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Huang G, Jian J, Liu CJ. Progranulinopathy: A diverse realm of disorders linked to progranulin imbalances. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2024; 76:142-159. [PMID: 37981505 PMCID: PMC10978308 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2023.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN), encoded by the GRN gene in humans, was originally isolated as a secreted growth factor that implicates in a multitude of processes ranging from regulation of tumorigenesis, inflammation to neural proliferation. Compelling evidence indicating that GRN mutation can lead to various common neuronal degenerative diseases and rare lysosomal storage diseases. These findings have unveiled a critical role for PGRN as a lysosomal protein in maintaining lysosomal function. The phenotypic spectrum of PGRN imbalance has expanded to encompass a broad spectrum of diseases, including autoimmune diseases, metabolic, musculoskeletal and cardiovascular diseases. These diseases collectively referred to as Progranulinopathy- a term encompasses the wide spectrum of disorders influenced by PGRN imbalance. Unlike its known extracellular function as a growth factor-like molecule associated with multiple membrane receptors, PGRN also serves as an intracellular co-chaperone engaged in the folding and traffic of its associated proteins, particularly the lysosomal hydrolases. This chaperone activity is required for PGRN to exert its diverse functions across a broad range of diseases, encompassing both the central nervous system and peripheral systems. In this comprehensive review, we present an update of the emerging role of PGRN in Progranulinopathy, with special focus on elucidating the intricate interplay between PGRN and a diverse array of proteins at various levels, ranging from extracellular fluids and intracellular components, as well as various pathophysiological processes involved. This review seeks to offer a comprehensive grasp of PGRN's diverse functions, aiming to unveil intricate mechanisms behind Progranulinopathy and open doors for future research endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiwu Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinlong Jian
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chuan-Ju Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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2
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Saleem S, Imran Z, Samdani A, Khoso B, Zehra S, Azhar A. Mutations in PGRN gene associated with the risk of psoriasis in Pakistan: a case control study. BMC Med Genomics 2023; 16:335. [PMID: 38129828 PMCID: PMC10740244 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-023-01757-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psoriasis is a chronic, autoimmune, papulosquamous skin disorder, characterized by the formation of drop-like papules and silvery-white plaques surrounded by reddened or inflamed skin, existing predominantly on the scalp, knees and elbows. The characteristic inflammation and hyperproliferation of keratinocytes in psoriasis is regulated by progranulin (PGRN), which suppresses the expression and release of inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α. METHODOLOGY In this study mutation analysis of the PGRN gene was performed by extracting the genomic DNA from blood samples of 171 diagnosed psoriasis patients and controls through standard salting-out method, followed by amplification and sequencing of the targeted region of exon 5-7 of PGRN gene. RESULTS Three single nucleotide polymorphisms, rs25646, rs850713 and a novel point mutation 805A/G were identified in the PGRN gene with significant association with the disease. The variant alleles of the polymorphisms were significantly distributed among cases and controls, and statistical analysis suggested that the mutant genotypes conferred a higher risk of psoriasis development and progression. Multi-SNP haplotype analysis indicated that the CAA (OR = 8.085, 95% CI = 5.16-12.66) and the CAG (OR = 3.204, 95% CI = 1.97-5.21) haplotypes were significantly associated with psoriasis pathogenesis. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that polymorphisms in PGRN might act as potential molecular targets for early diagnosis of psoriasis in susceptible individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima Saleem
- The Karachi Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (KIBGE), University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan.
| | - Zunaira Imran
- The Karachi Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (KIBGE), University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Azam Samdani
- Department of Dermatology, National Medical Centre (NMC), Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Bahram Khoso
- Department of Dermatology, Jinnah Sindh Medical University (JSMU), Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Sitwat Zehra
- The Karachi Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (KIBGE), University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Abid Azhar
- The Karachi Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (KIBGE), University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
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3
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Koussiouris J, Chandran V. Autoantibodies in psoriatic disease. Adv Clin Chem 2023; 115:135-174. [PMID: 37673519 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2023.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Psoriasis is an inflammatory skin disease affecting over 8 million people in the US and Canada. Approximately, a quarter of psoriasis patients have an inflammatory arthritis termed psoriatic arthritis (PsA). Psoriatic disease encompassing both psoriasis and PsA is regarded as an immune-mediated inflammatory disease, exhibiting both autoimmune and autoinflammatory features. A review of the current literature on the presence and clinical significance of autoantibodies found in psoriatic disease are presented. The frequency of several autoantibodies in psoriasis and PsA patients as well as their clinical significance regarding disease diagnosis, disease activity and treatment response are reviewed. Additionally, the basic principles of antibody assays are presented, and the methods used for each study are analyzed. Despite historically described as a rheumatoid factor negative (seronegative) disease, an array of autoantibodies has been identified in patients with psoriatic disease. This points to an autoimmune component potentially playing a role in psoriatic disease; however, additional evidence is needed to determine the clinical utility of these autoantibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Koussiouris
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Vinod Chandran
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada.
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4
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Katyal P, Hettinghouse A, Meleties M, Hasan S, Chen C, Cui M, Sun G, Menon R, Lin B, Regatte R, Montclare JK, Liu CJ. Injectable recombinant block polymer gel for sustained delivery of therapeutic protein in post traumatic osteoarthritis. Biomaterials 2022; 281:121370. [PMID: 35032910 PMCID: PMC9055922 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein-based biomaterials offer several advantages over synthetic materials, owing to their unique stimuli-responsive properties, biocompatibility and modular nature. Here, we demonstrate that E5C, a recombinant protein block polymer, consisting of five repeats of elastin like polypeptide (E) and a coiled-coil domain of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (C), is capable of forming a porous networked gel at physiological temperature, making it an excellent candidate for injectable biomaterials. Combination of E5C with Atsttrin, a chondroprotective engineered derivative of anti-inflammatory growth factor progranulin, provides a unique biochemical and biomechanical environment to protect against post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) onset and progression. E5C gel was demonstrated to provide prolonged release of Atsttrin and inhibit chondrocyte catabolism while facilitating anabolic signaling in vitro. We also provide in vivo evidence that prophylactic and therapeutic application of Atsttrin-loaded E5C gels protected against PTOA onset and progression in a rabbit anterior cruciate ligament transection model. Collectively, we have developed a unique protein-based gel capable of minimally invasive, sustained delivery of prospective therapeutics, particularly the progranulin-derivative Atsttrin, for therapeutic application in OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Katyal
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY 11201, United States
| | - Aubryanna Hettinghouse
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10003, United States
| | - Michael Meleties
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY 11201, United States
| | - Sadaf Hasan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10003, United States
| | - Changhong Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10003, United States
| | - Min Cui
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10003, United States
| | - Guodong Sun
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10003, United States
| | - Rajiv Menon
- Bernard and Irene Schwartz Center for Biomedical Imaging, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Bonnie Lin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY 11201, United States
| | - Ravinder Regatte
- Bernard and Irene Schwartz Center for Biomedical Imaging, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Jin Kim Montclare
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY 11201, United States; Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York 10003, United States; Department of Radiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York 10016, United States; Department of Biomaterials, NYU College of Dentistry, New York, NY, 10010, United States.
| | - Chuan-Ju Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10003, United States; Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, United States.
