilatation (FMD), nitroglycerin mediated dilatation (NMD), microvascular endothelial function (reactive hyperemia index [RHI]), and circulating biomarkers of inflammation, insulin resistance, and atherosclerosis risk all were quantified. RA disease activity was assessed with the 28‐Joint Count Disease Activity Score (DAS‐28) C‐reactive protein (CRP) and the Short Form (36) Health Survey quality of life questionnaire. When added to standard of care RA treatment, pioglitazone significantly decreased pulse wave velocity (ie, aortic stiffness) (P=0.01), while FMD and RHI remained unchanged when compared to treatment with placebo. Further, pioglitazone significantly reduced RA disease activity (P=0.02) and CRP levels (P=0.001), while improving lipid profiles. The drug was well tolerated. Conclusions Addition of pioglitazone to RA standard of care significantly improves aortic elasticity and decreases inflammation and disease activity with minimal safety issues. The clinical implications of these findings remain to be established. Clinical Trial Registration URL: ClinicalTrials.gov Unique Identifier: NCT00554853.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Marder
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
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Kiss M, Czimmerer Z, Nagy L. The role of lipid-activated nuclear receptors in shaping macrophage and dendritic cell function: From physiology to pathology. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 132:264-86. [PMID: 23905916 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors are ligand-activated transcription factors linking lipid signaling to the expression of the genome. There is increasing appreciation of the involvement of this receptor network in the metabolic programming of macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs), essential members of the innate immune system. In this review we focus on the role of retinoid X receptor, retinoic acid receptor, peroxisome proliferator-associated receptor γ, liver X receptor, and vitamin D receptor in shaping the immune and metabolic functions of macrophages and DCs. We also provide an overview of the contribution of macrophage- and DC-expressed nuclear receptors to various immunopathologic conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, asthma, and some others. We suggest that systematic analyses of the roles of these receptors and their activating lipid ligands in immunopathologies combined with complementary and focused translational and clinical research will be crucial for the development of new therapies using the many molecules available to target nuclear receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mate Kiss
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Center, Debrecen, Hungary
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Suke SG, Negi H, Mediratta P, Banerjee B, Sharma K. Anti-arthritic and anti-inflammatory activity of combined pioglitazone and prednisolone on adjuvant-induced arthritis. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 718:57-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Vetal S, Bodhankar SL, Mohan V, Thakurdesai PA. Anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activity of type-A procyanidine polyphenols from bark of Cinnamomum zeylanicum in rats. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2013.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Paukkeri EL, Leppänen T, Lindholm M, Yam MF, Asmawi MZ, Kolmonen A, Aulaskari PH, Moilanen E. Anti-inflammatory properties of a dual PPARgamma/alpha agonist muraglitazar in in vitro and in vivo models. Arthritis Res Ther 2013; 15:R51. [PMID: 23594962 PMCID: PMC4060226 DOI: 10.1186/ar4211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonists are widely used drugs in the treatment of diabetes and dyslipidemia. In addition to their metabolic effects, PPAR isoforms PPARα and PPARγ are also involved in the regulation of immune responses and inflammation. In the present study, we investigated the effects of a dual PPARγ/α agonist muraglitazar on inflammatory gene expression in activated macrophages and on carrageenan-induced inflammation in the mouse. Methods J774 murine macrophages were activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and treated with dual PPARγ/α agonist muraglitazar, PPARγ agonist GW1929 or PPARα agonist fenofibrate. The effects of PPAR agonists on cytokine production and the activation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) pathway were investigated by ELISA, Griess method, Western blotting and quantitative RT-PCR. Nuclear translocation, DNA-binding activity and reporter gene assays were used to assess the activity of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) transcription factor. Carrageenan-induced paw oedema was used as an in vivo model of acute inflammation. Results Muraglitazar as well as PPARγ agonist GW1929 and PPARα agonist fenofibrate inhibited LPS-induced iNOS expression and NO production in activated macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. Inhibition of iNOS expression by muraglitazar included both transcriptional and post-transcriptional components; the former being shared by GW1929 and the latter by fenofibrate. All tested PPAR agonists also inhibited IL-6 production, while TNFα production was reduced by muraglitazar and GW1929, but not by fenofibrate. Interestingly, the anti-inflammatory properties of muraglitazar were also translated in vivo. This was evidenced by the finding that muraglitazar inhibited carrageenan-induced paw inflammation in a dose-dependent manner in mice as did iNOS inhibitor L-NIL and anti-inflammatory steroid dexamethasone. Conclusions These results show that muraglitazar has anti-inflammatory properties both in vitro and in vivo and these effects reflect the agonistic action through both PPARα and PPARγ.
