1
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Thomas P, Peele EE, Yopak KE, Sulikowski JA, Kinsey ST. Lectin binding to pectoral fin of neonate little skates reared under ambient and projected-end-of-century temperature regimes. J Morphol 2024; 285:e21698. [PMID: 38669130 PMCID: PMC11064730 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The glycosylation of macromolecules can vary both among tissue structural components and by adverse conditions, potentially providing an alternative marker of stress in organisms. Lectins are proteins that bind carbohydrate moieties and lectin histochemistry is a common method to visualize microstructures in biological specimens and diagnose pathophysiological states in human tissues known to alter glycan profiles. However, this technique is not commonly used to assess broad-spectrum changes in cellular glycosylation in response to environmental stressors. In addition, the binding of various lectins has not been studied in elasmobranchs (sharks, skates, and rays). We surveyed the binding tissue structure specificity of 14 plant-derived lectins, using both immunoblotting and immunofluorescence, in the pectoral fins of neonate little skates (Leucoraja erinacea). Skates were reared under present-day or elevated (+5°C above ambient) temperature regimes and evaluated for lectin binding as an indicator of changing cellular glycosylation and tissue structure. Lectin labeling was highly tissue and microstructure specific. Dot blots revealed no significant changes in lectin binding between temperature regimes. In addition, lectins only detected in the elevated temperature treatment were Canavalia ensiformis lectin (Concanavalin A) in spindle cells of muscle and Ricinus communis agglutinin in muscle capillaries. These results provide a reference for lectin labeling in elasmobranch tissue that may aid future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peyton Thomas
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina at Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, 28403, USA
| | - Emily E. Peele
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina at Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, 28403, USA
| | - Kara E. Yopak
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina at Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, 28403, USA
| | - James A. Sulikowski
- 2030 SE Marine Science Drive, Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97365, USA
| | - Stephen T. Kinsey
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina at Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, 28403, USA
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2
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Homan K, Onodera T, Hanamatsu H, Furukawa JI, Momma D, Matsuoka M, Iwasaki N. Articular cartilage corefucosylation regulates tissue resilience in osteoarthritis. eLife 2024; 12:RP92275. [PMID: 38466626 DOI: 10.7554/elife.92275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the glycan structural changes that occur before histological degeneration in osteoarthritis (OA) and to determine the mechanism by which these glycan conformational changes affect cartilage degeneration. An OA model was established in rabbits using mannosidase injection, which reduced high-mannose type N-glycans and led to cartilage degeneration. Further analysis of glycome in human OA cartilage identified specific corefucosylated N-glycan expression patterns. Inhibition of N-glycan corefucosylation in mice resulted in unrecoverable cartilage degeneration, while cartilage-specific blocking of corefucosylation led to accelerated development of aging-associated and instability-induced OA models. We conclude that α1,6 fucosyltransferase is required postnatally to prevent preosteoarthritic deterioration of articular cartilage. These findings provide a novel definition of early OA and identify glyco-phenotypes of OA cartilage, which may distinguish individuals at higher risk of progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Homan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Onodera
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hisatoshi Hanamatsu
- Institute for Glyco‑core Research (iGCORE), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Furukawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Institute for Glyco‑core Research (iGCORE), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Daisuke Momma
- Center for Sports Medicine, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masatake Matsuoka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Norimasa Iwasaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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3
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Lee YR, Briggs MT, Kuliwaba JS, Jagiello J, Anderson PH, Hoffmann P. High-Resolution N-Glycan MALDI Mass Spectrometry Imaging of Subchondral Bone Tissue Microarrays in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis. Anal Chem 2023; 95:12640-12647. [PMID: 37583288 PMCID: PMC10470451 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c00348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
N-glycan alterations contribute to the progression of several joint diseases, including knee osteoarthritis (KOA). However, molecular changes in KOA subchondral trabecular bone, when exposed to different joint loading forces, are still unknown. The aim of this study was, therefore, to demonstrate the feasibility to differentiate N-glycan changes in subchondral trabecular bone from four different joint loading forces of the tibial plateau regions (i.e., Lateral Anterior (L-A), Lateral Posterior (L-P), Medial Anterior (M-A), and Medial Posterior (M-P)) in KOA patients (n = 10) using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) at 20 μm spatial resolution. The degree of cartilage degeneration was evaluated histologically, and the subchondral bone tissue microarrays (TMAs) were subsequently manually constructed from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) KOA osteochondral (i.e., cartilage-subchondral bone) tissues. Overall, the Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) histological grade was significantly higher and the size of chondrocytes in the superficial zone was much larger for both M-A and M-P compared to L-A and L-P of cartilage (p = 0.006, p = 0.030, p = 0.028, and p = 0.010; respectively). Among the 65 putative N-glycans observed by MALDI-MSI, 2 core fucosylated bi-antennary N-glycans, m/z 1809.64; (Hex)5(HexNAc)4(Fuc)1 and 2100.73; (NeuAc)1(Hex)5(HexNAc)4(Fuc)1, were significantly higher in intensity in M-A compared to L-A of the trabecular bone (p = 0.027, and p = 0.038, respectively). These N-glycans were then further structurally characterized by in situ MS/MS fragmentation post-MALDI-MSI. Our results demonstrate, for the first time, N-glycan alterations can occur at different joint loading forces in the KOA tibial plateau and the feasibility of subchondral bone TMA construction for N-glycan MALDI-MSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yea-Rin Lee
- Clinical
and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Clinical
and Health Sciences, University of South
Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Discipline
of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Matthew T. Briggs
- Clinical
and Health Sciences, University of South
Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Julia S. Kuliwaba
- Discipline
of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Jakub Jagiello
- Department
of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Royal
Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Paul H. Anderson
- Clinical
and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Peter Hoffmann
- Clinical
and Health Sciences, University of South
Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
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4
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Hanamatsu H, Miura Y, Nishikaze T, Yokota I, Homan K, Onodera T, Hayakawa Y, Iwasaki N, Furukawa JI. Simultaneous and sialic acid linkage-specific N- and O-linked glycan analysis by ester-to-amide derivatization. Glycoconj J 2023; 40:259-267. [PMID: 36877384 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-023-10109-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Characterization of O-glycans linked to serine or threonine residues in glycoproteins has mostly been achieved using chemical reaction approaches because there are no known O-glycan-specific endoglycosidases. Most O-glycans are modified with sialic acid residues at the non-reducing termini through various linkages. In this study, we developed a novel approach for sialic acid linkage-specific O-linked glycan analysis through lactone-driven ester-to-amide derivatization combined with non-reductive β-elimination in the presence of hydroxylamine. O-glycans released by non-reductive β-elimination were efficiently purified using glycoblotting via chemoselective ligation between carbohydrates and a hydrazide-functionalized polymer, followed by modification of methyl or ethyl ester groups of sialic acid residues on solid-phase. In-solution lactone-driven ester-to-amide derivatization of ethyl-esterified O-glycans was performed, and the resulting sialylated glycan isomers were discriminated by mass spectrometry. In combination with PNGase F digestion, we carried out simultaneous, quantitative, and sialic acid linkage-specific N- and O-linked glycan analyses of a model glycoprotein and human cartilage tissue. This novel glycomic approach will facilitate detailed characterization of biologically relevant sialylated N- and O-glycans on glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisatoshi Hanamatsu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Hokkaido, 060-8638, Sapporo, Japan.
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8638, Japan.
| | - Yoshiaki Miura
- Sumitomo Bakelite Co., Ltd., 5-8, Tennoz Parkside Building, Higashi-Shinagawa 2-chome, Shinagawa-ku, 140-0002, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Nishikaze
- Solutions COE, Analytical & Measuring Instruments Division, Shimadzu Corporation, 604-8511, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ikuko Yokota
- Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Nagoya University, 464-8601, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kentaro Homan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Hokkaido, 060-8638, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Onodera
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Hokkaido, 060-8638, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Hayakawa
- Solutions COE, Analytical & Measuring Instruments Division, Shimadzu Corporation, 604-8511, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Norimasa Iwasaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Hokkaido, 060-8638, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Furukawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Hokkaido, 060-8638, Sapporo, Japan.
- Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Nagoya University, 464-8601, Nagoya, Japan.
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5
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de Oliveira PSS, Cardoso PRG, de Paula Silva SK, Duarte ALBP, da Rosa MM, de Melo Rêgo MJB, Pereira MC, da Rocha Pitta I, da Rocha Pitta MG. High serum levels of galectins 1 and 4 in osteoarthritis patients. Clin Biochem 2023; 116:11-15. [PMID: 36858300 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2023.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although immunostaining of galectins is associated with cartilage damage, the serum levels of these lectins in osteoarthritis (OA) are not fully understood. OBJECTIVE Therefore, we evaluate the concentrations of galectins-1, 3, 4, and 7 in patients with osteoarthritis and correlate them with clinical parameters. METHODS This cross-sectional study involved 60 osteoarthritis patients and 43 healthy volunteers, who had serum samples collected for galectins titration by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). RESULTS Our finds showed that the median values of gal-1 and 4 serum levels in patients were statistically higher (13,990 and 969.1 pg/mL, respectively) than in healthy controls (1,798 and 519.5 pg/mL) with p < 0.001. Further, gal-1 expressed higher levels in patients who had joint edema at the time of collection with a median value of 14,970 pg/mL. CONCLUSION Surprisingly, galectin-4 appears to be involved in the osteoarthritis inflammation process as the well-known galectin-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla Stela Santana de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Immunomodulation and New Therapeutic Approaches (LINAT), Suely-Galdino Therapeutic Innovation Research Center (NUPIT-SG), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Pablo Ramon Gualberto Cardoso
- Laboratory of Immunomodulation and New Therapeutic Approaches (LINAT), Suely-Galdino Therapeutic Innovation Research Center (NUPIT-SG), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Simão Kalebe de Paula Silva
- Laboratory of Immunomodulation and New Therapeutic Approaches (LINAT), Suely-Galdino Therapeutic Innovation Research Center (NUPIT-SG), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, PE, Brazil
| | | | - Michelle Melgarejo da Rosa
- Laboratory of Immunomodulation and New Therapeutic Approaches (LINAT), Suely-Galdino Therapeutic Innovation Research Center (NUPIT-SG), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Moacyr Jesus Barreto de Melo Rêgo
- Laboratory of Immunomodulation and New Therapeutic Approaches (LINAT), Suely-Galdino Therapeutic Innovation Research Center (NUPIT-SG), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, PE, Brazil.
| | - Michelly Cristiny Pereira
- Laboratory of Immunomodulation and New Therapeutic Approaches (LINAT), Suely-Galdino Therapeutic Innovation Research Center (NUPIT-SG), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Ivan da Rocha Pitta
- Laboratory of Immunomodulation and New Therapeutic Approaches (LINAT), Suely-Galdino Therapeutic Innovation Research Center (NUPIT-SG), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Maira Galdino da Rocha Pitta
- Laboratory of Immunomodulation and New Therapeutic Approaches (LINAT), Suely-Galdino Therapeutic Innovation Research Center (NUPIT-SG), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, PE, Brazil
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6
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Pedersen K, Nielsen MA, Juul-Madsen K, Hvid M, Deleuran B, Greisen SR. Galectin-3 interacts with PD-1 and counteracts the PD-1 pathway-driven regulation of T cell and osteoclast activity in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Scand J Immunol 2023; 97:e13245. [PMID: 36537046 PMCID: PMC10078345 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by joint inflammation and bone erosions. The glycosylated programmed death-1 (PD-1) receptor plays an important role in regulating immune responses and maintaining tolerance. In this study, we focus on two features observed in RA: impaired PD-1 signalling and Galectin-3 (Gal-3) upregulation. We hypothesize that Gal-3 binds PD-1 and PD-1 ligands, potentially contributing to impaired PD-1 signalling. PD-1 and Gal-3 levels in RA synovial fluid (SF) and plasma were evaluated by ELISA. PD-1 and Gal-3 interaction was examined by Surface Plasmon Resonance and ELISA. PD-1, PD-L1 and Gal-3 expression on mononuclear cells from SF and peripheral blood as well as fibroblast-like synoviocytes were examined by flow cytometry. Effects of Gal-3 and PD-L1 on osteoclast formation was evaluated by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase assay. We show that Gal-3 binds PD-1 and PD-L1. Results demonstrated high expression of PD-1 and Gal-3 on mononuclear cells, especially from SF. Gal-3 inhibited PD-1 signalling when PD-L1 was present. Furthermore, a role of Gal-3 in osteoclast formation was observed in vitro, both directly but also through PD-1:PD-L1 inhibition. Effects of Gal-3 on the PD-1 signalling axis are proposed to be inhibitory, meaning high Gal-3 levels in the complex synovial microenvironment are not desirable in RA. Preventing Gal-3's inhibitory role on PD-1 signalling could, therefore, be a therapeutic target in RA by affecting inflammatory T cell responses and osteoclasts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Morten Aagaard Nielsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Rheumatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kristian Juul-Madsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Malene Hvid
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bent Deleuran
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Rheumatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Stinne Ravn Greisen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Rheumatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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7
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Lee YR, Briggs MT, Young C, Condina MR, Kuliwaba JS, Anderson PH, Hoffmann P. Mass spectrometry imaging spatially identifies complex-type N-glycans as putative cartilage degradation markers in human knee osteoarthritis tissue. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:7597-7607. [PMID: 36125541 PMCID: PMC9587078 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04289-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
N-Glycan alterations contribute to the pathophysiology and progression of various diseases. However, the involvement of N-glycans in knee osteoarthritis (KOA) progression at the tissue level, especially within articular cartilage, is still poorly understood. Thus, the aim of this study was to spatially map and identify KOA-specific N-glycans from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) osteochondral tissue of the tibial plateau relative to cadaveric control (CTL) tissues. Human FFPE osteochondral tissues from end-stage KOA patients (n=3) and CTL individuals (n=3), aged >55 years old, were analyzed by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI‐MSI) and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Overall, it was revealed that 22 N-glycans were found in the cartilage region of KOA and CTL tissue. Of those, 15 N-glycans were more prominent in KOA cartilage than CTL cartilage. We then compared sub-regions of KOA and CTL tissues based on the Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) histopathological grade (1 to 6), where 1 is an intact cartilage surface and 6 is cartilage surface deformation. Interestingly, three specific complex-type N-glycans, (Hex)4(HexNAc)3, (Hex)4(HexNAc)4, and (Hex)5(HexNAc)4, were found to be localized to the superficial fibrillated zone of degraded cartilage (KOA OARSI 2.5-4), compared to adjacent cartilage with less degradation (KOA OARSI 1-2) or relatively healthy cartilage (CTL OARSI 1-2). Our results demonstrate that N-glycans specific to degraded cartilage in KOA patients have been identified at the tissue level for the first time. The presence of these N-glycans could further be evaluated as potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yea-Rin Lee
- Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia.,Discipline of Orthopedics and Trauma, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Matthew T Briggs
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Clifford Young
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Mark R Condina
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Julia S Kuliwaba
- Discipline of Orthopedics and Trauma, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Paul H Anderson
- Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Peter Hoffmann
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia.