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Fu W, Hettinghouse A, Liu CJ. In Vitro Physical and Functional Interaction Assays to Examine the Binding of Progranulin Derivative Atsttrin to TNFR2 and Its Anti-TNFα Activity. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2248:109-119. [PMID: 33185871 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1130-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
TNFα/TNFR signaling plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of various inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, and anti-TNFα therapies have been accepted as the effective approaches for treating several autoimmune diseases. Progranulin (PGRN), a multi-faced growth factor-like molecule, directly binds to TNFR1 and TNFR2, particularly to the latter with higher affinity than TNFα. PGRN derivative Atsttrin is composed of three TNFR-binding domain of PGRN and exhibits even better therapeutic effects than PGRN in several inflammatory disease models, including collagen-induced arthritis. Herein we describe the detailed methodology of using (1) ELISA-based solid phase protein-protein interaction assay to demonstrate the direct binding of Atsttrin to TNFR2 and its inhibition of TNFα/TNFR2 interaction; and (2) tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining of in vitro osteoclastogenesis to reveal the cell-based anti-TNFα activity of Atsttrin. Using the protocol described here, the investigators should be able to reproducibly detect the physical inhibition of TNFα binding to TNFR and the functional inhibition of TNFα activity by Atsttrin and various kinds of TNF inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Fu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aubryanna Hettinghouse
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chuan-Ju Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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Monitoring Atsttrin-Mediated Inhibition of TNFα/NF-κβ Activation Through In Vivo Bioluminescence Imaging. Methods Mol Biol 2021. [PMID: 33185877 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1130-2_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
The NF-κβ transcription factor is a molecular mediator crucial to many biological functions and a central regulator of inflammatory and immune responses. NF-κβ is activated by multiple immunologically relevant stimuli, including members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily, and targeting TNF/NFκβ activity is a therapeutic objective in many inflammatory and autoimmune conditions. Here, we describe the generation of a transgenic reporter mouse model, expressing the human tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) transgene (TNF-tg) and carrying the luciferase gene under control of the NFκB-responsive element (NF-κB-Luc). Bioluminescence imaging shows that overexpression of TNF-α effectively activates NF-κB luciferase in vivo. To evaluate this system as a screen for potential therapeutics targeting the TNF/NFκβ signaling pathway, we treated double mutant mice with PGRN-derived Atsttrin, an engineered molecule comprising the minimal progranulin (PGRN):TNFR binding fragments previously demonstrated as therapeutic in multiple models of TNF/NFκβ-driven disease. Administration of Atsttrin could effectively inhibit luciferase activity in TNF-tg:NF-κB-Luc double mutant mice and demonstrates that this transgenic model can be used to non-invasively monitor the in vivo efficacy of modulators of TNF-activated NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Yoo W, Lee J, Noh KH, Lee S, Jung D, Kabir MH, Park D, Lee C, Kwon KS, Kim JS, Kim S. Progranulin attenuates liver fibrosis by downregulating the inflammatory response. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:758. [PMID: 31591383 PMCID: PMC6779917 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1994-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN) is a cysteine-rich secreted protein expressed in endothelial cells, immune cells, neurons, and adipocytes. It was first identified for its growth factor-like properties, being implicated in tissue remodeling, development, inflammation, and protein homeostasis. However, these findings are controversial, and the role of PGRN in liver disease remains unknown. In the current study, we examined the effect of PGRN in two different models of chronic liver disease, methionine‐choline‐deficient diet (MCD)-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver fibrosis. To induce long-term expression of PGRN, PGRN-expressing adenovirus was delivered via injection into the tibialis anterior. In the CCl4-induced fibrosis model, PGRN showed protective effects against hepatic injury, inflammation, and fibrosis via inhibition of nuclear transcription factor kappa B (NF-κB) phosphorylation. PGRN also decreased lipid accumulation and inhibited pro-inflammatory cytokine production and fibrosis in the MCD-induced NASH model. In vitro treatment of primary macrophages and Raw 264.7 cells with conditioned media from hepatocytes pre-treated with PGRN prior to stimulation with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α or palmitate decreased their expression of pro-inflammatory genes. Furthermore, PGRN suppressed inflammatory and fibrotic gene expression in a cell culture model of hepatocyte injury and primary stellate cell activation. These observations increase our understanding of the role of PGRN in liver injury and suggest PGRN delivery as a potential therapeutic strategy in chronic inflammatory liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonbeak Yoo
- Environmental Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaemin Lee
- Industrial Bio-Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hee Noh
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangmin Lee
- Industrial Bio-Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Dana Jung
- Industrial Bio-Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Mohammad Humayun Kabir
- Center for Theragnosis, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Korea.,Incepta Vaccine Limited, Dhamrai, Kalampur, Dhaka, 1351, Bangladesh
| | - Dongmin Park
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheolju Lee
- Center for Theragnosis, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Korea
| | - Ki-Sun Kwon
- Aging Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Ji-Su Kim
- National Primate Resources Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeonbuk, 56212, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seokho Kim
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea.
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Klemm P, Assmann G, Preuss KD, Fadle N, Regitz E, Martin T, Pfreundschuh M, Thurner L. Progranulin autoantibodies in systemic sclerosis and autoimmune connective tissue disorders: A preliminary study. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2019; 7:271-275. [PMID: 31502765 PMCID: PMC6842819 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to investigate progranulin autoantibodies in systemic sclerosis and autoimmune connective tissue disorders. Progranulin is a physiologic tumor necrosis factor (TNF) antagonist. Progranulin antibodies decrease progranulin levels. METHODS Serum samples of 123 patients with systemic sclerosis and various autoimmune connective tissue disorders (Sjoegren's syndrome [SjS], mixed connective tissue disorder, polymyositis [PM] and dermatomyositis [DM], antiphospholipid syndrome [APLS], and undifferentiated connective tissue disease [UCTD]) were tested for progranulin antibodies using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Progranulin antibodies were found in 34 of 123 (27.6%) patients at least once during their disease. In detail, 2 of 8 (25%) patients with limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis, 10 of 31 (32.3%) patients with diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis, 9 of 22 (40.9%) patients with SjS, 1 of 3 (33.33%) patients with mixed connective tissue disease, 4 of 33 (12.1%) patients with DM or PM, 6 of 15 (40%) patients with APLS, and 2 of 11 (18.2%) patients with UCTD were positive for progranulin antibodies during the course of disease. CONCLUSIONS Progranulin antibodies are frequently present in patients with systemic sclerosis and other autoimmune connective tissue disorders. Despite the lack of specificity for a given autoimmune disease, progranulin antibodies might not only indicate a potential subtype but also play a pathogenic role in patients with autoimmune connective disorders. Given the important role of TNF-α in inflammatory processes in autoimmune connective tissue disorders, progranulin antibodies might support the proinflammatory environment by neutralizing the TNF blocker progranulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Klemm
- Saarland University Medical School, José Carreras Center for Immuno- and Gene Therapy and Internal Medicine I, Homburg/Saar, Germany.,Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Justus Liebig University Gießen, Campus Kerckhoff, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Gunter Assmann
- Saarland University Medical School, José Carreras Center for Immuno- and Gene Therapy and Internal Medicine I, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Klaus-Dieter Preuss
- Saarland University Medical School, José Carreras Center for Immuno- and Gene Therapy and Internal Medicine I, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Natalie Fadle
- Saarland University Medical School, José Carreras Center for Immuno- and Gene Therapy and Internal Medicine I, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Evi Regitz
- Saarland University Medical School, José Carreras Center for Immuno- and Gene Therapy and Internal Medicine I, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Thierry Martin
- CNRS, UPR3572, IBMC, Hopitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Michael Pfreundschuh
- Saarland University Medical School, José Carreras Center for Immuno- and Gene Therapy and Internal Medicine I, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Lorenz Thurner
- Saarland University Medical School, José Carreras Center for Immuno- and Gene Therapy and Internal Medicine I, Homburg/Saar, Germany