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Rathi B, Bodhankar S, Mohan V, Thakurdesai P. Ameliorative Effects of a Polyphenolic Fraction of Cinnamomum zeylanicum L. Bark in Animal Models of Inflammation and Arthritis. Sci Pharm 2013; 81:567-89. [PMID: 23833722 PMCID: PMC3700084 DOI: 10.3797/scipharm.1301-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cinnamon bark (Cinnamomum zeylanicum Syn C. verum, family: Lauraceae) is one of the oldest traditional medicines for inflammatory- and pain-related disorders. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of the polyphenol fraction from Cinnamomum zeylanicum bark (CPP) in animal models of inflammation and rheumatoid arthritis. Dose-response studies of CPP (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) used in a separate set of in vivo experiments were conducted in acute (carrageenan-induced rat paw edema), subacute (cotton pellet-induced granuloma), and sub-chronic (AIA, adjuvant-induced established polyarthrtis) models of inflammation in rats and the acetic acid-induced writhing model of pain in mice. Effects of CPP on cytokine (IL-2, IL-4, and IFNγ) release from Concanavalin (ConA)-stimulated lymphocytes were also evaluated in vitro. CPP showed a strong and dose-dependent reduction in paw volume, weight loss reversal effects against carrageenan-induced paw edema, and cotton pellet-induced granuloma models in rats. CPP (200 mg/kg p.o. for 10 days) showed a significant reduction in elevated serum TNF-α concentration without causing gastric ulcerogenicity in the AIA model in rats. CPP also demonstrated mild analgesic effects during acute treatment as evidenced by the reduction in the writhing and paw withdrawal threshold of the inflamed rat paw during the acetic acid-induced writhing model and Randall-Selitto test. CPP was found to inhibit cytokine (IL-2, IL-4, and IFNγ) release from ConA-stimulated lymphocytes in vitro. In conclusion, CPP demonstrated prominent action in animal models of inflammation and arthritis and therefore can be considered as a potential anti-rheumatic agent with disease-modifying action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badal Rathi
- Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Erandwane, Pune- 411 038, India
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Ross AC, Hileman CO, Brown TT, Fedarko N, Storer N, Labbato D, McComsey GA. Bone effects of rosiglitazone in HIV-infected patients with lipoatrophy. HIV CLINICAL TRIALS 2012; 13:212-21. [PMID: 22849962 DOI: 10.1310/hct1304-212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Thiazoledinediones increase limb fat in HIV+ patients with lipoatrophy. However, their use in the general population has been associated with bone loss and fracture. We sought to determine the effects of rosiglitazone on bone metabolism in HIV-infected patients. METHODS HIV+ patients with lipoatrophy were randomized to rosiglitazone versus placebo for 48 weeks in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Limb fat, bone mineral density (BMD), bone formation markers (procollagen type 1 amino-terminal propeptide [P1NP], osteocalcin [OC]) and bone resorption markers (C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen [CTX]) were measured, along with receptor activator for nuclear factor kappa β ligand (RANKL), osteoprotegerin (OPG), and inflammatory cytokines. RESULTS Seventy-one subjects were randomized to rosiglitazone or placebo: 17% female and 51% white. Total BMD did not change significantly in either group. In the rosiglitazone group, P1NP showed statistically significant decreases at 24 and 48 weeks; however, changes compared to placebo were only significant at 24 weeks. OC decreased significantly in the rosiglitazone group at 24 weeks, but there were no between-group differences. CTX, RANKL, or OPG did not change for either group. Multivariable regression within the rosiglitazone arm showed P1NP changes were inversely associated with limb fat changes, protease inhibitors, and tenofovir use. CONCLUSION Rosiglitazone use was associated with decreased bone formation, but it did not alter bone resorption or total BMD. The increase in limb fat that accompanies rosiglitazone use appears to be associated with decreased osteoblast activity. Further studies are needed to determine the effect of thiazoledinediones on bone health in HIV-infected persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison C Ross
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
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Palma A, Sainaghi PP, Amoruso A, Fresu LG, Avanzi G, Pirisi M, Brunelleschi S. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma expression in monocytes/macrophages from rheumatoid arthritis patients: relation to disease activity and therapy efficacy--a pilot study. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2012; 51:1942-52. [PMID: 22829690 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kes177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) is expressed by different cell types in the joints and plays a relevant anti-inflammatory role in various diseases. This pilot study aimed to evaluate PPARγ expression in monocytes/macrophages isolated from RA patients as compared with healthy subjects, the relationships between PPARγ expression, MMP-9 activity and disease, and the influence of therapy with anti-rheumatic drugs on these parameters. METHODS Thirty RA patients of both sexes (treated with CSs and MTX, mainly) and 15 healthy volunteers were enrolled in this study. Disease severity was evaluated by the 28-joint disease activity score (DAS-28). Monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) were isolated by standard procedures. PPARγ protein and mRNA expression were assessed by immunoblotting and real-time PCR, respectively; MMP-9 activity was determined by gelatin zymography. Moreover, we checked the ability of 15-deoxy-Δ(12,14)-prostaglandin J(2) (15d-PGJ, a PPARγ agonist), MTX and methylprednisolone (MP) to affect PPARγ expression and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced MMP-9 activity. RESULTS Monocytes/MDMs from RA patients have significantly enhanced PPARγ expression (both protein and mRNA) and MMP-9 activity as compared with healthy donors. Interestingly, cells from patients with less active disease (DAS-28 <3.2) present higher PPARγ protein expression and lower MMP-9 activity than RA patients with DAS-28 >3.2. At therapeutic concentrations, MTX and MP increase in vitro PPARγ protein expression and inhibit LPS-induced MMP-9 activity. CONCLUSION PPARγ expression in human monocytes/MDMs could represent an indicator of disease activity and therapy efficacy in RA because patients with a DAS-28 score <3.2 show the highest expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Palma