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8
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Noordwijk KJ, Qin R, Diaz-Rubio ME, Zhang S, Su J, Mahal LK, Reesink HL. Metabolism and global protein glycosylation are differentially expressed in healthy and osteoarthritic equine carpal synovial fluid. Equine Vet J 2022; 54:323-333. [PMID: 33587757 PMCID: PMC8364562 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carpal osteochondral fragmentation and subsequent post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) are leading causes of wastage in the equine athlete. Identification of synovial fluid biomarkers could contribute to the diagnosis and understanding of osteoarthritis (OA) pathophysiology. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to identify differentially expressed metabolic and glycosylation pathways in synovial fluid from healthy horses and horses with naturally occurring carpal OA. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional, in vivo metabolomics and glycomics study. METHODS In cohort 1, carpal synovial fluid (n = 12 horses; n = 6 healthy, n = 6 OA) was analysed using high-resolution liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS). In cohort 2 (n = 40 horses; n = 20 healthy, n = 20 OA), carpal synovial fluid was analysed using lectin microarrays and a lubricin sandwich ELISA. RESULTS Metabolomic analysis identified >4900 LC-MS features of which 84 identifiable metabolites were differentially expressed (P < .05) between healthy and OA joints, including key pathways related to inflammation (histidine and tryptophan metabolism), oxidative stress (arginine biosynthesis) and collagen metabolism (lysine metabolism). Principle Component Analysis and Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis demonstrated separation between healthy and OA synovial fluid. Lectin microarrays identified distinct glycosylation patterns between healthy and OA synovial fluid, including increased Core 1/Core 3 O-glycosylation, increased α-2,3 sialylation and decreased α-1,2 fucosylation in OA. O-glycans predominated over N-glycans in all synovial fluid samples, and synovial fluid lubricin was increased in OA joints as compared to controls. MAIN LIMITATIONS The sample size in cohort 1 was limited, and there is inherent variation in severity and duration of joint injury in naturally occurring OA. However, LC-MS identified up to 5000 unique features. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest new potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets for equine OA. Future targeted metabolomic and glycomic studies should be performed to verify these results. Lectin microarrays could be investigated as a potential screening tool for the diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of equine OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira J. Noordwijk
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Rui Qin
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY, USA,Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Maria E. Diaz-Rubio
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Institute of Biotechnology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Institute of Biotechnology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jin Su
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Lara K. Mahal
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY, USA,Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Heidi L. Reesink
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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9
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Chou WC, Tsai KL, Hsieh PL, Wu CH, Jou IM, Tu YK, Ma CH. Galectin-3 facilitates inflammation and apoptosis in chondrocytes through upregulation of the TLR-4-mediated oxidative stress pathway in TC28a2 human chondrocyte cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2022; 37:478-488. [PMID: 34894372 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common degenerative joint disease. The pathological changes of chondrocytes involve oxidative stress, the pro-inflammatory response, and pro-apoptotic events. Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is a 35 kDa protein with a special chimeric structure. Gal-3 participates in the progression of many diseases, such as cancer metastasis and heart failure. A previous study demonstrated that Gal-3 expression in human cartilage with OA is increased. However, the role of Gal-3 in chondrocyte dysfunction in joints is still unclear. In this study, we applied Gal-3 (5-20 μg/ml) to TC28a2 human chondrocyte cells for 24 h to induce chondrocyte dysfunction. We found that Gal-3 upregulated TLR-4 and MyD88 expression and NADPH oxidase, thereby increasing intracellular ROS in the chondrocytes. Gal-3 increased phosphorylated MEK1/2 and ERK levels, and promoted NF-κB activity. This activation of NF-κB was reduced by silencing TLR-4 and NOX-2. In addition, Gal-3 caused apoptosis of chondrocytes through the mitochondrial-dependent pathway via the TLR-4/NADPH oxidase/MAPK axis. Our study proves the pathogenic role of Gal-3 in Gal-3-induced chondrocyte dysfunction and injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Ching Chou
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Ling Tsai
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ling Hsieh
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Hsien Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - I-Ming Jou
- Department of Orthopedics, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Kun Tu
- Department of Orthopedics, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hou Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
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10
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García García CE, Verdier C, Lardy B, Bossard F, Soltero Martínez JFA, Rinaudo M. Chondrocyte cell adhesion on chitosan supports using single-cell atomic force microscopy. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF POLYMER ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERIZATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/1023666x.2021.2008135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Enrique García García
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP (Grenoble Institute of Engineering), LRP, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Bernard Lardy
- Pôle Biologie, DBTP, Biochimie des Enzymes et des Protéines, CHU-Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Frédéric Bossard
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP (Grenoble Institute of Engineering), LRP, Grenoble, France
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11
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Walzer SM, Toegel S, Chiari C, Farr S, Rinner B, Weinberg AM, Weinmann D, Fischer MB, Windhager R. A 3-Dimensional In Vitro Model of Zonally Organized Extracellular Matrix. Cartilage 2021; 13:336S-345S. [PMID: 31370667 PMCID: PMC8804753 DOI: 10.1177/1947603519865320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Functional cartilage repair requires the new formation of organized hyaline cartilaginous matrix to avoid the generation of fibrous repair tissue. The potential of mesenchymal progenitors was used to assemble a 3-dimensional structure in vitro, reflecting the zonation of collagen matrix in hyaline articular cartilage. DESIGN The 3-dimensional architecture of collagen alignment in pellet cultures of chondroprogenitors (CPs) was assessed with Picrosirius red staining analyzed under polarized light. In parallel assays, the trilineage capability was confirmed by calcium deposition during osteogenesis by alizarin S staining and alkaline phosphatase staining. Using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), mRNA levels of ALP, RUNX2, and BGLAP were assessed after 21 days of osteoinduction. Lipid droplets were stained with oil red O and adipogenic differentiation was confirmed by RT-qPCR analysis of PPARG and LPL gene expression. RESULTS Under conditions promoting the chondrogenic signature in self-assembling constructs, CPs formed an aligned extracellular matrix, positive for glycosaminoglycans and collagen type II, showing developing zonation of birefringent collagen fibers along the cross section of pellets, which reflect the distribution of collagen fibers in hyaline cartilage. Induced osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation confirmed the trilineage potential of CPs. CONCLUSION This model promotes the differentiation and self-organization of postnatal chondroprogenitors, resulting in the formation of zonally organized engineered hyaline cartilage comparable to the 3 zones of native cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja M. Walzer
- Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology,
Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna,
Austria,Sonja M. Walzer, Karl Chiari Lab for
Orthopaedic Biology, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical
University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Vienna, 1090, Austria.
| | - Stefan Toegel
- Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology,
Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna,
Austria
| | - Catharina Chiari
- Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology,
Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna,
Austria
| | | | - Beate Rinner
- Division of Biomedical Research, Medical
University of Graz, Graz, Steiermark, Austria
| | - Annelie-Martina Weinberg
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma
Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Steiermark, Austria
| | - Daniela Weinmann
- Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology,
Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna,
Austria
| | - Michael B. Fischer
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Danube
University Krems, Krems an der Donau, Austria,Clinic for Bloodgroup Serology and
Transfusion Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Reinhard Windhager
- Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology,
Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna,
Austria
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12
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Galectin network in osteoarthritis: galectin-4 programs a pathogenic signature of gene and effector expression in human chondrocytes in vitro. Histochem Cell Biol 2021; 157:139-151. [PMID: 34846578 PMCID: PMC8847242 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-021-02053-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Galectin-4 (Gal-4) is a member of the galectin family, which have been identified as galactose-binding proteins. Gal-4 possesses two tandem repeat carbohydrate recognition domains and acts as a cross-linking bridge in sulfatide-dependent glycoprotein routing. We herein document its upregulation in osteoarthritis (OA) in correlation with the extent of cartilage degradation in vivo. Primary human OA chondrocytes in vitro respond to carbohydrate-inhibitable Gal-4 binding with the upregulation of pro-degradative/-inflammatory proteins such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13), as documented by RT-qPCR-based mRNA profiling and transcriptome data processing. Activation of p65 by phosphorylation of Ser536 within the NF-κB pathway and the effect of three p65 inhibitors on Gal-4 activity support downstream involvement of such signaling. In 3D (pellet) cultures, Gal-4 presence causes morphological and biochemical signs of degradation. Taken together, our findings strongly support the concept of galectins acting as a network in OA pathogenesis and suggest that blocking their activity in disease progression may become clinically relevant in the future.