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Afinogenova Y, Ruan J, Yang R, Kleytman N, Pastores G, Lischuk A, Mistry PK. Aberrant progranulin, YKL-40, cathepsin D and cathepsin S in Gaucher disease. Mol Genet Metab 2019; 128:62-67. [PMID: 31358474 PMCID: PMC6864269 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2019.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In Gaucher disease, several macrophage-specific biomarkers have been validated for use in the clinic. However, Gaucher disease is more complex involving system-wide pathophysiology beyond the macrophage, and based on gene array analysis in our Gaucher disease mouse model and other emerging pathophysiologic insights, we evaluated serum levels of cathepsins D and S, YKL-40 and progranulin in Gaucher disease patients. We assessed their biomarker potential in Gaucher disease and compared them to established Gaucher disease biomarkers, chitotriosidase, chemokine ligand 18 (CCL18), and other indicators of disease severity and response to therapy. Mean YKL-40 and cathepsin D and S levels were significantly higher in Gaucher disease patients compared to healthy controls; in contrast, mean progranulin levels were lower in Gaucher disease patients compared to healthy controls. Enzyme replacement therapy resulted in a significant reversal of elevated cathepsin D and S but there was no change in progranulin and YKL-40 levels. Patients with persistent splenomegaly after long-term enzyme replacement therapy had significantly higher serum YKL-40 than patients with smaller spleens (63.0 ± 6.4 ng/ml vs. 46.4 ± 4.3 ng/ml, p = .03). Serum YKL-40 levels were higher in subjects with severe bone involvement (Hermann Score 3 to 5) compared to those with milder bone involvement (Hermann Score 1 to 2) (70.1 ± 4.3 ng/ml vs. 48.1 ± 3.7 ng/ml, p = .0002). YKL-40 was only weakly associated with chitotriosidase (r = 0.2, p = .008) and CCL18 (r = 0.3, p = .0004), and cathepsin S was moderately associated with chitotriosidase (r = 0.4, p = .01) and CCL18 (r = 0.6, p < .0001). Receiver operating curves for progranulin and YKL-40 demonstrated areas under the curves of 0.80 and 0.70, respectively. In conclusion, while these biomarkers do not meet robust properties of established macrophage-specific biomarkers, they may inform severity of skeletal disease, contribution of fibrosis to residual splenomegaly, and other disease manifestations. These findings, including markedly low progranulin levels that do not change upon enzyme replacement therapy, are intriguing to prompt further investigations to decipher their role in pathophysiology and relevance to diverse phenotypes of Gaucher disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Afinogenova
- Yale Department of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Jiapeng Ruan
- Yale Department of Digestive Diseases, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Ruhua Yang
- Yale Department of Digestive Diseases, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Nathaniel Kleytman
- Yale Department of Digestive Diseases, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Gregory Pastores
- University College Dublin Department of Medicine, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Andrew Lischuk
- Yale Department of Musculoskeletal Radiology, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Pramod K Mistry
- Yale Department of Digestive Diseases, New Haven, CT, United States of America.
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Williams A, Wang ECY, Thurner L, Liu CJ. Review: Novel Insights Into Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor, Death Receptor 3, and Progranulin Pathways in Arthritis and Bone Remodeling. Arthritis Rheumatol 2018; 68:2845-2856. [PMID: 27428882 PMCID: PMC5599977 DOI: 10.1002/art.39816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lorenz Thurner
- Saarland University Medical School, Homburg, Saar, Germany
| | - Chuan-Ju Liu
- New York University Medical Center, New York, New York
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11
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Jian J, Chen Y, Liberti R, Fu W, Hu W, Saunders-Pullman R, Pastores GM, Chen Y, Sun Y, Grabowski GA, Liu CJ. Chitinase-3-like Protein 1: A Progranulin Downstream Molecule and Potential Biomarker for Gaucher Disease. EBioMedicine 2018; 28:251-260. [PMID: 29396296 PMCID: PMC5835567 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently reported that progranulin (PGRN) is a novel regulator of glucocerebrosidase and its deficiency associates with Gaucher Diseases (GD) (Jian et al., 2016a; Jian et al., 2018). To isolate the relevant downstream molecules, we performed a whole genome microarray and mass spectrometry analysis, which led to the isolation of Chitinase-3-like-1 (CHI3L1) as one of the up-regulated genes in PGRN null mice. Elevated levels of CHI3L1 were confirmed by immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry. In contrast, treatment with recombinant Pcgin, a derivative of PGRN, as well as imigluerase, significantly reduced the expressions of CHI3L1 in both PGRN null GD model and the fibroblasts from GD patients. Serum levels of CHIT1, a clinical biomarker for GD, were significantly higher in GD patients than healthy controls (51.16±2.824ng/ml vs 35.07±2.099ng/ml, p<0.001). Similar to CHIT1, serum CHI3L1 was also significantly increased in GD patients compared with healthy controls (1736±152.1pg/ml vs 684.7±68.20pg/ml, p<0.001). Whereas the PGRN level is significantly reduced in GD patients as compared to the healthy control (91.56±3.986ng/ml vs 150.6±4.501, p<0.001). Collectively, these results indicate that CHI3L1 may be a previously unrecognized biomarker for diagnosing GD and for evaluating the therapeutic effects of new GD drug(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Jian
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Yuehong Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Rossella Liberti
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Wenyu Fu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Wenhuo Hu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | | | - Gregory M Pastores
- Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ying Chen
- Depression Evaluation Service, New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ying Sun
- The Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Gregory A Grabowski
- The Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Chuan-Ju Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10003, USA; Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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12
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Wei JL, Liu CJ. Establishment of a Modified Collagen-Induced Arthritis Mouse Model to Investigate the Anti-inflammatory Activity of Progranulin in Inflammatory Arthritis. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1806:305-313. [PMID: 29956284 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8559-3_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN) was found to play an anti-inflammatory and protective role in both inflammatory and degenerative arthritis (Tang et al., Science 332:478-484, 2011; Zhao et al., Ann Rheum Dis 74:2244-2253, 2015). We recently published a visualized protocol to demonstrate a surgically-induced mouse model for examining the protective role of PGRN in degenerative osteoarthritis (Zhao et al., J Vis Exp:e50924, 2014). Herein we describe a modified collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mouse model to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of PGRN in inflammatory arthritis. CIA model is the most commonly used autoimmune model of inflammatory arthritis which shares both immunological and pathological features with human rheumatoid arthritis. Autoimmune inflammatory arthritis is induced by immunization with an emulsion of complete Freund's adjuvant and chicken type II collagen (CII) using a modified procedure in PGRN deficient mice and control littermates. Using the protocol described here, the investigator should be able to reproducibly induce a high incidence of CIA in PGRN deficient mice and also learn how to critically evaluate the severity and incidence of this disease model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Lu Wei
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chuan-Ju Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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13
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Hu N, Cui Y, Yang Q, Wang L, Yang X, Xu H. Association of polymorphisms in TNF and GRN genes with ankylosing spondylitis in a Chinese Han population. Rheumatol Int 2017; 38:481-487. [PMID: 29230494 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-017-3899-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the association of the polymorphisms in tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and granulin (GRN) with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) in a Chinese Han population. Five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) covering TNF and six SNPs covering GRN were investigated in 861 Chinese Han AS patients and 864 healthy controls. For rs1799964, the C allele was linked to reduced risk of AS (p < 0.0001, OR = 0.60, 95% CI = 0.50-0.71). The carriers of the C/C homozygote showed a significantly lower risk of AS compared with the TT homozygote and the C/T heterozygote under the recessive model (p < 0.0001, OR = 0.23, 95% CI = 0.12-0.45). For rs1800629, the A allele was also linked to reduced risk of AS (p < 0.0001, OR = 0.54, 95% CI = 0.39-0.74). For rs1800630, the A allele was also linked to reduced risk of AS (p < 0.0001, OR = 0.59, 95% CI = 0.48-0.72). The carriers of the A/A homozygote showed a significantly lower risk of AS compared with the C/C homozygote and the A/C heterozygote under the recessive model (p < 0.0001, OR = 0.18, 95% CI = 0.07-0.47). For rs769178, the T allele was linked to increased risk of AS (p < 0.0001, OR = 2.59, 95% CI = 2.18-3.09). The carriers of the T/T homozygote showed a significantly higher risk of AS compared with the GG homozygote and the G/T heterozygote under the recessive model (p < 0.0001, OR = 3.34, 95 %CI = 1.95-5.72). There was no significant difference between the AS patients and the controls in the genotype or allele frequencies of rs361525. For GRN, there was no significant difference between the AS patients and the controls in the genotype or allele frequencies of rs25646, rs3760365, rs3785817, rs4792939, rs5848, rs850713 (p > 0.05). This study indicates that polymorphisms in TNF are related to AS, but polymorphisms in GRN are not related to AS susceptibility in a Chinese Han population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiwen Hu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, 324 Jingwu Road, Jinan, 250021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yazhou Cui
- Shandong Medical Biotechnological Center, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingrui Yang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, 324 Jingwu Road, Jinan, 250021, People's Republic of China.
