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Ünlü S, Sánchez Navarro BG, Cakan E, Berchtold D, Meleka Hanna R, Vural S, Vural A, Meisel A, Fichtner ML. Exploring the depths of IgG4: insights into autoimmunity and novel treatments. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1346671. [PMID: 38698867 PMCID: PMC11063302 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1346671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
IgG4 subclass antibodies represent the rarest subclass of IgG antibodies, comprising only 3-5% of antibodies circulating in the bloodstream. These antibodies possess unique structural features, notably their ability to undergo a process known as fragment-antigen binding (Fab)-arm exchange, wherein they exchange half-molecules with other IgG4 antibodies. Functionally, IgG4 antibodies primarily block and exert immunomodulatory effects, particularly in the context of IgE isotype-mediated hypersensitivity reactions. In the context of disease, IgG4 antibodies are prominently observed in various autoimmune diseases combined under the term IgG4 autoimmune diseases (IgG4-AID). These diseases include myasthenia gravis (MG) with autoantibodies against muscle-specific tyrosine kinase (MuSK), nodo-paranodopathies with autoantibodies against paranodal and nodal proteins, pemphigus vulgaris and foliaceus with antibodies against desmoglein and encephalitis with antibodies against LGI1/CASPR2. Additionally, IgG4 antibodies are a prominent feature in the rare entity of IgG4 related disease (IgG4-RD). Intriguingly, both IgG4-AID and IgG4-RD demonstrate a remarkable responsiveness to anti-CD20-mediated B cell depletion therapy (BCDT), suggesting shared underlying immunopathologies. This review aims to provide a comprehensive exploration of B cells, antibody subclasses, and their general properties before examining the distinctive characteristics of IgG4 subclass antibodies in the context of health, IgG4-AID and IgG4-RD. Furthermore, we will examine potential therapeutic strategies for these conditions, with a special focus on leveraging insights gained from anti-CD20-mediated BCDT. Through this analysis, we aim to enhance our understanding of the pathogenesis of IgG4-mediated diseases and identify promising possibilities for targeted therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selen Ünlü
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), İstanbul, Türkiye
- Koç University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Blanca G. Sánchez Navarro
- Department of Neurology with Experimental Neurology, Integrated Myasthenia Gravis Center, Neuroscience Clinical Research Center, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elif Cakan
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Daniel Berchtold
- Department of Neurology with Experimental Neurology, Integrated Myasthenia Gravis Center, Neuroscience Clinical Research Center, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rafael Meleka Hanna
- Department of Neurology with Experimental Neurology, Integrated Myasthenia Gravis Center, Neuroscience Clinical Research Center, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Secil Vural
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), İstanbul, Türkiye
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Koç University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Atay Vural
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), İstanbul, Türkiye
- Department of Neurology, Koç University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Andreas Meisel
- Department of Neurology with Experimental Neurology, Integrated Myasthenia Gravis Center, Neuroscience Clinical Research Center, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Miriam L. Fichtner
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), İstanbul, Türkiye
- Department of Neurology with Experimental Neurology, Integrated Myasthenia Gravis Center, Neuroscience Clinical Research Center, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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2
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Grimsholm O. CD27 on human memory B cells-more than just a surface marker. Clin Exp Immunol 2023; 213:164-172. [PMID: 36508329 PMCID: PMC10361737 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxac114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 07/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunological memory protects the human body from re-infection with an earlier recognized pathogen. This memory comprises the durable serum antibody titres provided by long-lived plasma cells and the memory T and B cells with help from other cells. Memory B cells are the main precursor cells for new plasma cells during a secondary infection. Their formation starts very early in life, and they continue to form and undergo refinements throughout our lifetime. While the heterogeneity of the human memory B-cell pool is still poorly understood, specific cellular surface markers define most of the cell subpopulations. CD27 is one of the most commonly used markers to define human memory B cells. In addition, there are molecular markers, such as somatic mutations in the immunoglobulin heavy and light chains and isotype switching to, for example, IgG. Although not every memory B cell undergoes somatic hypermutation or isotype switching, most of them express these molecular traits in adulthood. In this review, I will focus on the most recent knowledge regarding CD27+ human memory B cells in health and disease, and describe how Ig sequencing can be used as a tool to decipher the evolutionary pathways of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola Grimsholm
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, AT-1090 Vienna, Austria
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3