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13
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Characterization of the Inducible and Slow-Releasing Hydrogen Sulfide and Persulfide Donor P*: Insights into Hydrogen Sulfide Signaling. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10071049. [PMID: 34209813 PMCID: PMC8300844 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10071049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an important mediator of inflammatory processes. However, controversial findings also exist, and its underlying molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. Recently, the byproducts of H2S, per-/polysulfides, emerged as biological mediators themselves, highlighting the complex chemistry of H2S. In this study, we characterized the biological effects of P*, a slow-releasing H2S and persulfide donor. To differentiate between H2S and polysulfide-derived effects, we decomposed P* into polysulfides. P* was further compared to the commonly used fast-releasing H2S donor sodium hydrogen sulfide (NaHS). The effects on oxidative stress and interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression were assessed in ATDC5 cells using superoxide measurement, qPCR, ELISA, and Western blotting. The findings on IL-6 expression were corroborated in primary chondrocytes from osteoarthritis patients. In ATDC5 cells, P* not only induced the expression of the antioxidant enzyme heme oxygenase-1 via per-/polysulfides, but also induced activation of Akt and p38 MAPK. NaHS and P* significantly impaired menadione-induced superoxide production. P* reduced IL-6 levels in both ATDC5 cells and primary chondrocytes dependent on H2S release. Taken together, P* provides a valuable research tool for the investigation of H2S and per-/polysulfide signaling. These data demonstrate the importance of not only H2S, but also per-/polysulfides as bioactive signaling molecules with potent anti-inflammatory and, in particular, antioxidant properties.
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14
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Fuehrer J, Pichler KM, Fischer A, Giurea A, Weinmann D, Altmann F, Windhager R, Gabius H, Toegel S. N-Glycan profiling of chondrocytes and fibroblast-like synoviocytes: Towards functional glycomics in osteoarthritis. Proteomics Clin Appl 2021; 15:e2000057. [PMID: 33580901 PMCID: PMC8548877 DOI: 10.1002/prca.202000057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE N-Glycan profiling provides an indicator of the cellular potential for functional pairing with tissue lectins. Following the discovery of galectin expression by chondrocytes as a factor in osteoarthritis pathobiology, mapping of N-glycans upon their phenotypic dedifferentiation in culture and in fibroblast-like synoviocytes is a step to better understand glycobiological contributions to disease progression. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The profiles of cellular N-glycans of human osteoarthritic chondrocytes and fibroblast-like synoviocytes were characterized by mass spectrometry. RT-qPCR experiments determined mRNA levels of 16 glycosyltransferases. Responsiveness of cells to galectins was quantified by measuring the mRNA level for interleukin-1β. RESULTS The shift of chondrocytes to a fibroblastic phenotype (dedifferentiation) is associated with changes in N-glycosylation. The N-glycan profile of chondrocytes at passage 4 reflects characteristics of synoviocytes. Galectins-1 and -3 enhance expression of interleukin-1β mRNA in both cell types, most pronounced in primary culture. Presence of interleukin-1β leads to changes in sialylation in synoviocytes that favor galectin binding. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE N-Glycosylation reflects phenotypic changes of osteoarthritic cells in vitro. Like chondrocytes, fibroblast-like synoviocytes express N-glycans that are suited to bind galectins, and these proteins serve as inducers of pro-inflammatory markers in these cells. Synoviocytes can thus contribute to disease progression in osteoarthritis in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Fuehrer
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Katharina M. Pichler
- Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic BiologyDepartment of Orthopedics and Trauma SurgeryMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Anita Fischer
- Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic BiologyDepartment of Orthopedics and Trauma SurgeryMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Arthritis and RehabilitationViennaAustria
| | - Alexander Giurea
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma SurgeryDivision of OrthopedicsMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Daniela Weinmann
- Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic BiologyDepartment of Orthopedics and Trauma SurgeryMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Friedrich Altmann
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Reinhard Windhager
- Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic BiologyDepartment of Orthopedics and Trauma SurgeryMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma SurgeryDivision of OrthopedicsMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Hans‐Joachim Gabius
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineInstitute of Physiological ChemistryLudwig‐Maximilians University MunichMunichGermany
| | - Stefan Toegel
- Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic BiologyDepartment of Orthopedics and Trauma SurgeryMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Arthritis and RehabilitationViennaAustria
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15
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Wang T, Hao Z, Liu C, Yuan L, Li L, Yin M, Li Q, Qi Z, Wang Z. MiR-193b modulates osteoarthritis progression through targeting ST3GAL4 via sialylation of CD44 and NF-кB pathway. Cell Signal 2020; 76:109814. [PMID: 33080315 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a worldwide epidemic and debilitating disease. It is urgent to explore the potential molecular mechanisms of OA which has crucial roles in the treatment strategy. As a post-translational modification, sialylation mediates the progression of OA. In current study, differential expression of sialyltransferases (STs) in normal and OA cartilage tissues is detected. The ST3GAL4 expression is significantly increased and positively associated with modified Mankin's score in OA tissue. Alteration of ST3GAL4 respectively mediates the degradation of extracellular mechanisms (ECM), apoptosis and proliferation in chondrocytes. Additionally, miR-193b is identified as a direct regulatory target of ST3GAL4. Functional analysis shows that modulation of ST3GAL4 could be reversed by miR-193b. Over-expression ST3GAL4 modifies CD44 sialylation. Finally, sialylated CD44 reduces the binding capacity to lubricin and mediates the activity of the NF-кB pathway. Collectively, these researches indicate that miR-193b/ST3GAL4 axis impacts OA progression by regulating CD44 sialylation via NF-кB pathway. Our researches propose a precise molecular mechanism and provide a prospective therapeutic target in OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianfu Wang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital, Dalian 116033, Liaoning Province, China; Department of Spinal Surgery, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116033, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Zhiyu Hao
- Department of Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116033, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Changcheng Liu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital, Dalian 116033, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Lebin Yuan
- Department of Sports Medicine, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital, Dalian 116033, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Sports Medicine, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital, Dalian 116033, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Menghong Yin
- Department of Sports Medicine, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital, Dalian 116033, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Sports Medicine, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital, Dalian 116033, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Zhiming Qi
- Department of Sports Medicine, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital, Dalian 116033, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Zi Wang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital, Dalian 116033, Liaoning Province, China.
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16
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Boosting the Intra-Articular Efficacy of Low Dose Corticosteroid through a Biopolymeric Matrix: An In Vivo Model of Osteoarthritis. Cells 2020; 9:cells9071571. [PMID: 32605161 PMCID: PMC7408199 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to verify the efficacy of a single intra-articular (i.a.) injection of a hyaluronic acid-chitlac (HY-CTL) enriched with two low dosages of triamcinolone acetonide (TA, 2.0 mg/mL and 4.5 mg/mL), in comparison with HY-CTL alone, with a clinical control (TA 40 mg/mL) and with saline solution (NaCl) in an in vivo osteoarthritis (OA) model. Seven days after chemical induction of OA, 80 Sprague Dawley male rats were grouped into five arms (n = 16) and received a single i.a. injection of: 40 mg/mL TA, HY-CTL alone, HY-CTL with 2.0 mg/mL TA (RV2), HY-CTL with 4.5 mg/mL TA (RV4.5) and 0.9% NaCl. Pain sensitivity and Catwalk were performed at baseline and at 7, 14 and 21 days after the i.a. treatments. The histopathology of the joint, meniscus and synovial reaction, type II collagen expression and aggrecan expression were assessed 21 days after treatments. RV4.5 improved the local pain sensitivity in comparison with TA and NaCl. RV4.5 and TA exerted similar beneficial effects in all gait parameters. Histopathological analyses, measured by Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) and Kumar scores and by immunohistochemistry, evidenced that RV4.5 and TA reduced OA features in the same manner and showed a stronger type II collagen and aggrecan expression; both treatments reduced synovitis, as measured by Krenn score and, at the meniscus level, RV4.5 improved degenerative signs as evaluated by Pauli score. TA or RV4.5 treatments limited the local articular cartilage deterioration in knee OA with an improvement of the physical structure of articular cartilage, gait parameters, the sensitivity to local pain and a reduction of the synovial inflammation.