| | - Liya Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, 324 Jingwu Road, Jinan, 250021, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinglin Yang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, 324 Jingwu Road, Jinan, 250021, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongzhi Xu
- Department of Blood, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
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14
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Chiba Y, Danno S, Suto R, Suto W, Yamane Y, Hanazaki M, Katayama H, Sakai H. Intranasal administration of recombinant progranulin inhibits bronchial smooth muscle hyperresponsiveness in mouse allergic asthma. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2017; 314:L215-L223. [PMID: 28982738 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00575.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN) is a growth factor with multiple biological functions and has been suggested as an endogenous inhibitor of Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-mediated signaling. TNF-α is believed to be one of the important mediators of the pathogenesis of asthma, including airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR). In the present study, effects of recombinant PGRN on TNF-α-mediated signaling and antigen-induced hypercontractility were examined in bronchial smooth muscles (BSMs) both in vitro and in vivo. Cultured human BSM cells (hBSMCs) and male BALB/c mice were used. The mice were sensitized and repeatedly challenged with ovalbumin antigen. Animals also received intranasal administrations of recombinant PGRN into the airways 1 h before each antigen inhalation. In hBSMCs, PGRN inhibited both the degradation of IκB-α (an index of NF-κB activation) and the upregulation of RhoA (a contractile machinery-associated protein that contributes to the BSM hyperresponsiveness) induced by TNF-α, indicating that PGRN has an ability to inhibit TNF-α-mediated signaling also in the BSM cells. In BSMs of the repeatedly antigen-challenged mice, an augmented contractile responsiveness to acetylcholine with an upregulation of RhoA was observed: both the events were ameliorated by pretreatments with PGRN intranasally. Interestingly, a significant decrease in PGRN expression was found in the airways of the repeatedly antigen-challenged mice rather than those of control animals. In conclusion, exogenously applied PGRN into the airways ameliorated the antigen-induced BSM hyperresponsiveness, probably by blocking TNF-α-mediated response. Increasing PGRN levels might be a promising therapeutic for AHR in allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiko Chiba
- Department of Physiology and Molecular Sciences, Hoshi University , Tokyo , Japan.,Department of Biology, Hoshi University , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Shunta Danno
- Department of Biology, Hoshi University , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Rena Suto
- Department of Biology, Hoshi University , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Wataru Suto
- Department of Physiology and Molecular Sciences, Hoshi University , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Yamato Yamane
- Department of Physiology and Molecular Sciences, Hoshi University , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Motohiko Hanazaki
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School , Kurashiki , Japan
| | - Hiroshi Katayama
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School , Kurashiki , Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Sakai
- Department of Analytical Pathophysiology, School of Pharmacy, Hoshi University , Tokyo , Japan
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15
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Johnson J, Yeter K, Rajbhandary R, Neal R, Tian Q, Jian J, Fadle N, Thurner L, Liu C, Stohl W. Serum progranulin levels in Hispanic rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with TNF antagonists: a prospective, observational study. Clin Rheumatol 2016; 36:507-516. [PMID: 27830341 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-016-3467-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Since progranulin (PGRN) is a natural ligand of TNF receptors, we assessed whether serum PGRN levels predict and/or reflect responsiveness of RA patients to TNF-antagonist therapy. TNF-antagonist-naïve RA patients (N = 35) were started on TNF-antagonist therapy. At baseline and at follow-up visits, DAS28-ESR, DAS28-CRP, and CDAI were calculated, and venous blood was collected for serum PGRN determination. Disease activity and clinical response were based on EULAR criteria. Baseline serum PGRN levels varied considerably and correlated with ESR and CRP. DAS28-ESR, DAS28-CRP, and CDAI were greater in "PGRN-high" than in "PGRN-low". Baseline serum PGRN levels did not predict clinical responsiveness to TNF-antagonist therapy. Nevertheless, changes in serum PGRN levels at 274+ days following initiation of TNF-antagonist therapy correlated with changes in ESR, CRP, DAS28-ESR, DAS28-CRP, and CDAI. At this time, DAS28-ESR, DAS28-CRP, and CDAI in PGRN-high and PGRN-low equalized, but serum PGRN levels remained greater in PGRN-high than in PGRN-low. To our knowledge, the present report is the first prospective study to longitudinally assess changes in serum PGRN levels following initiation of TNF-antagonist therapy. Although pre-treatment serum PGRN levels may not predict clinical responsiveness to TNF-antagonist therapy, changes in serum PGRN levels correlate with changes in disease metrics over time. By inference, administration of PGRN may represent an effective therapeutic option for development in RA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Johnson
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles County + University of Southern California Medical Center and University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, 2011 Zonal Ave. HMR 711, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Karen Yeter
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles County + University of Southern California Medical Center and University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, 2011 Zonal Ave. HMR 711, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Rosy Rajbhandary
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles County + University of Southern California Medical Center and University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, 2011 Zonal Ave. HMR 711, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Rebekah Neal
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles County + University of Southern California Medical Center and University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, 2011 Zonal Ave. HMR 711, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Qingyun Tian
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jinlong Jian
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Natalie Fadle
- José Carreras Center for Immuno- and Gene Therapy, Internal Medicine I, Saarland University Medical School, Homburg, Saar, Germany
| | - Lorenz Thurner
- José Carreras Center for Immuno- and Gene Therapy, Internal Medicine I, Saarland University Medical School, Homburg, Saar, Germany
| | - Chuanju Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - William Stohl
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles County + University of Southern California Medical Center and University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, 2011 Zonal Ave. HMR 711, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
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16
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Jian J, Tian QY, Hettinghouse A, Zhao S, Liu H, Wei J, Grunig G, Zhang W, Setchell KDR, Sun Y, Overkleeft HS, Chan GL, Liu CJ. Progranulin Recruits HSP70 to β-Glucocerebrosidase and Is Therapeutic Against Gaucher Disease. EBioMedicine 2016; 13:212-224. [PMID: 27789271 PMCID: PMC5264254 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gaucher disease (GD), the most common lysosomal storage disease, is caused by mutations in GBA1 encoding of β-glucocerebrosidase (GCase). Recently it was reported that progranulin (PGRN) insufficiency and deficiency associated with GD in human and mice, respectively. However the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Here we report that PGRN binds directly to GCase and its deficiency results in aggregation of GCase and its receptor LIMP2. Mass spectrometry approaches identified HSP70 as a GCase/LIMP2 complex-associated protein upon stress, with PGRN as an indispensable adaptor. Additionally, 98 amino acids of C-terminal PGRN, referred to as Pcgin, are required and sufficient for the binding to GCase and HSP70. Pcgin effectively ameliorates the disease phenotype in GD patient fibroblasts and animal models. These findings not only demonstrate that PGRN is a co-chaperone of HSP70 and plays an important role in GCase lysosomal localization, but may also provide new therapeutic interventions for lysosomal storage diseases, in particular GD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Jian
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10003, United States
| | - Qing-Yun Tian
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10003, United States
| | - Aubryanna Hettinghouse
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10003, United States
| | - Shuai Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10003, United States
| | - Helen Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10003, United States
| | - Jianlu Wei
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10003, United States
| | - Gabriele Grunig
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 57 Old Forge Road, Tuxedo, NY 10987, United States
| | - Wujuan Zhang
- Division of Pathology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States
| | - Kenneth D R Setchell
- Division of Pathology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States
| | - Ying Sun
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States
| | - Herman S Overkleeft
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Einsteinweg 55, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gerald L Chan
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Chuan-Ju Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10003, United States; Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, United States.