- Department of Sciences of Health, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
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Cho ES, Kim MK, Son YO, Lee KS, Park SM, Lee JC. The effects of rosiglitazone on osteoblastic differentiation, osteoclast formation and bone resorption. Mol Cells 2012; 33:173-81. [PMID: 22286232 PMCID: PMC3887713 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-012-2240-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 12/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Rosiglitazone has the potential to activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), which in turn can affect bone formation and resorption. However, the mechanisms by which rosiglitazone regulates osteoclastic orosteoblastic differentiation are not fully understood. This study examines how rosiglitazone affects osteoclast formation, bone resorption and osteoblast differentiation from mouse bone marrow. Rosiglitazone treatment not only inhibited the formation of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive cells, but also prevented pit formation by bone marrow cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Rosiglitazone also suppressed the receptor activator of nuclear factor (NF)-κB ligand (RANKL) receptor(RANK) expression but increased PPARγ2 expression in the cells. In addition, rosiglitazone diminished RANKL induced activation of NF-κB-DNA binding by blocking IκBαphosphorylation. Furthermore, it reduced collagen and osteocalcin levels to nearly zero and prevented mRNA expression of osteoblast-specific proteins including runtrelated transcription factor-2, osteocalcin, and type I collagen.However, mRNA levels of adipocyte-specific marker, aP2, were markedly increased in the cells co-incubated with rosiglitazone. These results suggest that PPARγ activation by rosiglitazone inhibits osteoblast differentiation with increased adipogenesis in bone marrow cells and also may prevent osteoclast formation and bone resorptionin the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eui-Sic Cho
- Cluster for Craniofacial Development and Regeneration Research, Institute of Oral Biosciences (Brain Korea 21 program) and School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756,
Korea
| | - Myoung-Kyun Kim
- Cluster for Craniofacial Development and Regeneration Research, Institute of Oral Biosciences (Brain Korea 21 program) and School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756,
Korea
| | - Young-Ok Son
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0001,
USA
| | - Keun-Soo Lee
- Research Laboratory, Korea Bone Bank Co. Ltd., Seoul 153-782,
Korea
| | - Seung-Moon Park
- Division of Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 570-752,
Korea
| | - Jeong-Chae Lee
- Cluster for Craniofacial Development and Regeneration Research, Institute of Oral Biosciences (Brain Korea 21 program) and School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756,
Korea
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0001,
USA
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Almarestani L, Fitzcharles MA, Bennett GJ, Ribeiro-da-Silva A. Imaging studies in Freund's complete adjuvant model of regional polyarthritis, a model suitable for the study of pain mechanisms, in the rat. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:1573-81. [PMID: 21337537 DOI: 10.1002/art.30303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In view of the extensive distribution in the spinal cord of primary afferent nociceptive nerve fibers from the rat hind paw, a model of regional inflammation would be useful in the study of arthritis pain. However, the subcutaneous intraplantar injection of a single low dose of Freund's complete adjuvant (CFA) has been used mostly as an inflammation model. We undertook this study to characterize this model by means of conventional radiography, microfocal computed tomography, and bone densitometry and by examining changes in pain-related behavior. METHODS Male rats were injected unilaterally with CFA or saline subcutaneously in the hind paw and killed 7, 15, and 30 days after injection. Pain-related behavior was studied using the Hargreaves, von Frey, and acetone tests. RESULTS CFA-injected animals developed soft tissue inflammation and polyarthritis restricted to the joints of the injected hind paw. No signs of joint involvement were observed 7 days after CFA injection. On day 15 after CFA injection, there was widening of joint space indicative of joint effusion. By day 30 after CFA injection, there was evidence of joint damage with joint space narrowing, erosions, osteophyte formation, and joint deformity. There were no changes contralaterally or in saline-injected rats. Mechanical hyperalgesia and cold allodynia were present in the affected hind paw from day 1 through day 30. CONCLUSION Signs of arthritis were strictly unilateral and started only 2 weeks after injection. Since the affected area has a broad representation in the spinal cord, this model has advantages over monarthritis models for the study of plastic changes in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Almarestani
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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PPAR-Gamma Agonist Rosiglitazone Attenuates the Inflammation Caused by Carrageenan in the Mouse Model of Pleurisy. Inflammation 2011; 35:280-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-011-9316-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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31