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17
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New Therapeutic Strategies for Osteoarthritis by Targeting Sialic Acid Receptors. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10040637. [PMID: 32326143 PMCID: PMC7226619 DOI: 10.3390/biom10040637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common degenerative joint disease characterized by articular cartilage degradation and joint degeneration. The articular cartilage is mainly formed by chondrocytes and a collagen-proteoglycan extracellular matrix that contains high levels of glycosylated proteins. It was reported that the shift from glycoproteins containing α-2,6-linked sialic acids to those that contain α-2,3 was associated with the onset of common types of arthritis. However, the pathophysiology of α-2,3-sialylation in cartilage has not been yet elucidated. We show that cartilage from osteoarthritic patients expresses high levels of the α-2,3-sialylated transmembrane mucin receptor, known as podoplanin (PDPN). Additionally, the Maackia amurensis seed lectin (MASL), that can be utilized to target PDPN, attenuates the inflammatory response mediated by NF-kB activation in primary chondrocytes and protects human cartilage breakdown ex vivo and in an animal model of arthritis. These findings reveal that specific lectins targeting α-2,3-sialylated receptors on chondrocytes might effectively inhibit cartilage breakdown. We also present a computational 3D molecular model for this interaction. These findings provide mechanistic information on how a specific lectin could be used as a novel therapy to treat degenerative joint diseases such as osteoarthritis.
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18
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Elshamly M, Kinslechner K, Grohs JG, Weinmann D, Walzer SM, Windhager R, Gabius H, Toegel S. Galectins-1 and -3 in Human Intervertebral Disc Degeneration: Non-Uniform Distribution Profiles and Activation of Disease Markers Involving NF-κB by Galectin-1. J Orthop Res 2019; 37:2204-2216. [PMID: 31115931 PMCID: PMC6771593 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Degeneration of the human intervertebral disc (IVD) is assumed to underlie severe clinical symptoms, in particular chronic back pain. Since adhesion/growth-regulatory galectins are linked to arthritis/osteoarthritis pathogenesis by activating a pro-degradative/-inflammatory gene expression signature, we hypothesized a similar functional involvement of galectins in IVD degeneration. Immunohistochemical evidence for the presence of galectins-1 and -3 in IVD is provided comparatively for specimens of spondylochondrosis, spondylolisthesis, and spinal deformity. Immunopositivity was detected in sections of fixed IVD specimens in each cellular compartment with age-, disease-, and galectin-type-related differences. Of note, presence of both galectins correlated with IVD degeneration, whereas correlation with age was seen only for galectin-3. In addition, staining profiles for these two galectins showed different distribution patterns in serial sections, an indication for non-redundant functionalities. In vitro, both galectins bound to IVD cells in a glycan-dependent manner. However, exclusively galectin-1 binding triggered a significant induction of functional disease markers (i.e., IL6, CXCL8, and MMP1/3/13) with involvement of the nuclear factor-kB pathway. This study thus gives direction to further network analyses and functional studies on galectins in IVD degeneration. © 2019 The Authors. Journal of Orthopaedic Research® published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Orthopaedic Research Society. J Orthop Res 37:2204-2216, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Elshamly
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic BiologyMedical University of Vienna1090ViennaAustria,Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Division of OrthopedicsMedical University of Vienna1090ViennaAustria
| | - Katharina Kinslechner
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic BiologyMedical University of Vienna1090ViennaAustria
| | - Josef G. Grohs
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Division of OrthopedicsMedical University of Vienna1090ViennaAustria
| | - Daniela Weinmann
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic BiologyMedical University of Vienna1090ViennaAustria
| | - Sonja M. Walzer
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic BiologyMedical University of Vienna1090ViennaAustria
| | - Reinhard Windhager
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic BiologyMedical University of Vienna1090ViennaAustria,Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Division of OrthopedicsMedical University of Vienna1090ViennaAustria
| | - Hans‐Joachim Gabius
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineLudwig‐Maximilians University Munich, 80539MunichGermany
| | - Stefan Toegel
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic BiologyMedical University of Vienna1090ViennaAustria,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Arthritis and RehabilitationViennaAustria
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19
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Alteration of the Total Cellular Glycome during Late Differentiation of Chondrocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20143546. [PMID: 31331074 PMCID: PMC6678350 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In normal articular cartilage, chondrocytes do not readily proliferate or terminally differentiate, and exhibit a low level of metabolism. Hypertrophy-like changes of chondrocytes have been proposed to play a role in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis by inducing protease-mediated cartilage degradation and calcification; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying these changes are unclear. Glycans are located on the outermost cell surface. Dynamic cellular differentiation can be monitored and quantitatively characterized by profiling the glycan structures of total cellular glycoproteins. This study aimed to clarify the alterations in glycans upon late differentiation of chondrocytes, during which hypertrophy-like changes occur. Primary mouse chondrocytes were differentiated using an insulin-induced chondro-osteogenic differentiation model. Comprehensive glycomics, including N-glycans, O-glycans, free oligosaccharides, glycosaminoglycan, and glycosphingolipid, were analyzed for the chondrocytes after 0-, 10- and 20-days cultivation. The comparison and clustering of the alteration of glycans upon hypertrophy-like changes of primary chondrocytes were performed. Comprehensive glycomic analyses provided complementary alterations in the levels of various glycans derived from glycoconjugates during hypertrophic differentiation. In addition, expression of genes related to glycan biosynthesis and metabolic processes was significantly correlated with glycan alterations. Our results indicate that total cellular glycan alterations are closely associated with chondrocyte hypertrophy and help to describe the glycophenotype by chondrocytes and their hypertrophic differentiation. our results will assist the identification of diagnostic and differentiation biomarkers in the future.