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17
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Jian J, Li G, Hettinghouse A, Liu C. Progranulin: A key player in autoimmune diseases. Cytokine 2016; 101:48-55. [PMID: 27527809 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune disease encompasses an array of conditions with a variety of presentations and the involvement of multiple organs. Though the etiologies of many autoimmune conditions are unclear, uncontrolled inflammatory immune response is believed to be a major cause of disease development and progression. Progranulin (PGRN), an anti-inflammatory molecule with therapeutic effect in inflammatory arthritis, was identified as an endogenous antagonist of TNFα by competitively binding to TNFR. PGRN exerts its anti-inflammatory activity through multiple pathways, including induction of Treg differentiation and IL-10 expression and inhibition of chemokine release from macrophages. In addition, the protective role of PGRN has also been demonstrated in osteoarthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and psoriasis. Intriguingly, PGRN was reported to contribute to development of insulin resistance in high-fat diet induced diabetes. Emerging evidences indicate that PGRN may also be associated with various autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematous, systemic sclerosis, multiple sclerosis and Sjogren's syndrome. This review summarizes recent studies of PGRN as a novel target molecule in the field of autoimmune disease, and provides updated information to inspire future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Jian
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10003, United States
| | - Guangfei Li
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10003, United States; Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China
| | - Aubryanna Hettinghouse
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10003, United States
| | - Chuanju Liu
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10003, United States; Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, United States.
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18
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Wei J, Hettinghouse A, Liu C. The role of progranulin in arthritis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016; 1383:5-20. [PMID: 27505256 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN) is a growth factor with a unique beads-on-a-string structure that is involved in multiple pathophysiological processes, including anti-inflammation, tissue repair, wound healing, neurodegenerative diseases, and tumorigenesis. This review presents up-to-date information concerning recent studies on the role of PGRN in inflammatory arthritis and osteoarthritis, with a special focus on the involvement of the interactions and interplay between PGRN and tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) family members in regulating such musculoskeletal diseases. In addition, this paper highlights the applications of atsttrin, an engineered protein comprising three TNFR-binding fragments of PGRN, as a promising intervention in treating arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlu Wei
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical School of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Aubryanna Hettinghouse
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Chuanju Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York.,Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
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19
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Progranulin suppresses titanium particle induced inflammatory osteolysis by targeting TNFα signaling. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20909. [PMID: 26864916 PMCID: PMC4750042 DOI: 10.1038/srep20909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aseptic loosening is a major complication of prosthetic joint surgery, characterized by chronic inflammation, pain, and osteolysis surrounding the bone-implant interface. Progranulin (PGRN) is known to have anti-inflammatory action by binding to Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) receptors and antagonizing TNFα. Here we report that titanium particles significantly induced PGRN expression in RAW264.7 cells and also in a mouse air-pouch model of inflammation. PGRN-deficiency enhanced, whereas administration of recombinant PGRN effectively inhibited, titanium particle-induced inflammation in an air pouch model. In addition, PGRN also significantly inhibited titanium particle-induced osteoclastogenesis and calvarial osteolysis in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that the inhibition of PGRN on titanium particle induced-inflammation is primarily via neutralizing the titanium particle-activated TNFα/NF-κB signaling pathway and this is evidenced by the suppression of particle-induced IκB phosphorylation, NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation, and activity of the NF-κB-specific reporter gene. Collectively, these findings not only demonstrate that PGRN plays an important role in inhibiting titanium particle-induced inflammation, but also provide a potential therapeutic agent for the prevention of wear debris-induced inflammation and osteolysis.
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20
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Chen J, Li S, Shi J, Zhang L, Li J, Chen S, Wu C, Shen B. Serum progranulin irrelated with Breg cell levels, but elevated in RA patients, reflecting high disease activity. Rheumatol Int 2015; 36:359-64. [PMID: 26462672 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-015-3372-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Soluble progranulin (PGRN) is known to directly regulate regulatory T cells; however, whether PGRN levels are elevated in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and affect the regulatory subsets of B cells remain unknown. In this study, a total of 80 RA patients and 60 healthy controls were studied. Serum progranulin levels were determined using enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the feasibility of serum PGRN as a biomarker for distinguishing patients with RA. CD19(+)CD5(+)GrB(+) B cells were analyzed by flow cytometry in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Serum progranulin levels in RA patients (median, 59.4 ng/mL) and in RA patients DAS28 > 5.1 (median, 71.98 ng/mL) were much higher than those in normal controls (median, 46.3 ng/mL; P < 0.001). The area under the ROC curve for progranulin levels was 0.705 for RA versus normal controls and the area under the ROC curve for progranulin levels in RA patients DAS28 > 5.1 was 0.977 versus normal controls (P < 0.001). Interestingly, serum progranulin and DAS28, CRP, ESR were all positively correlated in RA patients (P < 0.001). The number of CD19(+)CD5(+)GrB(+) B cells was significantly higher in RA patients (P < 0.05); however, the level of Breg cells was not related to PGRN (P > 0.05). Our findings indicated that induction of PGRN expression may play a role in RA immune reaction and PGRN levels could be a useful biomarker in RA inflammatory response, but irrelated with Breg cell levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxi Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Shuang Li
- Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jianfeng Shi
- Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Shiyong Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Chunlong Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Bo Shen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
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New discovery rarely runs smooth: an update on progranulin/TNFR interactions. Protein Cell 2015; 6:792-803. [PMID: 26408020 PMCID: PMC4624682 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-015-0213-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN) is a growth factor implicated in various pathophysiological processes, including wound healing, inflammation, tumorigenesis, and neurodegeneration. It was previously reported that PGRN binds to tumor necrosis factor receptors (TNFR) and has therapeutic effects in inflammatory arthritis (Tang et. al, in Science 332:478-484, 2011); however, Chen et al. reported their inability to demonstrate the PGRN-TNFR interactions under their own conditions (Chen et. al, in J Neurosci 33:9202-9213, 2013). A letter-to-editor was then published by the original group in response to the Chen et al. paper that discussed the reasons for the latter's inability to recapitulate the interactions. In addition, the group published follow-up studies that further reinforced and dissected the interactions of PGRN-TNFR. Recently, the dispute about the legitimacy of PGRN-TNFR interactions appears to be finally settled with independent confirmations of these interactions in various conditions by numerous laboratories. This review presents a chronological update on the story of PGRN-TNFR interactions, highlighting the independent confirmations of these interactions in various diseases and conditions.
