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Nehme Z, Pasquereau S, Haidar Ahmad S, El Baba R, Herbein G. Polyploid giant cancer cells, EZH2 and Myc upregulation in mammary epithelial cells infected with high-risk human cytomegalovirus. EBioMedicine 2022; 80:104056. [PMID: 35596973 PMCID: PMC9121245 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection has been actively implicated in complex neoplastic processes. Beyond oncomodulation, the molecular mechanisms that might underlie HCMV-induced oncogenesis are being extensively studied. Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) proteins, in particular enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) are associated with cancer progression. Nevertheless, little is known about EZH2 activation in the context of HCMV infection and breast oncogenesis. Methods Herein, we identified EZH2 as a downstream target for HCMV-induced Myc upregulation upon acute and chronic infection with high-risk strains using a human mammary epithelial model. Findings We detected polyploidy and CMV-transformed HMECs (CTH) cells harboring HCMV and dynamically undergoing the giant cells cycle. Acquisition of embryonic stemness markers positively correlated with EZH2 and Myc expression. EZH2 inhibitors curtail sustained CTH cells’ malignant phenotype. Besides harboring polyploid giant cancer cells (PGCCs), tumorigenic breast biopsies were characterized by an enhanced EZH2 and Myc expression, with a strong positive correlation between EZH2 and Myc expression, and between PGCC count and EZH2/Myc expression in the presence of HCMV. Further, we isolated two HCMV strains from EZH2HighMycHigh basal-like tumors which replicate in MRC5 cells and transform HMECs toward CTH cells after acute infection. Interpretation Our data establish a potential link between HCMV-induced Myc activation, the subsequent EZH2 upregulation, and polyploidy induction. These data support the proposed tumorigenesis properties of EZH2/Myc, and allow the isolation of two oncogenic HCMV strains from EZH2HighMycHigh basal breast tumors while identifying EZH2 as a potential therapeutic target in the management of breast cancer, particularly upon HCMV infection. Funding This work was supported by grants from the University of Franche-Comté (UFC) (CR3300), the Région Franche-Comté (2021-Y-08292 and 2021-Y-08290) and the Ligue contre le Cancer (CR3304) to Georges Herbein. Zeina Nehme is a recipient of a doctoral scholarship from the municipality of Habbouch. Sandy Haidar Ahmad is recipient of a doctoral scholarship from Lebanese municipality. Ranim El Baba is a recipient of a doctoral scholarship from Hariri foundation for sustainable human development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeina Nehme
- Department Pathogens and Inflammation-EPILAB, EA4266, Université de Franche-Comté, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), 16 route de Gray, Besançon F-25030, France
| | - Sébastien Pasquereau
- Department Pathogens and Inflammation-EPILAB, EA4266, Université de Franche-Comté, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), 16 route de Gray, Besançon F-25030, France
| | - Sandy Haidar Ahmad
- Department Pathogens and Inflammation-EPILAB, EA4266, Université de Franche-Comté, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), 16 route de Gray, Besançon F-25030, France
| | - Ranim El Baba
- Department Pathogens and Inflammation-EPILAB, EA4266, Université de Franche-Comté, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), 16 route de Gray, Besançon F-25030, France
| | - Georges Herbein
- Department Pathogens and Inflammation-EPILAB, EA4266, Université de Franche-Comté, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), 16 route de Gray, Besançon F-25030, France; Department of Virology, CHU Besançon, Besançon, France.