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Moura MC, Thompson GE, Nelson DR, Fussner LA, Hummel AM, Jenne DE, Emerling D, Fervenza FC, Kallenberg CGM, Langford CA, McCune WJ, Merkel PA, Monach PA, Seo P, Spiera RF, St. Clair EW, Ytterberg SR, Stone JH, Robinson WH, Specks U. Activation of a Latent Epitope Causing Differential Binding of Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies to Proteinase 3. Arthritis Rheumatol 2023; 75:748-759. [PMID: 36515151 PMCID: PMC10191989 DOI: 10.1002/art.42418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Proteinase 3 (PR3) is the major antigen for antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs) in the systemic autoimmune vasculitis, granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA). PR3-targeting ANCAs (PR3-ANCAs) recognize different epitopes on PR3. This study was undertaken to study the effect of mutations on PR3 antigenicity. METHODS The recombinant PR3 variants, iPR3 (clinically used to detect PR3-ANCAs) and iHm5 (containing 3 point mutations in epitopes 1 and 5 generated for epitope mapping studies) immunoassays and serum samples from patients enrolled in ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) trials were used to screen for differential PR3-ANCA binding. A patient-derived monoclonal ANCA 518 (moANCA518) that selectively binds to iHm5 within the mutation-free epitope 3 and is distant from the point mutations of iHm5 was used as a gauge for remote epitope activation. Selective binding was determined using inhibition experiments. RESULTS Rather than reduced binding of PR3-ANCAs to iHm5, we found substantially increased binding of the majority of PR3-ANCAs to iHm5 compared to iPR3. This differential binding of PR3-ANCA to iHm5 is similar to the selective moANCA518 binding to iHm5. Binding of iPR3 to monoclonal antibody MCPR3-2 also induced recognition by moANCA518. CONCLUSION The preferential binding of PR3-ANCAs from patients, such as the selective binding of moANCA518 to iHm5, is conferred by increased antigenicity of epitope 3 on iHm5. This can also be induced on iPR3 when captured by monoclonal antibody MCPR2. This previously unrecognized characteristic of PR3-ANCA interactions with its target antigen has implications for studying antibody-mediated autoimmune diseases, understanding variable performance characteristics of immunoassays, and design of potential novel treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Casal Moura
- Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN, USA
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | | | - Lynn A. Fussner
- Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN, USA
- Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Dieter E. Jenne
- Max-Planck-Institute for Biological Intelligence, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Paul A. Monach
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Rheumatology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Philip Seo
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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4
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Friman V, Quinti I, Davydov AN, Shugay M, Farroni C, Engström E, Pour Akaber S, Barresi S, Mohamed A, Pulvirenti F, Milito C, Granata G, Giorda E, Ahlström S, Karlsson J, Marasco E, Marcellini V, Bocci C, Cascioli S, Scarsella M, Phad G, Tilevik A, Tartaglia M, Bemark M, Chudakov DM, Carsetti R, Grimsholm O. Defective peripheral B cell selection in common variable immune deficiency patients with autoimmune manifestations. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112446. [PMID: 37119135 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Common variable immune deficiency (CVID) is a heterogeneous disorder characterized by recurrent infections, low levels of serum immunoglobulins, and impaired vaccine responses. Autoimmune manifestations are common, but B cell central and peripheral selection mechanisms in CVID are incompletely understood. Here, we find that receptor editing, a measure of central tolerance, is increased in transitional B cells from CVID patients and that these cells have a higher immunoglobulin κ:λ ratio in CVID patients with autoimmune manifestations than in those with infection only. Contrariwise, the selection pressure in the germinal center on CD27bright memory B cells is decreased in CVID patients with autoimmune manifestations. Finally, functionally, T cell-dependent activation showed that naive B cells in CVID patients are badly equipped for activation and induction of mismatch repair genes. We conclude that central tolerance is functional whereas peripheral selection is defective in CVID patients with autoimmune manifestations, which could underpin the development of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanda Friman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Isabella Quinti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Mikhail Shugay
- Center of Life Sciences, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia; Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia; Institute of Translational Medicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Chiara Farroni
- Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani (IRCCS), Rome, Italy; B Cell Pathophysiology Unit, Immunology Research Area, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Erik Engström
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Shirin Pour Akaber
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Centre for Pathophysiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabina Barresi
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Ahmed Mohamed
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Faculty of Health Sciences, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Federica Pulvirenti
- Centre for Primary Immune Deficiency, AUO Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Milito