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Yamamoto Y, Takemura M, Serrero G, Hayashi J, Yue B, Tsuboi A, Kubo H, Mitsuhashi T, Mannami K, Sato M, Matsunami H, Matuo Y, Saito K. Increased serum GP88 (Progranulin) concentrations in rheumatoid arthritis. Inflammation 2015; 37:1806-13. [PMID: 24803297 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-014-9911-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
GP88 (Progranulin; PGRN) is a secreted glycosylated protein with important functions in several processes, including immune response and cancer growth. Recent reports have shown that PGRN is a therapeutic target for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) because of its capability to bind with tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR). However, the serum PGRN level in RA patients has not been investigated. We used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to quantify the serum levels of PGRN in 417 healthy subjects, 56 patients with RA and 31 patients with osteoarthritis (OA). In RA patients, we also measured the serum TNF-α and sTNFR concentration. Immunohistochemical staining of PGRN was performed using synovectomy tissue of RA patients. The serum PGRN normal range was established as 40.1 ± 8.7 ng/ml. PGRN levels were not influenced by sex or age. A significant increase in serum PGRN levels was observed in RA (50.2 ± 11.1 ng/ml) and OA (45.4 ± 6.6 ng/ml) groups compared to those in age-matched healthy controls (40.4 ± 9.9 ng/ml) (p<0.05, Tukey). Further, PGRN levels in the synovial fluid of RA patients (68.4 ± 3.4 ng/ml) were found to be significantly higher than those in OA patients (35.9 ± 16.8 ng/ml). Immunohistochemical staining of PGRN revealed that the highest positive signal was detected in macrophages. Circulating PGRN in RA patients was weakly associated with TNF-α and sTNFR 2 concentration. Furthermore, PGRN/TNF-α ratio was correlated the stage of the disease in RA patients. The concentrations of serum PGRN in RA were found to be significantly higher than those in age-matched healthy controls, although it remains to be clarified how blood PGRN is related to the pathogenesis of RA. Our results showed that the serum PGRN may be a useful approach to monitor the disease activity in RA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuko Yamamoto
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan,
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Thurner L, Fadle N, Regitz E, Kemele M, Klemm P, Zaks M, Stöger E, Bette B, Carbon G, Zimmer V, Assmann G, Murawski N, Kubuschok B, Held G, Preuss KD, Pfreundschuh M. The molecular basis for development of proinflammatory autoantibodies to progranulin. J Autoimmun 2015; 61:17-28. [PMID: 26005049 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recently we identified in a wide spectrum of autoimmune diseases frequently occurring proinflammatory autoantibodies directed against progranulin, a direct inhibitor of TNFR1 & 2 and of DR3. In the present study we investigated the mechanisms for the breakdown of self-tolerance against progranulin. Isoelectric focusing identified a second, differentially electrically charged progranulin isoform exclusively present in progranulin-antibody-positive patients. Alkaline phosphatase treatment revealed this additional progranulin isoform to be hyperphosphorylated. Subsequently Ser81, which is located within the epitope region of progranulin-antibodies, was identified as hyperphosphorylated serine residue by site directed mutagenesis of candidate phosphorylation sites. Hyperphosphorylated progranulin was detected exclusively in progranulin-antibody-positive patients during the courses of their diseases. The occurrence of hyperphosphorylated progranulin preceded seroconversions of progranulin-antibodies, indicating adaptive immune response. Utilizing panels of kinase and phosphatase inhibitors, PKCβ1 was identified as the relevant kinase and PP1 as the relevant phosphatase for phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of Ser81. In contrast to normal progranulin, hyperphosphorylated progranulin interacted exclusively with inactivated (pThr320) PP1, suggesting inactivated PP1 to cause the detectable occurrence of phosphorylated Ser81 PGRN. Investigation of possible functional alterations of PGRN due to Ser81 phosphorylation revealed, that hyperphosphorylation prevents the interaction and thus direct inhibition of TNFR1, TNFR2 and DR3, representing an additional direct proinflammatory effect. Finally phosphorylation of Ser81 PGRN alters the conversion pattern of PGRN. In conclusion, inactivated PP1 induces hyperphosphorylation of progranulin in a wide spectrum of autoimmune diseases. This hyperphosphorylation prevents direct inhibition of TNFR1, TNFR2 and DR3 by PGRN, alters the conversion of PGRN, and is strongly associated with the occurrence of neutralizing, proinflammatory PGRN-antibodies, indicating immunogenicity of this alternative secondary modification.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autoantibodies/genetics
- Autoantibodies/immunology
- Autoantibodies/metabolism
- Binding Sites/genetics
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Line
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Flow Cytometry
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/immunology
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Phosphorylation
- Progranulins
- Protein Isoforms/genetics
- Protein Isoforms/immunology
- Protein Isoforms/metabolism
- Protein Kinase C beta/genetics
- Protein Kinase C beta/immunology
- Protein Kinase C beta/metabolism
- Protein Precursors/genetics
- Protein Precursors/immunology
- Protein Precursors/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Member 25/immunology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Member 25/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/immunology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II/immunology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II/metabolism
- Serine/genetics
- Serine/immunology
- Serine/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz Thurner
- Saarland University Medical School, José Carreras Center for Immuno- and Gene Therapy, Internal Medicine I, Homburg, Saar, Germany.
| | - Natalie Fadle
- Saarland University Medical School, José Carreras Center for Immuno- and Gene Therapy, Internal Medicine I, Homburg, Saar, Germany
| | - Evi Regitz
- Saarland University Medical School, José Carreras Center for Immuno- and Gene Therapy, Internal Medicine I, Homburg, Saar, Germany
| | - Maria Kemele
- Saarland University Medical School, José Carreras Center for Immuno- and Gene Therapy, Internal Medicine I, Homburg, Saar, Germany
| | - Philipp Klemm
- Saarland University Medical School, José Carreras Center for Immuno- and Gene Therapy, Internal Medicine I, Homburg, Saar, Germany
| | - Marina Zaks
- Saarland University Medical School, José Carreras Center for Immuno- and Gene Therapy, Internal Medicine I, Homburg, Saar, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Stöger
- Saarland University Medical School, José Carreras Center for Immuno- and Gene Therapy, Internal Medicine I, Homburg, Saar, Germany
| | - Birgit Bette
- Saarland University Medical School, José Carreras Center for Immuno- and Gene Therapy, Internal Medicine I, Homburg, Saar, Germany
| | - Gabi Carbon
- Saarland University Medical School, José Carreras Center for Immuno- and Gene Therapy, Internal Medicine I, Homburg, Saar, Germany
| | - Vincent Zimmer
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Saar, Germany
| | - Gunter Assmann
- Saarland University Medical School, José Carreras Center for Immuno- and Gene Therapy, Internal Medicine I, Homburg, Saar, Germany
| | - Niels Murawski
- Saarland University Medical School, José Carreras Center for Immuno- and Gene Therapy, Internal Medicine I, Homburg, Saar, Germany
| | - Boris Kubuschok
- Saarland University Medical School, José Carreras Center for Immuno- and Gene Therapy, Internal Medicine I, Homburg, Saar, Germany
| | - Gerhard Held
- Saarland University Medical School, José Carreras Center for Immuno- and Gene Therapy, Internal Medicine I, Homburg, Saar, Germany
| | - Klaus-Dieter Preuss
- Saarland University Medical School, José Carreras Center for Immuno- and Gene Therapy, Internal Medicine I, Homburg, Saar, Germany
| | - Michael Pfreundschuh
- Saarland University Medical School, José Carreras Center for Immuno- and Gene Therapy, Internal Medicine I, Homburg, Saar, Germany.