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Shahin D, Toraby EE, Abdel-Malek H, Boshra V, Elsamanoudy AZ, Shaheen D. Effect of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonist (pioglitazone) and methotrexate on disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis (experimental and clinical study). CLINICAL MEDICINE INSIGHTS-ARTHRITIS AND MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS 2011; 4:1-10. [PMID: 21339857 PMCID: PMC3040074 DOI: 10.4137/cmamd.s5951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the combined effect of both pioglitazone and methotrexate on disease activity of rheumatoid arthritis in a biphasic study; experimental and clinical. METHODS EXPERIMENTALLY: 50 rats were divided into 5 equal groups; controls, experimental arthritis, methorexate treated (0.1 mg/Kg daily), pioglitazone-treated (10 mg/kg daily), and methotrexate and pioglitazone treated. Clinically: forty-nine diabetic rheumatoid arthritis patients were included. Patients group consisted of 28 patients and they received pioglitazone 30 mg orally beside their usual treatment. Control group consisted of 21 patients and they continued their usual treatment plus placebo. Disease activity was assessed using DAS28 score. Patients were followed up for 3 months. RESULTS Pioglitazone produced a significant improvement of serum oxidative stress parameters (P < 0.05), and inflammatory cytokines in the treated arthritic group (P < 0.05). Clinically, the pioglitazone treated group showed significant improvement in DAS28 (P = 0.001) and C-reactive protein (P < 0.0001) compared to placebo group. CONCLUSION The concomitant use of the PPAR γ agonist pioglitazone and methotrexate appears to be promising therapeutic strategy for rheumatoid arthritis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Shahin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rheumatology and Immunology, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt
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Hanks BC, Kuroki K, Stoker AM, Cook JL. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and chondroprotective effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonists in cartilage and synovial explants from dogs. Am J Vet Res 2010; 71:1142-7. [PMID: 20919899 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.71.10.1142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) agonists on tissue metabolism in cartilage and synovial explants from dogs. SAMPLE POPULATION Cartilage-synovial membrane expiants from 12 dogs. PROCEDURES Expiants were cultured for 21 days without (negative control) or with interleukin (IL)-1beta (positive control) or with IL-1beta and 2 concentrations of 2 PPARγ agonists (15-deoxy-Delta 12,14-prostaglandin J2 [PGJ2] and pioglitazone). Media were collected on days 3, 7, 9, 12, 15, 18, and 21 and assessed for glycosaminoglycan (GAG), nitric oxide (NO), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) concentrations. Tissue GAG and hydroxyproline concentrations were determined in cartilage expiants collected on day 21. RESULTS The GAG concentrations of cartilage expiants cultured in IL-1beta (100 ng/mL) with 2 concentrations of PGJ2 were significantly higher than those in all other groups, whereas media GAG concentrations were significantly lower in the high-concentration PGJ2-treated groups, compared with all other groups. The PGE2 concentrations were significantly lower in the PGJ2 treatment groups, compared with the positive control and the pioglitazone treatment groups on days 3 to 21. The NO concentrations were significantly lower in PGJ2 treatment groups, compared with the other groups on days 3 and 12 to 21. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE PGJ2, an endogenous PPARγ agonist, may have anti-inflammatory and chondroprotective effects in an osteosteoarthritic joint environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Hanks
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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33
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Activation of PPARs α, β/δ, and γ Impairs TGF-β1-Induced Collagens' Production and Modulates the TIMP-1/MMPs Balance in Three-Dimensional Cultured Chondrocytes. PPAR Res 2010; 2010:635912. [PMID: 20981144 PMCID: PMC2957135 DOI: 10.1155/2010/635912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2010] [Revised: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose. We investigated the potency of Peroxisome Proliferators-Activated Receptors (PPARs) α, β/δ, and γ agonists to modulate Transforming Growth Factor-β1 (TGF-β1-) induced collagen production or changes in Tissue Inhibitor of Matrix Metalloproteinase- (TIMP-) 1/Matrix Metalloproteinase (MMP) balance in rat chondrocytes embedded in alginate beads. Experimental Approach. Collagen production was evaluated by quantitative Sirius red staining, while TIMP-1 protein levels and global MMP (-1, -2, -3, -7, and -9) or specific MMP-13 activities were measured by ELISA and fluorigenic assays in culture media, respectively. Levels of mRNA for type II collagen, TIMP-1, and MMP-3 & 13 were quantified by real-time PCR. Key Results. TGF-β1 increased collagen deposition and type II collagen mRNA levels, while inducing TIMP-1 mRNA and protein expression. In contrast, it decreased global MMP or specific MMP-13 activities, while decreasing MMP-3 or MMP-13 mRNA levels. PPAR agonists reduced most of the effects of TGF-β1 on changes in collagen metabolism and TIMP-1/MMP balance in rat in a PPAR-dependent manner, excepted for Wy14643 on MMP activities. Conclusions and Implications. PPAR agonists reduce TGF-β1-modulated ECM turnover and inhibit chondrocyte activities crucial for collagen biosynthesis, and display a different inhibitory profile depending on selectivity for PPAR isotypes.
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Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma in osteoarthritis. Mod Rheumatol 2010; 21:1-9. [PMID: 20820843 DOI: 10.1007/s10165-010-0347-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is among the most prevalent chronic human health disorders and the most common form of arthritis. It is a leading cause of disability in developed countries. This disease is characterized by cartilage deterioration, synovitis, and remodeling of the subchondral bone. There is not yet a satisfactory treatment to stop or arrest this disease process. Although several candidates for therapeutic approaches have been put forward, recent studies suggest that activation of the transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is an interesting target for this disease. PPARγ is a ligand-activated transcription factor and member of the nuclear receptor superfamily. Agonists of PPARγ inhibit inflammation and reduce synthesis of cartilage degradation products both in vitro and in vivo, and reduce the development/progression of cartilage lesions in OA animal models. This review will highlight the recent experimental studies on the presence of PPARγ in articular tissues and its effect on inflammatory and catabolic responses in chondrocytes and synovial fibroblasts, as well as the protective effects of PPARγ ligands in arthritis experimental models. Finally, the role of PPARγ polymorphism in the pathogenesis of OA and related musculoskeletal diseases will also be discussed.