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Guido Granata
- Clinical and Research Department for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Infectious Diseases L. Spallanzani (IRCCS), 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Ezio Giorda
- Research Laboratories, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Ahlström
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johanna Karlsson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Emiliano Marasco
- Division of Rheumatology, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Bocci
- B Cell Pathophysiology Unit, Immunology Research Area, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Cascioli
- Research Laboratories, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Scarsella
- Research Laboratories, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Ganesh Phad
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB), Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | | | - Marco Tartaglia
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Mats Bemark
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Dmitriy M Chudakov
- Center of Life Sciences, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia; Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia; Institute of Translational Medicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Central European Institute of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Rita Carsetti
- B Cell Pathophysiology Unit, Immunology Research Area, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Unit of Diagnostic Immunology, Department of Laboratories, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Ola Grimsholm
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Centre for Pathophysiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; B Cell Pathophysiology Unit, Immunology Research Area, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
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5
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Liu R, Wang Y, Li Q, Xia Q, Xu T, Han T, Cai S, Luo S, Wu R, Shao Y. Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Biomarkers of Retinal Thickness and Microvascular Alterations in Sjogren's Syndrome. Front Neurol 2022; 13:853930. [PMID: 35350402 PMCID: PMC8957855 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.853930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the differences of retinal thickness (RT) and superficial vascular density (SVD) between patients with Sjogren's syndrome (SS) and healthy controls (HCs) using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). Methods Individuals with SS and healthy controls were enrolled (n = 12 per group). An en-face OCTA scan was performed on each eye. Images were segmented into 9 subregions and macular RT and SVD were measured and compared between the 2 groups. Results Visual acuity (VA) differed significantly between patients with SS (24 eyes) and controls (24 eyes) (p < 0.001). In patients with SS, inner RT was reduced in the inner superior region, outer RT was reduced in the outer nasal (ON) region, and full RT was reduced in the ON region compared with the control group (p < 0.05). RT was negatively correlated with serum IgG level in the outer and full retina at ON regions (p < 0.05). SVD in the inner nasal, ON, and inner temporal regions was significantly lower in patients with SS than in control subjects (p < 0.05). SVD was positively correlated with full RT in the ON region in patients with SS (p < 0.05). The areas under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for the diagnostic sensitivity of outer RT and full RT in the ON region for SS were 0.828 (95% CI: 0.709–0.947) and 0.839 (95% CI: 0.715–0.963), respectively. Conclusions In patients with SS, retinal thinning in the macular area—which affects vision—can also reflect the severity of dry eyes in SS and has clinical value for assisted imaging diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren Liu
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Qiuyu Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Ocular Disease Clinical Research Center, Nanchang, China
| | - Qiang Xia
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Tian Xu
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ting Han
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Shuang Cai
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Shuilin Luo
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Rui Wu
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- *Correspondence: Rui Wu
| | - Yi Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Ocular Disease Clinical Research Center, Nanchang, China
- Yi Shao
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6
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Jiang R, Fichtner ML, Hoehn KB, Pham MC, Stathopoulos P, Nowak RJ, Kleinstein SH, O'Connor KC. Single-cell repertoire tracing identifies rituximab-resistant B cells during myasthenia gravis relapses. JCI Insight 2020; 5:136471. [PMID: 32573488 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.136471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rituximab, a B cell-depleting therapy, is indicated for treating a growing number of autoantibody-mediated autoimmune disorders. However, relapses can occur after treatment, and autoantibody-producing B cell subsets may be found during relapses. It is not understood whether these autoantibody-producing B cell subsets emerge from the failed depletion of preexisting B cells or are generated de novo. To further define the mechanisms that cause postrituximab relapse, we studied patients with autoantibody-mediated muscle-specific kinase (MuSK) myasthenia gravis (MG) who relapsed after treatment. We carried out single-cell transcriptional and B cell receptor profiling on longitudinal B cell samples. We identified clones present before therapy that persisted during relapse. Persistent B cell clones included both antibody-secreting cells and memory B cells characterized by gene expression signatures associated with B cell survival. A subset of persistent antibody-secreting cells and memory B cells were specific for the MuSK autoantigen. These results demonstrate that rituximab is not fully effective at eliminating autoantibody-producing B cells and provide a mechanistic understanding of postrituximab relapse in MuSK MG.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miriam L Fichtner