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24
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Xia Q, Zhu S, Wu Y, Wang J, Cai Y, Chen P, Li J, Heng BC, Ouyang HW, Lu P. Intra-articular transplantation of atsttrin-transduced mesenchymal stem cells ameliorate osteoarthritis development. Stem Cells Transl Med 2015; 4:523-31. [PMID: 25824140 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2014-0200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) remains an intractable clinical challenge. Few drugs are available for reversing this degenerative disease, although some promising candidates have performed well in preclinical studies. Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) has been identified as a crucial effector modulating OA pathogenesis. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects of Atsttrin, a novel TNFα blocker, on OA treatment. We developed genetically modified mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) that expressed recombinant Atsttrin (named as MSC-Atsttrin). Expression levels of ADAMTS-5, MMP13, and iNOS of human chondrocytes were analyzed when cocultured with MSC-GFP/Atsttrin. OA animal models were induced by anterior cruciate ligament transection, and MSC-GFP/Atsttrin were injected into the articular cavity 1 week postsurgery. The results showed that MSC-Atsttrin significantly suppressed TNFα-driven up-regulation of matrix proteases and inflammatory factors. Intra-articular injection of MSC-Atsttrin prevented the progression of degenerative changes in the surgically induced OA mouse model. Additionally, levels of detrimental matrix hydrolases were significantly diminished. Compared with nontreated OA samples at 8 weeks postsurgery, the percentages of MMP13- and ADAMTS-5-positive cells were significantly reduced from 91.33% ± 9.87% to 24.33% ± 5.7% (p < .001) and from 91.33% ± 7.1% to 16.67% ± 3.1% (p < .001), respectively. Our results thus indicated that suppression of TNFα activity is an effective strategy for OA treatment and that intra-articular injection of MSCs-Atsttrin could be a promising therapeutic modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Xia
- Center for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China; Department of Biosystems Science & Engineering, ETH-Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Shouan Zhu
- Center for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China; Department of Biosystems Science & Engineering, ETH-Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yan Wu
- Center for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China; Department of Biosystems Science & Engineering, ETH-Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jiaqiu Wang
- Center for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China; Department of Biosystems Science & Engineering, ETH-Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Youzhi Cai
- Center for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China; Department of Biosystems Science & Engineering, ETH-Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pengfei Chen
- Center for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China; Department of Biosystems Science & Engineering, ETH-Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jie Li
- Center for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China; Department of Biosystems Science & Engineering, ETH-Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Boon Chin Heng
- Center for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China; Department of Biosystems Science & Engineering, ETH-Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hong Wei Ouyang
- Center for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China; Department of Biosystems Science & Engineering, ETH-Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ping Lu
- Center for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China; Department of Biosystems Science & Engineering, ETH-Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
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25
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Wei F, Zhang Y, Zhao W, Yu X, Liu CJ. Progranulin facilitates conversion and function of regulatory T cells under inflammatory conditions. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112110. [PMID: 25393765 PMCID: PMC4230946 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The progranulin (PGRN) is known to protect regulatory T cells (Tregs) from a negative regulation by TNF-α, and its levels are elevated in various kinds of autoimmune diseases. Whether PGRN directly regulates the conversion of CD4+CD25-T cells into Foxp3-expressing regulatory T cells (iTreg), and whether PGRN affects the immunosuppressive function of Tregs, however, remain unknown. In this study we provide evidences demonstrating that PGRN is able to stimulate the conversion of CD4+CD25-T cells into iTreg in a dose-dependent manner in vitro. In addition, PGRN showed synergistic effects with TGF-β1 on the induction of iTreg. PGRN was required for the immunosuppressive function of Tregs, since PGRN-deficient Tregs have a significant decreased ability to suppress the proliferation of effector T cells (Teff). In addition, PGRN deficiency caused a marked reduction in Tregs number in the course of inflammatory arthritis, although no significant difference was observed in the numbers of Tregs between wild type and PGRN deficient mice during development. Furthermore, PGRN deficiency led to significant upregulation of the Wnt receptor gene Fzd2. Collectively, this study reveals that PGRN directly regulates the numbers and function of Tregs under inflammatory conditions, and provides new insight into the immune regulatory mechanism of PGRN in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and immune-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanhua Wei
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yuying Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Weiming Zhao
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xiuping Yu
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Chuan-ju Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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26
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Wong NCL, Cheung PFY, Yip CW, Chan KF, Ng IOL, Fan ST, Cheung ST. Antibody against granulin-epithelin precursor sensitizes hepatocellular carcinoma to chemotherapeutic agents. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 13:3001-12. [PMID: 25253787 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-14-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Granulin-epithelin precursor (GEP) overexpression has been shown in many cancers with functional role on growth, and recently on regulating chemoresistance and cancer stem cell (CSC) properties. Here, we investigate the combined effect of GEP antibody and chemotherapeutic agent. Combination therapy was compared with monotherapy using hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells in vitro and orthotopic liver tumor models in vivo. CD133 and related hepatic CSC marker expressions were investigated by flow cytometry. Antiproliferative and apoptotic effects and signaling mechanisms were examined by immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, and Western blot analysis. Secretory GEP levels in the serum and culture supernatant samples were measured by ELISA. We demonstrated that HCC cells that survived under chemotherapeutic agents showed upregulation of hepatic CSC markers CD133/GEP/ABCB5, and enhanced colony and spheroid formation abilities. Importantly, GEP antibody sensitized HCC cells to the apoptosis induced by chemotherapy for both HCC cell lines and the chemoresistant subpopulations, and counteracted the chemotherapy-induced GEP/ABCB5 expressions and Akt/Bcl-2 signaling. In human HCC orthotopic xenograft models, GEP antibody treatment alone was consistently capable of inhibiting the tumor growth. Notably, combination of GEP antibody with high dose of cisplatin resulted in the eradication of all established intrahepatic tumor in three weeks. This preclinical study demonstrated that GEP antibody sensitized HCC cells to apoptosis induced by chemotherapeutic agents. Combination treatment with GEP antibody and chemotherapeutic agent has the potential to be an effective therapeutic regimen for GEP-expressing cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Phyllis F Y Cheung
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong. Centre for Cancer Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Chi Wai Yip
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong. Centre for Cancer Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Kui Fat Chan
- Department of Pathology, Tuen Mun Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - Irene Oi-Lin Ng
- Centre for Cancer Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong. Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong. State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Sheung Tat Fan
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong. Centre for Cancer Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong. State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Siu Tim Cheung
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong. Centre for Cancer Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong. State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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27
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Zhao YP, Liu B, Tian QY, Wei JL, Richbourgh B, Liu CJ. Progranulin protects against osteoarthritis through interacting with TNF-α and β-Catenin signalling. Ann Rheum Dis 2014; 74:2244-2253. [PMID: 25169730 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-205779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Progranulin (PGRN) was previously isolated as an osteoarthritis (OA)-associated growth factor. Additionally, PGRN was found to play a therapeutic role in inflammatory arthritis mice models through antagonising tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α). This study was aimed at investigating the role of PGRN in degradation of cartilage and progression of OA. METHODS Progression of OA was analysed in both spontaneous and surgically induced OA models in wild type and PGRN-deficient mice. Cartilage degradation and OA were evaluated using Safranin O staining, immunohistochemistry and ELISA. Additionally, mRNA expression of degenerative factors and catabolic markers known to be involved in cartilage degeneration in OA were analysed. Furthermore, the anabolic effects and underlying mechanisms of PGRN were investigated by in vitro experiments with primary chondrocytes. RESULTS Here, we found that deficiency of PGRN led to spontaneous OA-like phenotype in 'aged' mice. Additionally, PGRN-deficient mice exhibited exaggerated breakdown of cartilage structure and OA progression, while local delivery of recombinant PGRN protein attenuated degradation of cartilage matrix and protected against OA development in surgically induced OA models. Furthermore, PGRN activated extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) 1/2 signalling and elevated the levels of anabolic biomarkers in human chondrocyte, and the protective function of PGRN was mediated mainly through TNF receptor 2. Additionally, PGRN suppressed inflammatory action of TNF-α and inhibited the activation of β-Catenin signalling in cartilage and chondrocytes. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, this study provides new insight into the pathogenesis of OA, and also presents PGRN as a potential target for the treatment of joint degenerative diseases, including OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Peng Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York University, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ben Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York University, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qing-Yun Tian