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2
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Zhou P, Chen X, Shi K, Qu H, Xia J. The characteristics, tumorigenicities and therapeutics of cancer stem cells based on circRNAs. Pathol Res Pract 2022; 233:153822. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2022.153822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Jing N, Gao WQ, Fang YX. Regulation of Formation, Stemness and Therapeutic Resistance of Cancer Stem Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:641498. [PMID: 33898430 PMCID: PMC8058412 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.641498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past 20 years cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been proposed as key players in the tumorigenesis and progression, which are closely related to the initiation, metastasis and therapeutic resistance of cancer. Evidences have been provided that both genetic and epigenetic factors contribute to the regulation of the formation and stemness maintenance as well as the therapeutic resistance of CSCs via affecting various signal pathways. In addition, the interaction between CSCs and tumor microenvironment has also been revealed to be involved in the above-described processes. With the aim of targeting CSCs to improve treatment outcome, we herein discuss the mechanisms that orchestrate the characteristic of CSCs by the three elements and potential therapeutic strategies. We also summarize how several key regulatory factors function in the regulation of not only the formation and stemness maintenance, but also the therapeutic resistance of CSCs. Thus, future studies focusing on these key factors would be helpful for the development of novel drugs targeting CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Qiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Xiang Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Nilendu P, Kumar A, Kumar A, Pal JK, Sharma NK. Breast cancer stem cells as last soldiers eluding therapeutic burn: A hard nut to crack. Int J Cancer 2017; 142:7-17. [PMID: 28722143 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are found in many cancer types, including breast carcinoma. Breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) are considered as seed of cancer formation and they are associated with metastasis and genotoxic drug resistance. Several studies highlighted the presence of BCSCs in tumor microenvironment and they are accentuated with several carcinoma events including metastasis and resistance to genotoxic drugs and they also rebound after genotoxic burn. Stemness properties of a small population of cells in carcinoma have provided clues regarding the role of tumor microenvironment in tumor pathophysiology. Hence, insights in cancer stem cell biology with respect to molecular signaling, genetics and epigenetic behavior of CSCs have been used to modulate tumor drug resistance due to genotoxic drugs and signaling protein inhibitors. This review summarizes major scientific breakthroughs in understanding the contribution of BCSCs towards tumor's capability to endure destruction inflicted by molecular as well as genotoxic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritish Nilendu
- Cancer and Translational Research Lab, Dr. D.Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, 411033, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Cancer and Translational Research Lab, Dr. D.Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, 411033, India
| | - Azad Kumar
- Cancer and Translational Research Lab, Dr. D.Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, 411033, India
| | - Jayanta K Pal
- Cancer and Translational Research Lab, Dr. D.Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, 411033, India
| | - Nilesh Kumar Sharma
- Cancer and Translational Research Lab, Dr. D.Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, 411033, India
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5
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Stefansson OA, Hermanowicz S, van der Horst J, Hilmarsdottir H, Staszczak Z, Jonasson JG, Tryggvadottir L, Gudjonsson T, Sigurdsson S. CpG promoter methylation of the ALKBH3 alkylation repair gene in breast cancer. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:469. [PMID: 28679371 PMCID: PMC5498885 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3453-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA repair of alkylation damage is defective in various cancers. This occurs through somatically acquired inactivation of the MGMT gene in various cancer types, including breast cancers. In addition to MGMT, the two E. coli AlkB homologs ALKBH2 and ALKBH3 have also been linked to direct reversal of alkylation damage. However, it is currently unknown whether ALKBH2 or ALKBH3 are found inactivated in cancer. METHODS Methylome datasets (GSE52865, GSE20713, GSE69914), available through Omnibus, were used to determine whether ALKBH2 or ALKBH3 are found inactivated by CpG promoter methylation. TCGA dataset enabled us to then assess the impact of CpG promoter methylation on mRNA expression for both ALKBH2 and ALKBH3. DNA methylation analysis for the ALKBH3 promoter region was carried out by pyrosequencing (PyroMark Q24) in 265 primary breast tumours and 30 proximal normal breast tissue samples along with 8 breast-derived cell lines. ALKBH3 mRNA and protein expression were analysed in cell lines using RT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively. DNA alkylation damage assay was carried out in cell lines based on immunofluorescence and confocal imaging. Data on clinical parameters and survival outcomes in patients were obtained and assessed in relation to ALKBH3 promoter methylation. RESULTS The ALKBH3 gene, but not ALKBH2, undergoes CpG promoter methylation and transcriptional silencing in breast cancer. We developed a quantitative alkylation DNA damage assay based on immunofluorescence and confocal imaging revealing higher levels of alkylation damage in association with epigenetic inactivation of the ALKBH3 gene (P = 0.029). In our cohort of 265 primary breast cancer, we found 72 cases showing aberrantly high CpG promoter methylation over the ALKBH3 promoter (27%; 72 out of 265). We further show that increasingly higher degree of ALKBH3 promoter methylation is associated with reduced breast-cancer specific survival times in patients. In this analysis, ALKBH3 promoter methylation at >20% CpG methylation was found to be statistically significantly associated with reduced survival (HR = 2.3; P = 0.012). By thresholding at the clinically relevant CpG methylation level (>20%), we find the incidence of ALKBH3 promoter methylation to be 5% (13 out of 265). CONCLUSIONS ALKBH3 is a novel addition to the catalogue of DNA repair genes found inactivated in breast cancer. Our results underscore a link between defective alkylation repair and breast cancer which, additionally, is found in association with poor disease outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olafur Andri Stefansson