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35
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Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor and a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily. Acting as sensors of hormones, vitamins, endogenous metabolites and xenobiotic compounds, the nuclear receptors control the expression of a very large number of genes. PPARγ has been known for some time to regulate adipocyte differentiation, fatty acid storage and glucose metabolism, and is a target of anti-diabetic drugs. More recently, PPARγ has been recognized as playing a fundamentally important role in the immune response through its ability to inhibit the expression of inflammatory cytokines and to direct the differentiation of immune cells towards anti-inflammatory phenotypes. A feature of PPARγ is the structural diversity of its ligands, which encompass endogenous metabolites, dietary compounds and synthetic drugs. The high and increasing incidence of inflammatory and allergic disease, coupled with encouraging results from recent clinical trials, suggest that natural PPARγ agonists found in foods may be beneficial to human health by acting as anti-inflammatory molecules. PPARγ is therefore not only a target of the pharmaceutical industry, but also of great potential interest to the food industry, since it is activated by several natural dietary constituents. The prospects for dietary intervention in inflammatory disease have improved somewhat over the last few years, and are reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Martin
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand.
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36
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Is there a biological basis for treatment of fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva with rosiglitazone? Potential benefits and undesired effects. PPAR Res 2010; 2010:541927. [PMID: 20613955 PMCID: PMC2896849 DOI: 10.1155/2010/541927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2010] [Accepted: 04/19/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Thiazolidinediones (TZDs), among which Rosiglitazone, are known agonists of the peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) commonly used for treatment of hyperglycemia. A recently published article describing a case report on a patient affected by Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva (FOP) treated with Rosiglitazone has prompted interest for careful analysis of the rational basis of such treatment. This article reviews the effects of PPARγ agonists in relationship with various pathogenic steps that occur during the course of FOP by reviewing the particularly rich literature on the effects of Rosiglitazone, to underscore their relevance to FOP and to consider possible adverse effects.
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THIAZOLIDINEDIONES INHIBIT TNF-α-MEDIATED OSTEOCLAST DIFFERENTIATION OF RAW264.7 MACROPHAGES AND MOUSE BONE MARROW CELLS THROUGH DOWNREGULATION OF NFATc1. Shock 2010; 33:662-7. [DOI: 10.1097/shk.0b013e3181cc0738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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38
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Gomaa A, Elshenawy M, Afifi N, Mohammed E, Thabit R. Enhancement of the anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic effects of theophylline by a low dose of a nitric oxide donor or non-specific nitric oxide synthase inhibitor. Br J Pharmacol 2010; 158:1835-47. [PMID: 19888960 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00468.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Although there are many new specific phosphodiesterase inhibitors with anti-inflammatory activity, none have yet reached the market because of their low therapeutic efficacy. Our study was aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic effect of an established phosphodiesterase inhibitor, theophylline, and to investigate the effect of the nitric oxide (NO) donor, sodium nitroprusside (SNP) or NO synthase inhibitor, L-N(G)-monomethyl arginine (L-NMMA) on its actions. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The effects of theophylline alone and combined with SNP or L-NMMA on the pathogenesis of adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats were evaluated. KEY RESULTS Prophylactic or therapeutic doses of theophylline significantly ameliorated the pathogenesis of adjuvant arthritis in rats as evidenced by a significant decrease in the arthritis index, hind paws volume, ankle joint diameter, fever, body weight loss and hyperalgesia in a dose-dependent manner. Inflammatory cellular infiltrate in synovium of ankle joint and pannus formation were also markedly inhibited. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) levels were significantly increased in arthritic rats given theophylline alone or in combination with either SNP or L-NMMA. Co-administration of a low dose of SNP or L-NMMA enhanced significantly the anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic effect of theophylline. In contrast, a high dose of SNP counteracted the anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic effects of theophylline. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATION These findings confirm the anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activities of theophylline and suggest a new approach to enhance the anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic effects of theophylline would be to administer it in combination with a low dose of a NO donor or a non-specific NO synthase inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Gomaa
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Al-madinah Almunawwarah, KSA.