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jian-Lu Wei
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Brendon Richbourgh
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Chuan-Ju Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York University, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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28
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Thurner L, Stöger E, Fadle N, Klemm P, Regitz E, Kemele M, Bette B, Held G, Dauer M, Lammert F, Preuss KD, Zimmer V, Pfreundschuh M. Proinflammatory progranulin antibodies in inflammatory bowel diseases. Dig Dis Sci 2014; 59:1733-42. [PMID: 24591016 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-014-3089-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, we identified neutralizing autoantibodies against progranulin (PGRN) in a wide spectrum of rheumatic diseases including cases with enteropathic spondylarthritis. PGRN is a secreted protein with strong anti-inflammatory effects, believed to be mediated by the direct inhibition of TNF receptors 1&2. Given the central role of TNF-α as proinflammatory cytokine, a neutralizing antibody directed against its physiologic antagonist PGRN might entertain a proinflammatory environment. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to investigate a possible occurrence of PGRN-antibodies (PGRN-Abs) in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and to investigate a possible pathogenic effect. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sera samples of 141 patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and of 71 patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) were tested for PGRN-Abs by ELISA. PGRN plasma levels were detected by ELISA. Proinflammatory effects of progranulin-antibodies were analyzed by TNF-α-mediated cytotoxicity assays using HT29 cells and by examination of possible effects of PGRN and of PGRN-antibodies on TNF-α-induced downmodulation of FOXP3 expression in CD4(+)CD25(hi) Tregs. RESULTS PGRN-Abs were found in sera of 23/141 (16.31%) patients with CD, and 15/71 (21.13%) patients with UC. PGRN-Abs were more frequent than anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies (ANCAs) in UC, but less frequent than anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCAs) in CD. PGRN-Abs belonged mostly to IgG1 (71.1%) and IgA (26.3%). They occurred in relevant titres and had significant neutralizing effects on PGRN plasma levels. Cytotoxicity assays comparing PGRN-antibody-positive sera with negative sera from matched patients with IBD showed a proinflammatory effect of PGRN-Abs on HT29 cells. Moreover, PGRN-antibodies led to an increase of TNF-α-induced downmodulation of FOXP3 in CD4(+)CD25(hi) Tregs. CONCLUSION The results suggest that PGRN-Abs occur frequently in CD and UC, and have a proinflammatory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz Thurner
- José Carreras Center for Immuno- and Gene Therapy and Internal Medicine I, Saarland University Medical School, Homburg/Saar, Germany,
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29
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Li M, Liu Y, Xia F, Wu Z, Deng L, Jiang R, Guo FJ. Progranulin is required for proper ER stress response and inhibits ER stress-mediated apoptosis through TNFR2. Cell Signal 2014; 26:1539-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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30
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Lu Y, Zheng L, Zhang W, Feng T, Liu J, Wang X, Yu Y, Qi M, Zhao W, Yu X, Tang W. Growth factor progranulin contributes to cervical cancer cell proliferation and transformation in vivo and in vitro. Gynecol Oncol 2014; 134:364-71. [PMID: 24905774 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2014.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The growth factor progranulin (PGRN) is overexpressed in a number of tumors. We aimed to investigate the expression and role of PGRN in cervical cancer tumorigenesis. METHODS PGRN expression and secretion was assessed in cells and normal and cancerous cervical tissues by Western blot analysis, ELISA or immunohistochemistry. The role of PGRN in cervical carcinogenesis was explored by cell-proliferation, colony-formation and tumor-growth assays. We assessed the role of PGRN-mediated signaling in the cervical cell with specific inhibitors. RESULTS PGRN expression was upregulated in cervical cancer cell lines and tissue. PGRN promoted the transformation of human cervical mucosa epithelial H8 cells in vitro and tumor formation in vivo. Knockdown of PGRN expression in cervical cancer cells in vivo decreased cell proliferation and slowed tumor growth. PGRN stimulated cervical cell proliferation, and transformation was mediated, at least in part, by Akt and Erk signaling. CONCLUSIONS PGRN is overexpressed in cervical cancer and promotes the malignant growth and transformation of cervical cells. Therefore, PGRN plays a critical role in carcinogenesis of cervical cancer and shows promise for therapeutic strategies for cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Lin Zheng
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China; Microbiological Lab, The Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Tingting Feng
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Pathology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yuan Yu
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Mei Qi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Weiming Zhao
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xiuping Yu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China.
| | - Wei Tang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China.
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31
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The role of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:561459. [PMID: 24876674 PMCID: PMC4021678 DOI: 10.1155/2014/561459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 996] [Impact Index Per Article: 99.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common chronic disease of human joints. The basis of pathologic changes involves all the tissues forming the joint; already, at an early stage, it has the nature of inflammation with varying degrees of severity. An analysis of the complex relationships indicates that the processes taking place inside the joint are not merely a set that (seemingly) only includes catabolic effects. Apart from them, anti-inflammatory anabolic processes also occur continually. These phenomena are driven by various mediators, of which the key role is attributed to the interactions within the cytokine network. The most important group controlling the disease seems to be inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, TNFα, IL-6, IL-15, IL-17, and IL-18. The second group with antagonistic effect is formed by cytokines known as anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13. The role of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of OA with respect to inter- and intracellular signaling pathways is still under investigation. This paper summarizes the current state of knowledge. The cytokine network in OA is put in the context of cells involved in this degenerative joint disease. The possibilities for further implementation of new therapeutic strategies in OA are also pointed.
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Response to the letter to the editor. Immunol Cell Biol 2014; 92:301-2. [PMID: 24751613 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2014.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Liu C, Li XX, Gao W, Liu W, Liu DS. Progranulin-derived Atsttrin directly binds to TNFRSF25 (DR3) and inhibits TNF-like ligand 1A (TL1A) activity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92743. [PMID: 24651300 PMCID: PMC3961393 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Atsttrin, a progranulin (PGRN)-derived molecule composed of three TNFR-binding domains of PGRN, binds to TNF receptors (TNFR) and is therapeutic against inflammatory arthritis. Here we screened the associations of Atsttrin and other members in TNFR subfamily, which led to the discovery of TNFRSF25 (DR3) as an additional Atsttrin-interacting member in TNFR family. Similar to TNFR1 and TNFR2, DR3 also directly bound to Atsttrin. The first three cysteine-rich domains (CRD) in the extracellular portion of DR3 were required for this interaction. Atsttrin inhibited the interaction between DR3 and its TNF-Like Ligand 1A (TL1A). In addition, Atsttrin inhibited TL1A-stimulated target gene expressions and neutralized TL1A-enhanced osteoclastogenesis in vitro. Furthermore, Atsttrin ameliorated the pathology in dextran sulfate sodium induced colitis. Taken together, these findings not only provide the new insights into Atsttrin's therapeutic action in inflammatory arthritis, but may also present Atsttrin as a novel biological agent for treating various types of diseases associated with TL1A/DR3 pathway.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Body Weight/drug effects
- Cell Line
- Colitis/chemically induced
- Colitis/metabolism
- Colitis/pathology
- Cysteine/chemistry
- Dextran Sulfate/adverse effects
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Hemorrhage/prevention & control
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Mice
- Multigene Family
- Protein Binding/drug effects
- Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Member 25/chemistry
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Member 25/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Member 25/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/pharmacology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Ligand Superfamily Member 15/antagonists & inhibitors
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Ligand Superfamily Member 15/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Liu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xing-Xia Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of Nursing, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wen Liu
- Department of Biotechnology, Taishan Medical University, Taian, China
| | - De-Shan Liu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- * E-mail:
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Uddin SMZ, Mundra JJ, Jian J, Tian Q, Gonzalez-Gugel E, Richbourgh B, Liu CJ. Progranulin inhibition of TNFα. Immunol Cell Biol 2014; 92:299-300. [PMID: 24518982 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2014.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sardar M Z Uddin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jyoti Joshi Mundra
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jinlong Jian
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Qingyun Tian
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elena Gonzalez-Gugel
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brendon Richbourgh
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chuan-ju Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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