- Department of Immunobiology and.,Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Kenneth B Hoehn
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Panos Stathopoulos
- Department of Immunobiology and.,Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Richard J Nowak
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Steven H Kleinstein
- Department of Immunobiology and.,Interdepartmental Program in Computational Biology & Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Kevin C O'Connor
- Department of Immunobiology and.,Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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7
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Nouri N, Kleinstein SH. A spectral clustering-based method for identifying clones from high-throughput B cell repertoire sequencing data. Bioinformatics 2019; 34:i341-i349. [PMID: 29949968 PMCID: PMC6022594 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/bty235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Motivation B cells derive their antigen-specificity through the expression of Immunoglobulin (Ig) receptors on their surface. These receptors are initially generated stochastically by somatic re-arrangement of the DNA and further diversified following antigen-activation by a process of somatic hypermutation, which introduces mainly point substitutions into the receptor DNA at a high rate. Recent advances in next-generation sequencing have enabled large-scale profiling of the B cell Ig repertoire from blood and tissue samples. A key computational challenge in the analysis of these data is partitioning the sequences to identify descendants of a common B cell (i.e. a clone). Current methods group sequences using a fixed distance threshold, or a likelihood calculation that is computationally-intensive. Here, we propose a new method based on spectral clustering with an adaptive threshold to determine the local sequence neighborhood. Validation using simulated and experimental datasets demonstrates that this method has high sensitivity and specificity compared to a fixed threshold that is optimized for these measures. In addition, this method works on datasets where choosing an optimal fixed threshold is difficult and is more computationally efficient in all cases. The ability to quickly and accurately identify members of a clone from repertoire sequencing data will greatly improve downstream analyses. Clonally-related sequences cannot be treated independently in statistical models, and clonal partitions are used as the basis for the calculation of diversity metrics, lineage reconstruction and selection analysis. Thus, the spectral clustering-based method here represents an important contribution to repertoire analysis. Availability and implementation Source code for this method is freely available in the SCOPe (Spectral Clustering for clOne Partitioning) R package in the Immcantation framework: www.immcantation.org under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Nouri
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Steven H Kleinstein
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Interdepartmental Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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8
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Reshetova P, van Schaik BDC, Klarenbeek PL, Doorenspleet ME, Esveldt REE, Tak PP, Guikema JEJ, de Vries N, van Kampen AHC. Computational Model Reveals Limited Correlation between Germinal Center B-Cell Subclone Abundancy and Affinity: Implications for Repertoire Sequencing. Front Immunol 2017; 8:221. [PMID: 28321219 PMCID: PMC5337809 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin repertoire sequencing has successfully been applied to identify expanded antigen-activated B-cell clones that play a role in the pathogenesis of immune disorders. One challenge is the selection of the Ag-specific B cells from the measured repertoire for downstream analyses. A general feature of an immune response is the expansion of specific clones resulting in a set of subclones with common ancestry varying in abundance and in the number of acquired somatic mutations. The expanded subclones are expected to have BCR affinities for the Ag higher than the affinities of the naive B cells in the background population. For these reasons, several groups successfully proceeded or suggested selecting highly abundant subclones from the repertoire to obtain the Ag-specific B cells. Given the nature of affinity maturation one would expect that abundant subclones are of high affinity but since repertoire sequencing only provides information about abundancies, this can only be verified with additional experiments, which are very labor intensive. Moreover, this would also require knowledge of the Ag, which is often not available for clinical samples. Consequently, in general we do not know if the selected highly abundant subclone(s) are also the high(est) affinity subclones. Such knowledge would likely improve the selection of relevant subclones for further characterization and Ag screening. Therefore, to gain insight in the relation between subclone abundancy and affinity, we developed a computational model that simulates affinity maturation in a single GC while tracking individual subclones in terms of abundancy and affinity. We show that the model correctly captures the overall GC dynamics, and that the amount of expansion is qualitatively comparable to expansion observed from B cells isolated from human lymph nodes. Analysis of the fraction of high- and low-affinity subclones among the unexpanded and expanded subclones reveals a limited correlation between abundancy and affinity and shows that the low abundant subclones are of highest affinity. Thus, our model suggests that selecting highly abundant subclones from repertoire sequencing experiments would not always lead to the high(est) affinity B cells. Consequently, additional or alternative selection approaches need to be applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polina Reshetova