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39
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Contin-Bordes C, Lazaro E, Pellegrin JL, Viallard JF, Moreau JF, Blanco P. Lupus érythémateux systémique : de la physiopathologie au traitement. Rev Med Interne 2009; 30:H9-13. [DOI: 10.1016/s0248-8663(09)73167-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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40
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Filková M, Haluzík M, Gay S, Senolt L. The role of resistin as a regulator of inflammation: Implications for various human pathologies. Clin Immunol 2009; 133:157-70. [PMID: 19740705 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2009.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2009] [Revised: 07/24/2009] [Accepted: 07/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Resistin was originally described as an adipocyte-secreted peptide that induced insulin resistance in rodents. Increasing evidence indicates its important regulatory roles in various biological processes, including several inflammatory diseases. Further studies have shown that resistin in humans, in contrast to its production by adipocytes in mice, is synthesized predominantly by mononuclear cells both within and outside adipose tissue. Possible roles for resistin in obesity-related subclinical inflammation, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, rheumatic diseases, malignant tumors, asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, and chronic kidney disease have already been demonstrated. In addition, resistin can modulate several molecular pathways involved in metabolic, inflammatory, and autoimmune diseases. In this review, current knowledge about the functions and pathophysiological implications of resistin in different human pathologies is summarized, although there is a significant lack of firm evidence regarding the specific role resistin plays in the "orchestra" of the numerous mediators of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mária Filková
- Institute of Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Research Laboratory, Department of Rheumatology of First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Na Slupi 4, Prague 2, 128 50, Czech Republic
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Evidence of anti-inflammatory effects of pioglitazone in the murine pleurisy model induced by carrageenan. Int Immunopharmacol 2009; 9:1394-400. [PMID: 19716439 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2009.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2009] [Revised: 08/07/2009] [Accepted: 08/19/2009] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have shown that the anti-inflammatory effect of Pioglitazone extends beyond the cardiovascular system. This study examines the anti-inflammatory effect of Pioglitazone in comparison to reference drugs (Dexamethasone and Indomethacin) in the mouse model of pleurisy induced by carrageenan which is characterized by two distinct phases (4 and 48 h) of inflammation. Pioglitazone (20 and 50 mg/kg, i.p., 0.5 h before pleurisy) inhibited both neutrophil (4 h) and mononuclears (48 h) influxes (P<0.01), but not exudation (P>0.05). While one dose of Pioglitazone was effective in inhibiting inflammation at 4 h, additional doses (10 or 20 mg/kg, i.p., 0.5 h before pleurisy induction followed by either a second dose at 24 h after the first one or two further doses at 12 h of time interval after the first one) were necessary to elicit inhibition of the second (48 h) inflammation phase. These effects were associated with a marked decrease in adenosine-deaminase (ADA) activity, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin 1-beta (IL-1beta) levels (P<0.01). Myeloperoxidade (MPO) activity was inhibited only at 4 h (P<0.05). By contrast, reference drugs were able to inhibit all the studied inflammatory parameters (P<0.05). These results demonstrated an interesting anti-inflammatory property of this thiazolidinedione class and strengthen prior evidence that PPAR pathways constitute another important route of inflammatory process inhibition of this pleurisy model.
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Kim YH, Choi BH, Cheon HG, Do MS. B cell activation factor (BAFF) is a novel adipokine that links obesity and inflammation. Exp Mol Med 2009; 41:208-16. [PMID: 19293640 DOI: 10.3858/emm.2009.41.3.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
B cell activation factor (BAFF) is a novel member of the TNF ligand superfamily, mainly produced by myeloid cells. BAFF has been shown to participate in B-cell survival and B- and T-cell maturation. BAFF expression in adipocytes has been recently demonstrated. In the current study, we verified that BAFF expression is increased during adipocyte differentiation. BAFF expression was augmented by TNF-alpha treatment and was decreased by rosiglitazone treatment. BAFF secretion in lean and in ob/ob mice sera were compared and smaller amount of BAFF was secreted in ob/ob mice. mRNA and protein expression were different between epididymal and visceral adipose tissue. BAFF expression was also increased in ob/ob mouse adipose tissue. We sought to identify known BAFF receptors (BAFF-R, BCMA, and TACI) in adipocytes, and determined that all three were present and upregulated during adipocyte differentiation. However, the expression of TACI was distinct from that of BAFF-R and BCMA under TNF-alpha and BAFF ligand treatment. BAFF-R and BCMA expression levels were upregulated under pro-inflammatory conditions, but TACI was reduced. Conversely, BAFF-R and BCMA expression levels were downregulated by rosiglitazone treatment, but TACI was increased. Taken together, our results suggest that BAFF may be a new adipokine, representing a link between obesity and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Hee Kim
- School of Life and Food Sciences, Handong Global University, Pohang 791-708, Korea
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43
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Martin H. Role of PPAR-gamma in inflammation. Prospects for therapeutic intervention by food components. Mutat Res 2009; 669:1-7. [PMID: 19563816 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2009.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2009] [Revised: 06/16/2009] [Accepted: 06/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor and a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily. Acting as sensors of hormones, vitamins, endogenous metabolites and xenobiotic compounds, the nuclear receptors control the expression of a very large number of genes. PPARgamma has been known for some time to regulate adipocyte differentiation, fatty acid storage and glucose metabolism, and is a target of anti-diabetic drugs. More recently, PPARgamma has been recognized as playing a fundamentally important role in the immune response through its ability to inhibit the expression of inflammatory cytokines and to direct the differentiation of immune cells towards anti-inflammatory phenotypes. A feature of PPARgamma is the structural diversity of its ligands, which encompass endogenous metabolites, dietary compounds and synthetic drugs. The high and increasing incidence of inflammatory and allergic disease, coupled with encouraging results from recent clinical trials, suggest that natural PPARgamma agonists found in foods may be beneficial to human health by acting as anti-inflammatory molecules. PPARgamma is therefore not only a target of the pharmaceutical industry, but also of great potential interest to the food industry, since it is activated by several natural dietary constituents. The prospects for dietary intervention in inflammatory disease have improved somewhat over the last few years, and are reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Martin