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20
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Wang JS, Xiao WW, Zhong YS, Li XD, Du SX, Xie P, Zheng GZ, Han JM. Galectin-3 deficiency protects lipopolysaccharide-induced chondrocytes injury via regulation of TLR4 and PPAR-γ-mediated NF-κB signaling pathway. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:10195-10204. [PMID: 30565728 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to identify the functional role of galectin-3 (Gal-3) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced injury in ATDC5 cells and to explore the probable molecular mechanisms. Here, we identified that LPS is sufficient to enhance the expression of Gal-3 in ATDC5 cells. In addition, repression of Gal-3 obviously impeded LPS-stimulated inflammation damage as exemplified by a reduction in the release of inflammatory mediators interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α, as well as the production of nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) concomitant with the downregulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-13 and MMP-3 expression in ATDC5 cells after LPS administration. Moreover, ablation of Gal-3 dramatically augmented cell ability and attenuated cell apoptosis accompanied by an increase in the expression of antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 and a decrease in the expression of proapoptotic protein Bax and caspase-3 in ATDC5 cells subjected with LPS. Importantly, we observed that forced expression of TLR4 or blocked PPAR-γ with the antagonist GW9662 effectively abolished Gal-3 inhibition-mediated anti-inflammatory and antiapoptosis effects triggered by LPS. Mechanistically, depletion of Gal-3 prevents the NF-κB signaling pathway. Taken together, these findings indicated that the absence of Gal-3 exerted chondroprotective properties dependent on TLR4 and PPAR-γ-mediated NF-κB signaling, indicating that Gal-3 functions as a protector in the development and progression of osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Sheng Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics Ward II, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei-Wei Xiao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yong-Sheng Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xue-Dong Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Shi-Xin Du
- Department of Orthopaedics, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Peng Xie
- Department of Orthopaedics, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Gui-Zhou Zheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing-Ming Han
- Department of Orthopaedics Ward II, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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21
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Salamanna F, Giavaresi G, Parrilli A, Martini L, Nicoli Aldini N, Abatangelo G, Frizziero A, Fini M. Effects of intra-articular hyaluronic acid associated to Chitlac (arty-duo®) in a rat knee osteoarthritis model. J Orthop Res 2019; 37:867-876. [PMID: 30816583 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Among conventional osteoarthritis (OA) treatments, intra-articular (i.a) viscosupplementation with hyaluronic acid (HA) is used to restore joint viscoelasticity. However, the rapid clearance and elimination of HA may limit its application. The aim of this study was to verify the improved efficacy of HA within the joint, using a lactose-modified chitosan (chitlac) as a potentially chondroprotective additive. Four weeks after induction of experimental OA by destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM), 12-week-old Sprague Dawley male rats (n = 30), received once a week, for three weeks, i.a injections of: (i) HA associated to chitlac (ARTY-DUO®), (ii) HA; and (iii) sodium chloride (NaCl). Five animals for each group were euthanized 4 weeks after the first i.a injection, while the remaining five were euthanized 8 weeks after the first i.a injection. The restoration of physiological joint microenvironment was tested by histology, histomorphometry, immunohistochemistry, and microtomography (micro-CT). At 4 and even more at 8 weeks, histological analysis showed a significant decrease in OARSI and Mankin scores, with weaker matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3, MMP-13, and Galectin-3 in ARTY-DUO® group versus NaCl and HA groups. A reduction in Galectin-1 and a stronger Collagen II staining was seen in both ARTY-DUO® and HA versus NaCl. A reduction in Kreen-modified score, for synovium inflammation, was observed in the ARTY-DUO® group. Micro-CT measurements did not shown significant differences between the groups. The present results show that i.a ARTY-DUO® injections produce a significant improvement in knee articular cartilage degeneration and synovium inflammation in a rat model of DMM-induced OA. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Salamanna
- Laboratory Preclinical and Surgical Studies, IRCCS-Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gianluca Giavaresi
- Laboratory Preclinical and Surgical Studies, IRCCS-Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Annapaola Parrilli
- Laboratory Preclinical and Surgical Studies, IRCCS-Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lucia Martini
- Laboratory Preclinical and Surgical Studies, IRCCS-Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Nicolò Nicoli Aldini
- Laboratory Preclinical and Surgical Studies, IRCCS-Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Frizziero
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Milena Fini
- Laboratory Preclinical and Surgical Studies, IRCCS-Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
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22
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Reesink HL, Nixon AJ, Su J, Liu S, Sutton RM, Mann S, Watts AE, Peterson RP. Galectins-1 and-3 Increase in Equine Post-traumatic Osteoarthritis. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:288. [PMID: 30525048 PMCID: PMC6256174 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectins are potent regulators of cell adhesion, growth and apoptosis in diverse cell types, including chondrocytes and synovial fibroblasts. Elevations in synovial fluid galectin-3 have been observed in rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis and experimental inflammatory arthritis in animal models, whereas galectin-1 is thought to be protective. Less is known about galectins-1 and-3 in osteoarthritis (OA). Therefore, the purpose of this study was: (1) to determine whether galectin-1 and-3 synovial fluid concentrations and synovial membrane and cartilage histochemical staining were altered following osteochondral injury in an experimental equine osteoarthritis (OA) model and (2) to measure galectin-1 and-3 mRNA expression and synovial fluid concentrations in naturally occurring equine carpal OA. Synovial fluid galectin-1 and-3 concentrations were quantified using custom ELISAs in two research horse cohorts undergoing experimental OA induction (n = 5 and 4) and in a cohort of horses with naturally occurring carpal OA (n = 57). Galectin mRNA expression in synovial membrane and cartilage tissue obtained from carpal joints of horses with naturally occurring OA was measured using RT-qPCR, and galectin immunostaining was assessed in synovial membrane and osteochondral tissues in the experimental model (n = 5). Synovial fluid galectin-1 and-3 concentrations increased following experimental carpal osteochondral fragmentation. Cartilage galectin-1 mRNA expression increased with OA severity in naturally occurring disease. The superficial zone of healthy articular cartilage stained intensely for galectin-3 in sham-operated joints, whereas galectin-1 staining was nearly absent. Chondrocyte galectin-1 and-3 immunoreactivity increased following cartilage injury, particularly in galectin-1 positive chondrones. Galectins-1 and-3 are present in healthy equine synovial fluid and increase following post-traumatic OA. Healthy superficial zone chondrocytes express galectin-3, whereas galectin-1 chondrocyte staining is limited predominantly to chondrones and injured cartilage. Further work is needed to clarify the functions of galectins-1 and-3 in healthy and OA joints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi L. Reesink
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Alan J. Nixon
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Jin Su
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Sherry Liu
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Ryan M. Sutton
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Sabine Mann
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Ashlee E. Watts
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Ryan P. Peterson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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23
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Weinmann D, Kenn M, Schmidt S, Schmidt K, Walzer SM, Kubista B, Windhager R, Schreiner W, Toegel S, Gabius HJ. Galectin-8 induces functional disease markers in human osteoarthritis and cooperates with galectins-1 and -3. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:4187-4205. [PMID: 29934665 PMCID: PMC6182346 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2856-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The reading of glycan-encoded signals by tissue lectins is considered a major route of the flow of biological information in many (patho)physiological processes. The arising challenge for current research is to proceed from work on a distinct protein to family-wide testing of lectin function. Having previously identified homodimeric galectin-1 and chimera-type galectin-3 as molecular switches in osteoarthritis progression, we here provide proof-of-principle evidence for an intra-network cooperation of galectins with three types of modular architecture. We show that the presence of tandem-repeat-type galectin-8 significantly correlated with cartilage degeneration and that it is secreted by osteoarthritic chondrocytes. Glycan-inhibitable surface binding of galectin-8 to these cells increased gene transcription and the secretion of functional disease markers. The natural variant galectin-8 (F19Y) was less active than the prevalent form. Genome-wide array analysis revealed induction of a pro-degradative/inflammatory gene signature, largely under control of NF-κB signaling. This signature overlapped with respective gene-expression patterns elicited by galectins-1 and -3, but also presented supplementary features. Functional assays with mixtures of galectins that mimic the pathophysiological status unveiled cooperation between the three galectins. Our findings shape the novel concept to consider individual galectins as part of a so far not realized teamwork in osteoarthritis pathogenesis, with relevance beyond this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Weinmann
- Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Kenn
- Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Institute of Biosimulation and Bioinformatics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sebastian Schmidt
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katy Schmidt
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department for Cell and Developmental Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sonja M Walzer
- Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernd Kubista
- Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Reinhard Windhager
- Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Schreiner
- Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Institute of Biosimulation and Bioinformatics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Toegel
- Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
- Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster for Arthritis and Rehabilitation, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
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24
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Salamanna F, Veronesi F, Frizziero A, Fini M. Role and translational implication of galectins in arthritis pathophysiology and treatment: A systematic literature review. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:1588-1605. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Salamanna
- Laboratory of Biocompatibility, Technological Innovation and Advanced Therapy, Rizzoli RIT Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute Bologna Italy
| | - Francesca Veronesi
- Laboratory of Biocompatibility, Technological Innovation and Advanced Therapy, Rizzoli RIT Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute Bologna Italy
| | - Antonio Frizziero
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine University of Padova Padova Italy
| | - Milena Fini
- Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies, Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute Bologna Italy
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25
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Mohd Isa IL, Abbah SA, Kilcoyne M, Sakai D, Dockery P, Finn DP, Pandit A. Implantation of hyaluronic acid hydrogel prevents the pain phenotype in a rat model of intervertebral disc injury. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaaq0597. [PMID: 29632893 PMCID: PMC5884685 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaq0597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Painful intervertebral disc degeneration is mediated by inflammation that modulates glycosylation and induces hyperinnervation and sensory sensitization, which result in discogenic pain. Hyaluronic acid (HA) used as a therapeutic biomaterial can reduce inflammation and pain, but the effects of HA therapy on glycosylation and pain associated with disc degeneration have not been previously determined. We describe a novel rat model of pain induced by intervertebral disc injury, with validation of the pain phenotype by morphine treatment. Using this model, we assessed the efficacy of HA hydrogel for the alleviation of pain, demonstrating that it reduced nociceptive behavior, an effect associated with down-regulation of nociception markers and inhibition of hyperinnervation. Furthermore, HA hydrogel altered glycosylation and modulated key inflammatory and regulatory signaling pathways, resulting in attenuation of inflammation and regulation of matrix components. Our results suggest that HA hydrogel is a promising clinical candidate for the treatment of back pain caused by degenerated discs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isma Liza Mohd Isa
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Sunny A. Abbah
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Michelle Kilcoyne
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
- Carbohydrate Signalling Group, Discipline of Microbiology, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Daisuke Sakai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Peter Dockery
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
- Centre for Microscopy and Imaging, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - David P. Finn
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Galway Neuroscience Centre and Centre for Pain Research, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Abhay Pandit
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
- Corresponding author.