- Biosystems Data Analysis, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Bioinformatics Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Barbera D C van Schaik
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , Netherlands
| | - Paul L Klarenbeek
- Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, Academic Medical Center , Amsterdam , Netherlands
| | - Marieke E Doorenspleet
- Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, Academic Medical Center , Amsterdam , Netherlands
| | - Rebecca E E Esveldt
- Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, Academic Medical Center , Amsterdam , Netherlands
| | - Paul-Peter Tak
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , Netherlands
| | - Jeroen E J Guikema
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , Netherlands
| | - Niek de Vries
- Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, Academic Medical Center , Amsterdam , Netherlands
| | - Antoine H C van Kampen
- Biosystems Data Analysis, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Bioinformatics Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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9
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Gupta NT, Adams KD, Briggs AW, Timberlake SC, Vigneault F, Kleinstein SH. Hierarchical Clustering Can Identify B Cell Clones with High Confidence in Ig Repertoire Sequencing Data. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:2489-2499. [PMID: 28179494 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Adaptive immunity is driven by the expansion, somatic hypermutation, and selection of B cell clones. Each clone is the progeny of a single B cell responding to Ag, with diversified Ig receptors. These receptors can now be profiled on a large scale by next-generation sequencing. Such data provide a window into the microevolutionary dynamics that drive successful immune responses and the dysregulation that occurs with aging or disease. Clonal relationships are not directly measured, but they must be computationally inferred from these sequencing data. Although several hierarchical clustering-based methods have been proposed, they vary in distance and linkage methods and have not yet been rigorously compared. In this study, we use a combination of human experimental and simulated data to characterize the performance of hierarchical clustering-based methods for partitioning sequences into clones. We find that single linkage clustering has high performance, with specificity, sensitivity, and positive predictive value all >99%, whereas other linkages result in a significant loss of sensitivity. Surprisingly, distance metrics that incorporate the biases of somatic hypermutation do not outperform simple Hamming distance. Although errors were more likely in sequences with short junctions, using the entire dataset to choose a single distance threshold for clustering is near optimal. Our results suggest that hierarchical clustering using single linkage with Hamming distance identifies clones with high confidence and provides a fully automated method for clonal grouping. The performance estimates we develop provide important context to interpret clonal analysis of repertoire sequencing data and allow for rigorous testing of other clonal grouping algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namita T Gupta
- Interdepartmental Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
| | | | | | | | | | - Steven H Kleinstein
- Interdepartmental Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520; .,Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520; and.,Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
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Hershberg U, Luning Prak ET. The analysis of clonal expansions in normal and autoimmune B cell repertoires. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 370:rstb.2014.0239. [PMID: 26194753 PMCID: PMC4528416 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Clones are the fundamental building blocks of immune repertoires. The number of different clones relates to the diversity of the repertoire, whereas their size and sequence diversity are linked to selective pressures. Selective pressures act both between clones and within different sequence variants of a clone. Understanding how clonal selection shapes the immune repertoire is one of the most basic questions in all of immunology. But how are individual clones defined? Here we discuss different approaches for defining clones, starting with how antibodies are diversified during different stages of B cell development. Next, we discuss how clones are defined using different experimental methods. We focus on high-throughput sequencing datasets, and the computational challenges and opportunities that these data have for mining the antibody repertoire landscape. We discuss methods that visualize sequence variants within the same clone and allow us to consider collections of shared mutations to determine which sequences share a common ancestry. Finally, we comment on features of frequently encountered expanded B cell clones that may be of particular interest in the setting of autoimmunity and other chronic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uri Hershberg