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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44
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Hassumi MY, Silva-Filho VJ, Campos-Júnior JC, Vieira SM, Cunha FQ, Alves PM, Alves JB, Kawai T, Gonçalves RB, Napimoga MH. PPAR-gamma agonist rosiglitazone prevents inflammatory periodontal bone loss by inhibiting osteoclastogenesis. Int Immunopharmacol 2009; 9:1150-8. [PMID: 19508902 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2009.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2009] [Revised: 05/29/2009] [Accepted: 06/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Rosiglitazone (RGZ), an oral anti-hyperglycemic agent used for non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, is a high-affinity synthetic agonist for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma). Both in vitro and in vivo experiments have also revealed that RGZ possesses anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of RGZ in a rat model of periodontal disease induced by ligature placed around the mandible first molars of each animal. Male Wister rats were divided into four groups: 1) animals without ligature placement receiving administration of empty vehicle (control); 2) animals with ligature receiving administration of empty vehicle; 3) animals with ligature receiving administration with oral RGZ (10 mg/kg/day); and 4) animals with ligature receiving administration of subcutaneous RGZ (10 mg/kg/day). Thirty days after induction of periodontal disease, the animals were sacrificed, and mandibles and gingival tissues were removed for further analysis. An in vitro assay was also employed to test the inhibitory effects of RGZ on osteoclastogenesis. Histomorphological and immunohistochemical analyses of periodontal tissue demonstrated that RGZ-treated animals presented decreased bone resorption, along with reduced RANKL expression, compared to those animals with ligature, but treated with empty vehicle. Corresponding to such results obtained from in vivo experiments, RGZ also suppressed in vitro osteoclast differentiation in the presence of RANKL in MOCP-5 osteoclast precursor cells, along with the down-regulation of the expression of RANKL-induced TRAP mRNA. These data indicated that RGZ may suppress the bone resorption by inhibiting RANKL-mediated osteoclastogenesis elicited during the course of experimental periodontitis in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcio Y Hassumi
- Laboratory of Biopathology and Molecular Biology, University of Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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45
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Dual effect of nitric oxide donor on adjuvant arthritis. Int Immunopharmacol 2009; 9:439-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2009.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2008] [Revised: 01/04/2009] [Accepted: 01/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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46
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Erős G, Ibrahim S, Siebert N, Boros M, Vollmar B. Oral phosphatidylcholine pretreatment alleviates the signs of experimental rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2009; 11:R43. [PMID: 19296835 PMCID: PMC2688190 DOI: 10.1186/ar2651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2008] [Revised: 02/16/2009] [Accepted: 03/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylcholine-derived metabolites exhibit anti-inflammatory properties in various stress conditions. We hypothesized that dietary phosphatidylcholine may potentially function as an anti-inflammatory substance and may decrease inflammatory activation in a chronic murine model of rheumatoid arthritis (collagen-induced arthritis). METHODS The experiments were performed on male DBA1/J mice. In groups 1 to 3 (n = 10 each), collagen-induced arthritis was induced by administration of bovine collagen II. In group 2 the animals were fed ad libitum with phosphatidylcholine-enriched diet as a pretreatment, while the animals of group 3 received this nourishment as a therapy, after the onset of the disease. The severity of the disease and inflammation-linked hyperalgesia were evaluated with semiquantitative scoring systems, while the venular leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions and functional capillary density were assessed by means of in vivo fluorescence microscopy of the synovial tissue. Additionally, the mRNA expressions of cannabinoid receptors 1 and 2, TNFalpha and endothelial and inducible nitric oxide synthase were determined, and classical histological analysis was performed. RESULTS Phosphatidylcholine pretreatment reduced the collagen-induced arthritis-induced hypersensitivity, and decreased the number of leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions and the extent of functional capillary density as compared with those of group 1. It also ameliorated the tissue damage and decreased inducible nitric oxide synthase expression. The expressions of the cannabinoid receptors and TNFalpha were not influenced by the phosphatidylcholine intake. Phosphatidylcholine-enriched food administrated as therapy failed to evoke the aforementioned changes, apart from the reduction of the inducible nitric oxide synthase expression. CONCLUSIONS Phosphatidylcholine-enriched food as pretreatment, but not as therapy, appears to exert beneficial effects on the morphological, functional and microcirculatory characteristics of chronic arthritis. We propose that oral phosphatidylcholine may be a preventive approach in ameliorating experimental rheumatoid arthritis-induced joint damage.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/administration & dosage
- Arthritis, Experimental/metabolism
- Arthritis, Experimental/pathology
- Arthritis, Experimental/prevention & control
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/metabolism
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/pathology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/prevention & control
- Blood Circulation
- Male
- Mice
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/biosynthesis
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III/biosynthesis
- Phosphatidylcholines/administration & dosage
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/biosynthesis
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/biosynthesis
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Synovial Membrane/blood supply
- Synovial Membrane/pathology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/biosynthesis
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabor Erős