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26
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Reesink HL, Sutton RM, Shurer CR, Peterson RP, Tan JS, Su J, Paszek MJ, Nixon AJ. Galectin-1 and galectin-3 expression in equine mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), synovial fibroblasts and chondrocytes, and the effect of inflammation on MSC motility. Stem Cell Res Ther 2017; 8:243. [PMID: 29096716 PMCID: PMC5667510 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-017-0691-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) can be used intra-articularly to quell inflammation and promote cartilage healing; however, mechanisms by which MSCs mitigate joint disease remain poorly understood. Galectins, a family of β-galactoside binding proteins, regulate inflammation, adhesion and cell migration in diverse cell types. Galectin-1 and galectin-3 are proposed to be important intra-articular modulators of inflammation in both osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Here, we asked whether equine bone marrow-derived MSCs (BMSCs) express higher levels of galectin-1 and -3 relative to synovial fibroblasts and chondrocytes and if an inflammatory environment affects BMSC galectin expression and motility. Methods Equine galectin-1 and -3 gene expression was quantified using qRT-PCR in cultured BMSCs, synoviocytes and articular chondrocytes, in addition to synovial membrane and articular cartilage tissues. Galectin gene expression, protein expression, and protein secretion were measured in equine BMSCs following exposure to inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β 5 and 10 ng/mL, TNF-α 25 and 50 ng/mL, or LPS 0.1, 1, 10 and 50 μg/mL). BMSC focal adhesion formation was assessed using confocal microscopy, and BMSC motility was quantified in the presence of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β or TNF-α) and the pan-galectin inhibitor β-lactose (100 and 200 mM). Results Equine BMSCs expressed 3-fold higher galectin-1 mRNA levels as compared to cultured synovial fibroblasts (p = 0.0005) and 30-fold higher galectin-1 (p < 0.0001) relative to cultured chondrocytes. BMSC galectin-1 mRNA expression was significantly increased as compared to carpal synovial membrane and articular cartilage tissues (p < 0.0001). IL-1β and TNF-α treatments decreased BMSC galectin gene expression and impaired BMSC motility in dose-dependent fashion but did not alter galectin protein expression. β-lactose abrogated BMSC focal adhesion formation and inhibited BMSC motility. Conclusions Equine BMSCs constitutively express high levels of galectin-1 mRNA relative to other articular cell types, suggesting a possible mechanism for their intra-articular immunomodulatory properties. BMSC galectin expression and motility are impaired in an inflammatory environment, which may limit tissue repair properties following intra-articular administration. β-lactose-mediated galectin inhibition also impaired BMSC adhesion and motility. Further investigation into the effects of joint inflammation on BMSC function and the potential therapeutic effects of BMSC galectin expression in OA is warranted. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-017-0691-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi L Reesink
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - Ryan M Sutton
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Carolyn R Shurer
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Ryan P Peterson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Julie S Tan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Jin Su
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Matthew J Paszek
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Alan J Nixon
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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27
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Briggs MT, Kuliwaba JS, Muratovic D, Everest-Dass AV, Packer NH, Findlay DM, Hoffmann P. MALDI mass spectrometry imaging of N-glycans on tibial cartilage and subchondral bone proteins in knee osteoarthritis. Proteomics 2017; 16:1736-41. [PMID: 26992165 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive technique routinely used to investigate pathological changes in knee osteoarthritis (OA) patients. MRI uniquely reveals zones of the most severe change in the subchondral bone (SCB) in OA, called bone marrow lesions (BMLs). BMLs have diagnostic and prognostic significance in OA, but MRI does not provide a molecular understanding of BMLs. Multiple N-glycan structures have been observed to play a pivotal role in the OA disease process. We applied matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) of N-glycans to formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) SCB tissue sections from patients with knee OA, and liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) was conducted on consecutive sections to structurally characterize and correlate with the N-glycans seen by MALDI-MSI. The application of this novel MALDI-MSI protocol has enabled the first steps to spatially investigate the N-glycome in the SCB of knee OA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Briggs
- Adelaide Proteomics Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Institute of Photonics and Advanced Sensing (IPAS), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Julia S Kuliwaba
- Discipline of Orthopaedics and Trauma, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Dzenita Muratovic
- Discipline of Orthopaedics and Trauma, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Arun V Everest-Dass
- Biomolecular Frontiers Research Centre, Faculty of Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP), Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicolle H Packer
- Biomolecular Frontiers Research Centre, Faculty of Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP), Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David M Findlay
- Discipline of Orthopaedics and Trauma, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Peter Hoffmann
- Adelaide Proteomics Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Institute of Photonics and Advanced Sensing (IPAS), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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28
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Tögel S. MedUni Wien Researcher of the Month April 2017. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00508-017-1206-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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29
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Galectin-3 Induces a Pro-degradative/inflammatory Gene Signature in Human Chondrocytes, Teaming Up with Galectin-1 in Osteoarthritis Pathogenesis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39112. [PMID: 27982117 PMCID: PMC5159921 DOI: 10.1038/srep39112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory chemo- and cytokines and matrix-degrading proteases underlie the progression of osteoarthritis (OA). Aiming to define upstream regulators for these disease markers, we pursued initial evidence for an upregulation of members of the adhesion/growth-regulatory galectin family. Immunohistochemical localization of galectin-3 (Gal-3) in sections of human cartilage with increasing levels of degeneration revealed a linear correlation reaching a chondrocyte positivity of 60%. Presence in situ was cytoplasmic, the lectin was secreted from OA chondrocytes in culture and binding of Gal-3 yielded lactose-inhibitable surface staining. Exposure of cells to the lectin led to enhanced gene expression and secretion of functional disease markers. Genome-wide transcriptomic analysis broadened this result to reveal a pro-degradative/inflammatory gene signature under the control of NF-κB. Fittingly, targeting this route of activation by inhibitors impaired the unfavourable response to Gal-3 binding, as also seen by shortening the lectin’s collagen-like repeat region. Gal-3’s activation profile overlaps with that of homodimeric galectin-1 (Gal-1) and also has distinctive (supplementing) features. Tested at subsaturating concentrations in a mixture, we found cooperation between the two galectins, apparently able to team up to promote OA pathogenesis. In summary, our results suggest that a network of endogenous lectins is relevant for initiating this process cascade.