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Bossone 7-711, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA Department of Immunology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Bossone 7-711, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Eline T Luning Prak
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 405B Stellar Chance Labs, 422 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Zhang B, Meng W, Prak ETL, Hershberg U. Discrimination of germline V genes at different sequencing lengths and mutational burdens: A new tool for identifying and evaluating the reliability of V gene assignment. J Immunol Methods 2015; 427:105-16. [PMID: 26529062 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Immune repertoires are collections of lymphocytes that express diverse antigen receptor gene rearrangements consisting of Variable (V), (Diversity (D) in the case of heavy chains) and Joining (J) gene segments. Clonally related cells typically share the same germline gene segments and have highly similar junctional sequences within their third complementarity determining regions. Identifying clonal relatedness of sequences is a key step in the analysis of immune repertoires. The V gene is the most important for clone identification because it has the longest sequence and the greatest number of sequence variants. However, accurate identification of a clone's germline V gene source is challenging because there is a high degree of similarity between different germline V genes. This difficulty is compounded in antibodies, which can undergo somatic hypermutation. Furthermore, high-throughput sequencing experiments often generate partial sequences and have significant error rates. To address these issues, we describe a novel method to estimate which germline V genes (or alleles) cannot be discriminated under different conditions (read lengths, sequencing errors or somatic hypermutation frequencies). Starting with any set of germline V genes, this method measures their similarity using different sequencing lengths and calculates their likelihood of unambiguous assignment under different levels of mutation. Hence, one can identify, under different experimental and biological conditions, the germline V genes (or alleles) that cannot be uniquely identified and bundle them together into groups of specific V genes with highly similar sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bochao Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, 711 Bossone Building, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Wenzhao Meng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 405B Stellar Chance Labs, 422 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Eline T Luning Prak
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 405B Stellar Chance Labs, 422 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Uri Hershberg
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, 711 Bossone Building, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA.
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Carubbi F, Alunno A, Cipriani P, Berardicurti O, Ruscitti P, Liakouli V, Ciccia F, Triolo G, Gerli R, Giacomelli R. Use of Rituximab in the Management of Sjögren’s Syndrome. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN RHEUMATOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40674-015-0025-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Carubbi F, Alunno A, Cipriani P, Bartoloni E, Ciccia F, Triolo G, Gerli R, Giacomelli R. Rituximab in primary Sjögren's syndrome: a ten-year journey. Lupus 2014; 23:1337-49. [DOI: 10.1177/0961203314546023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is an autoimmune disorder affecting exocrine glands and characterized in most cases by a rather mild clinical picture. However, a subgroup of pSS patients experience systemic extraglandular involvement leading to a worsening of disease prognosis. Current therapeutic options for the treatment of pSS are mainly empirical, often translated by other autoimmune diseases, and recent systematic reviews have highlighted the lack of evidence-based recommendations for most of the drugs commonly employed in the spectrum of extraglandular involvement. Because of the well-established role of B-lymphocytes in the pathogenesis of pSS, a B-cell targeting therapy may represent a new and intriguing therapeutic approach; in this context, growing evidence suggests that B-cell depletion by rituximab (RTX) is also effective in pSS. Of interest, besides clinical efficacy, RTX also showed biologic effects, consistently affecting the inflammation and the lymphoid organization that occur in target tissue. Moreover, the good results observed in the published trials after RTX treatment in pSS should represent the starting point to develop evidence-based guidelines for the use of biologic therapy in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Carubbi
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, Rheumatology Unit, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - A Alunno
- Department of Medicine, Rheumatology Unit, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - P Cipriani
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, Rheumatology Unit, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - E Bartoloni
- Department of Medicine, Rheumatology Unit, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - F Ciccia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - G Triolo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - R Gerli
- Department of Medicine, Rheumatology Unit, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - R Giacomelli
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, Rheumatology Unit, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
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