- Institute for Experimental Surgery, University of Rostock, Schillingallee 69a, Rostock D-18057, Germany
- Institute of Surgical Research, University of Szeged, Pécsi u. 6, Szeged H-6720, Hungary
| | - Saleh Ibrahim
- Immunogenetics Group, University of Rostock, Schillingallee 70, Rostock D-18057, Germany
| | - Nikolai Siebert
- Institute for Experimental Surgery, University of Rostock, Schillingallee 69a, Rostock D-18057, Germany
| | - Mihály Boros
- Institute of Surgical Research, University of Szeged, Pécsi u. 6, Szeged H-6720, Hungary
| | - Brigitte Vollmar
- Institute for Experimental Surgery, University of Rostock, Schillingallee 69a, Rostock D-18057, Germany
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Nutrition and metabolism. Curr Opin Lipidol 2009; 20:63-72. [PMID: 19106709 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0b013e32832402a2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Jouzeau JY, Moulin D, Koufany M, Sebillaud S, Bianchi A, Netter P. [Pathophysiological relevance of peroxisome proliferators activated receptors (PPAR) to joint diseases - the pro and con of agonists]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 202:289-312. [PMID: 19094928 DOI: 10.1051/jbio:2008034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferators activated receptors (PPAR) are ligand-inducible nuclear transacting factors comprising three subtypes, PPARalpha, PPARbeta/delta and PPARgamma, which play a key role in lipids and glucose homeostasis. All PPAR subtypes have been identified in joint or inflammatory cells and their activation resulted in a transcriptional repression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, TNFalpha), early inflammatory genes (NOS(2), COX-2, mPGES-1) or matrix metalloproteases (MMP-1, MMP-13), at least for the gamma subtype. PPAR full agonists were also shown to stimulate IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) production by cytokine-stimulated articular cells in a subtype-dependent manner. These anti-inflammatory and anti-catabolic properties were confirmed in animal models of joint diseases where PPAR agonists reduced synovial inflammation while preventing cartilage destruction or inflammatory bone loss, although many effects required much higher doses than needed to restore insulin sensitivity or to lower circulating lipid levels. However, these promising effects of PPAR full agonists were hampered by their ability to reduce the growth factor-dependent synthesis of extracellular matrix components or to induce chondrocyte apoptosis, by the possible contribution of immunosuppressive properties to their anti-arthritic effects, by the increased adipocyte differentiation secondary to prolonged stimulation of PPARgamma, and by a variable contribution of PPAR subtypes depending on the system. Clinical data are scarce in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients whereas thousands of patients worldwilde, treated with PPAR agonists for type 2 diabetes or dyslipidemia, are paradoxically prone to suffer from osteoarthritis (OA). Whereas high dosage of full agonists may expose RA patients to cardiovascular adverse effects, the proof of concept that PPAR agonists have therapeutical relevance to OA may benefit from an epidemiological follow-up of joint lesions in diabetic or hyperlipidemic patients treated for long periods of time with glitazones or fibrates. Additionally, cellular and animal studies are required to assess whether partial agonists of PPAR (SPPARMs) may preserve therapeutical properties with potentially less safety concern.
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Almarestani L, Longo G, Ribeiro-da-Silva A. Autonomic fiber sprouting in the skin in chronic inflammation. Mol Pain 2008; 4:56. [PMID: 19014600 PMCID: PMC2637239 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-4-56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2008] [Accepted: 11/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain is a major symptom associated with chronic inflammation. In previous work from our laboratory, we have shown that in animal models of neuropathic pain there is a sprouting of sympathetic fibers into the upper dermis, a territory normally devoid of them. However, it is not known whether such sympathetic spouting, which is likely trophic factor mediated, also occurs in chronic inflammation and arthritis. In the present study, we used a rat model of chronic inflammation in which a small single dose of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) was injected subcutaneously, unilaterally, into the plantar surface of the hindpaw. This led to a localized long-term skin inflammation and arthritis in all joints of the hindpaw. Animals were perfused with histological fixatives at 1, 2, 3 or 4 weeks after the injection. Experimental animals treated with CFA were compared to saline-injected animals. We then investigated the changes in the pattern of peripheral innervation of the peptidergic nociceptors and sympathetic fibers in rat glabrous hindpaw skin. Antibodies directed towards calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) were used for the staining of peptidergic and sympathetic fibers, respectively. Immunofluorescence was then used to analyze the different nerve fiber populations of the upper dermis. At 4 weeks following CFA treatment, DBH-immunoreactive (IR) fibers were found to sprout into the upper dermis, in a pattern similar to the one we had observed in animals with a chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve in a previous publication. There was also a significant increase in the density of CGRP-IR fibers in the upper dermis in CFA treated animals at 2, 3 and 4 weeks post-injection. The increased peptidergic fiber innervation and the ectopic autonomic fibers found in the upper dermis may have a role in the pain-related behavior displayed by these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Almarestani
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Szanto A, Nagy L. The many faces of PPARgamma: anti-inflammatory by any means? Immunobiology 2008; 213:789-803. [PMID: 18926294 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2008.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2008] [Accepted: 07/29/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, a group of transcription factors that regulate expression of their target genes upon ligand binding. As endogenous ligands, oxidized fatty acids and prostanoids can bind to and activate the receptor. Natural and synthetic PPARgamma activators have been studied extensively in many inflammatory settings and in most instances they have been shown to be anti-inflammatory. In this review we give an overview of the different molecular mechanisms how PPARgamma and its agonists exert their anti-inflammatory effects both at the cellular level and the level of the organism. The action of PPARgamma in acute and chronic inflammatory diseases and disease models will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Szanto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Center, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Life Science Building, Egyetem ter 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
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