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30
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Hu Y, Yéléhé-Okouma M, Ea HK, Jouzeau JY, Reboul P. Galectin-3: A key player in arthritis. Joint Bone Spine 2016; 84:15-20. [PMID: 27238188 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2016.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Arthritis is more and more considered as the leading reason for the disability in the world, particularly regarding its main entities, rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. The common feature of arthritis is inflammation, which is mainly supported by synovitis (synovial inflammation), although the immune system plays a primary role in rheumatoid arthritis and a secondary one in osteoarthritis. During the inflammatory phase of arthritis, many pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators are secreted by infiltrating immune and resident joint cells, which are responsible for cartilage degradation and excessive bone remodeling. Amongst them, a β-galactoside-binding lectin, galectin-3, has been reported to be highly expressed and secreted by inflamed synovium of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis patients. Furthermore, galectin-3 has been demonstrated to induce joint swelling and osteoarthritis-like lesions after intra-articular injection in laboratory animals. However, the mechanisms underlying its pathophysiological role in arthritis have not been fully elucidated. This review deals with the characterization of arthritis features and galectin-3 and summarizes our current knowledge of the contribution of galectin-3 to joint tissue lesions in arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Hu
- UMR 7365, CNRS, Université de Lorraine, IMoPA, Biopôle de l'Université de Lorraine, Campus Biologie-Santé, Faculté de Médecine, 9, avenue de la Forêt-de-Haye, CS50184, 54505 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy cedex, France; Department of orthopedics, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Mélissa Yéléhé-Okouma
- UMR 7365, CNRS, Université de Lorraine, IMoPA, Biopôle de l'Université de Lorraine, Campus Biologie-Santé, Faculté de Médecine, 9, avenue de la Forêt-de-Haye, CS50184, 54505 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy cedex, France; Département de Pharmacologie Clinique et Toxicologie, CHRU de Nancy, 54035 Nancy, France
| | - Hang-Korng Ea
- Service de rhumatologie, Centre Viggo-Petersen, Pôle appareil locomoteur, Hôpital Lariboisière, AP-HP, 75010 Paris, France; Inserm UMR-S 1132 Bioscar, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Yves Jouzeau
- UMR 7365, CNRS, Université de Lorraine, IMoPA, Biopôle de l'Université de Lorraine, Campus Biologie-Santé, Faculté de Médecine, 9, avenue de la Forêt-de-Haye, CS50184, 54505 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy cedex, France; Département de Pharmacologie Clinique et Toxicologie, CHRU de Nancy, 54035 Nancy, France
| | - Pascal Reboul
- UMR 7365, CNRS, Université de Lorraine, IMoPA, Biopôle de l'Université de Lorraine, Campus Biologie-Santé, Faculté de Médecine, 9, avenue de la Forêt-de-Haye, CS50184, 54505 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy cedex, France.
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31
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Reesink HL, Bonnevie ED, Liu S, Shurer CR, Hollander MJ, Bonassar LJ, Nixon AJ. Galectin-3 Binds to Lubricin and Reinforces the Lubricating Boundary Layer of Articular Cartilage. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25463. [PMID: 27157803 PMCID: PMC4860590 DOI: 10.1038/srep25463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lubricin is a mucinous, synovial fluid glycoprotein that enables near frictionless joint motion via adsorption to the surface of articular cartilage and its lubricating properties in solution. Extensive O-linked glycosylation within lubricin’s mucin-rich domain is critical for its boundary lubricating function; however, it is unknown exactly how glycosylation facilitates cartilage lubrication. Here, we find that the lubricin glycome is enriched with terminal β-galactosides, known binding partners for a family of multivalent lectins called galectins. Of the galectin family members present in synovial fluid, we find that galectin-3 is a specific, high-affinity binding partner for lubricin. Considering the known ability of galectin-3 to crosslink glycoproteins, we hypothesized that galectins could augment lubrication via biomechanical stabilization of the lubricin boundary layer. We find that competitive inhibition of galectin binding results in lubricin loss from the cartilage surface, and addition of multimeric galectin-3 enhances cartilage lubrication. We also find that galectin-3 has low affinity for the surface layer of osteoarthritic cartilage and has reduced affinity for sialylated O-glycans, a glycophenotype associated with inflammatory conditions. Together, our results suggest that galectin-3 reinforces the lubricin boundary layer; which, in turn, enhances cartilage lubrication and may delay the onset and progression of arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi L Reesink
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Edward D Bonnevie
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Sherry Liu
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Carolyn R Shurer
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Michael J Hollander
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Lawrence J Bonassar
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America.,Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Alan J Nixon
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
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32
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Toegel S, Weinmann D, André S, Walzer SM, Bilban M, Schmidt S, Chiari C, Windhager R, Krall C, Bennani-Baiti IM, Gabius HJ. Galectin-1 Couples Glycobiology to Inflammation in Osteoarthritis through the Activation of an NF-κB-Regulated Gene Network. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:1910-21. [PMID: 26792806 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease that ranks among the leading causes of adult disability. Mechanisms underlying osteoarthritis pathogenesis are not yet fully elucidated, putting limits to current disease management and treatment. Based on the phenomenological evidence for dysregulation within the glycome of chondrocytes and the network of a family of adhesion/growth-regulatory lectins, that is, galectins, we tested the hypothesis that Galectin-1 is relevant for causing degeneration. Immunohistochemical analysis substantiated that Galectin-1 upregulation is associated with osteoarthritic cartilage and subchondral bone histopathology and severity of degeneration (p < 0.0001, n = 29 patients). In vitro, the lectin was secreted and it bound to osteoarthritic chondrocytes inhibitable by cognate sugar. Glycan-dependent Galectin-1 binding induced a set of disease markers, including matrix metalloproteinases and activated NF-κB, hereby switching on an inflammatory gene signature (p < 10(-16)). Inhibition of distinct components of the NF-κB pathway using dedicated inhibitors led to dose-dependent impairment of Galectin-1-mediated transcriptional activation. Enhanced secretion of effectors of degeneration such as three matrix metalloproteinases underscores the data's pathophysiological relevance. This study thus identifies Galectin-1 as a master regulator of clinically relevant inflammatory-response genes, working via NF-κB. Because inflammation is critical to cartilage degeneration in osteoarthritis, this report reveals an intimate relation of glycobiology to osteoarthritic cartilage degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Toegel
- Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology, Department of Orthopaedics, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Daniela Weinmann
- Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology, Department of Orthopaedics, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabine André
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Sonja M Walzer
- Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology, Department of Orthopaedics, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Bilban
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Core Facility Genomics, Core Facilities, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sebastian Schmidt
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Catharina Chiari
- Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology, Department of Orthopaedics, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Reinhard Windhager
- Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology, Department of Orthopaedics, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Krall
- Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics, and Intelligent Systems, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; and
| | | | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
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Walzer SM, Cetin E, Grübl-Barabas R, Sulzbacher I, Rueger B, Girsch W, Toegel S, Windhager R, Fischer MB. Vascularization of primary and secondary ossification centres in the human growth plate. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2014; 14:36. [PMID: 25164565 PMCID: PMC4236517 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-014-0036-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background The switch from cartilage template to bone during endochondral ossification of the growth plate requires a dynamic and close interaction between cartilage and the developing vasculature. Vascular invasion of the primarily avascular hypertrophic chondrocyte zone brings chondroclasts, osteoblast- and endothelial precursor cells into future centres of ossification. Vascularization of human growth plates of polydactylic digits was studied by immunohistochemistry, confocal-laser-scanning-microscopy and RT-qPCR using markers specific for endothelial cells CD34 and CD31, smooth muscle cells α-SMA, endothelial progenitor cells CD133, CXCR4, VEGFR-2 and mesenchymal progenitor cells CD90 and CD105. In addition, morphometric analysis was performed to quantify RUNX2+ and DLX5+ hypertrophic chondrocytes, RANK+ chondro- and osteoclasts, and CD133+ progenitors in different zones of the growth plate. Results New vessels in ossification centres were formed by sprouting of CD34+ endothelial cells that did not co-express the mature endothelial cell marker CD31. These immature vessels in the growth plate showed no abluminal coverage with α-SMA+ smooth muscle cells, but in their close proximity single CD133+ precursor cells were found that did not express VEGFR-2, a marker for endothelial lineage commitment. In periosteum and in the perichondrial groove of Ranvier that harboured CD90+/CD105+ chondro-progenitors, in contrast, mature vessels were found stabilized by α-SMA+ smooth muscle cells. Conclusion Vascularization of ossification centres of the growth plate was mediated by sprouting of capillaries coming from the bone collar or by intussusception rather than by de-novo vessel formation involving endothelial progenitor cells. Vascular invasion of the joint anlage was temporally delayed compared to the surrounding joint tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Michael B Fischer
- Clinic for Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Waeringer Guertel 18-20, Vienna, 1090, Austria.
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Human osteoarthritic knee cartilage: fingerprinting of adhesion/growth-regulatory galectins in vitro and in situ indicates differential upregulation in severe degeneration. Histochem Cell Biol 2014; 142:373-88. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-014-1234-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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