- Cancer Research Laboratory, Biomedical Center, Vatnsmyrarvegur 16 (4th floor), 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Vatnsmyrarvegur 16 (4th floor), 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Stefan Hermanowicz
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Vatnsmyrarvegur 16 (4th floor), 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Center, Vatnsmyrarvegur 16 (5th floor), 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Jasper van der Horst
- Cancer Research Laboratory, Biomedical Center, Vatnsmyrarvegur 16 (4th floor), 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Vatnsmyrarvegur 16 (4th floor), 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Holmfridur Hilmarsdottir
- Cancer Research Laboratory, Biomedical Center, Vatnsmyrarvegur 16 (4th floor), 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Vatnsmyrarvegur 16 (4th floor), 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Zuzanna Staszczak
- Cancer Research Laboratory, Biomedical Center, Vatnsmyrarvegur 16 (4th floor), 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Jon Gunnlaugur Jonasson
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Vatnsmyrarvegur 16 (4th floor), 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Icelandic Cancer Registry, Skogarhlid 8, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Pathology, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Laufey Tryggvadottir
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Vatnsmyrarvegur 16 (4th floor), 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Icelandic Cancer Registry, Skogarhlid 8, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Thorkell Gudjonsson
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Vatnsmyrarvegur 16 (4th floor), 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Center, Vatnsmyrarvegur 16 (5th floor), 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Stefan Sigurdsson
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Vatnsmyrarvegur 16 (4th floor), 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Center, Vatnsmyrarvegur 16 (5th floor), 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
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Dysregulation of cytokine mediated chemotherapy induced cognitive impairment. Pharmacol Res 2017; 117:267-273. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Zhang Y, Lin C, Liao G, Liu S, Ding J, Tang F, Wang Z, Liang X, Li B, Wei Y, Huang Q, Li X, Tang B. MicroRNA-506 suppresses tumor proliferation and metastasis in colon cancer by directly targeting the oncogene EZH2. Oncotarget 2016; 6:32586-601. [PMID: 26452129 PMCID: PMC4741714 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence reveals that aberrant expression of microRNA contributes to the development and progression of colon cancer, but the roles of microRNA-506 (miR-506) in colon cancer remain elusive. Here, we demonstrated that miR-506 was down-regulated in colon cancer tissue and cells and that miR-506 expression was inversely correlated with EZH2 expression, tumor size, lymph node invasion, TNM stage and metastasis. A high level of miR-506 identified patients with a favorable prognosis. In vitro and in vivo experiments confirmed that miR-506 inhibits the proliferation and metastasis of colon cancer, and a luciferase reporter assay confirmed that EZH2 is a direct and functional target of miR-506 via the 3′UTR of EZH2. The restoration of EZH2 expression partially reversed the proliferation and invasion of miR-506-overexpressing colon cancer cells. Moreover, we confirmed that the miR-506-EZH2 axis inhibits proliferation and metastasis by activating/suppressing specific downstream tumor-associated genes and the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Taking together, our study sheds light on the role of miR-506 as a suppressor for tumor growth and metastasis and raises the intriguing possibility that miR-506 may serve as a new potential marker for monitoring and treating colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, PR China.,Department of Oncological Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, 221000, PR China
| | - Changwei Lin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, PR China
| | - Guoqing Liao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, PR China
| | - Sheng Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, PR China
| | - Jie Ding
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, 550000, PR China
| | - Fang Tang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, 541000, PR China
| | - Zhenran Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, 541000, PR China
| | - Xingsi Liang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, 541000, PR China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, 541000, PR China
| | - Yangchao Wei
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, 541000, PR China
| | - Qi Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, 541000, PR China
| | - Xuan Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, 541000, PR China
| | - Bo Tang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, 541000, PR China
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Yang Q, Laknaur A, Elam L, Ismail N, Gavrilova-Jordan L, Lue J, Diamond MP, Al-Hendy A. Identification of Polycomb Group Protein EZH2-Mediated DNA Mismatch Repair Gene MSH2 in Human Uterine Fibroids. Reprod Sci 2016; 23:1314-25. [PMID: 27036951 DOI: 10.1177/1933719116638186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Uterine fibroids (UFs) are benign smooth muscle neoplasms affecting up to 70% of reproductive age women. Treatment of symptomatic UFs places a significant economic burden on the US health-care system. Several specific genetic abnormalities have been described as etiologic factors of UFs, suggesting that a low DNA damage repair capacity may be involved in the formation of UF. In this study, we used human fibroid and adjacent myometrial tissues, as well as an in vitro cell culture model, to evaluate the expression of MutS homolog 2 (MSH2), which encodes a protein belongs to the mismatch repair system. In addition, we deciphered the mechanism by which polycomb repressive complex 2 protein, EZH2, deregulates MSH2 in UFs. The RNA expression analysis demonstrated the deregulation of MSH2 expression in UF tissues in comparison to its adjacent myometrium. Notably, protein levels of MSH2 were upregulated in 90% of fibroid tissues (9 of 10) as compared to matched adjacent myometrial tissues. Human fibroid primary cells treated with 3-deazaneplanocin A (DZNep), chemical inhibitor of EZH2, exhibited a significant increase in MSH2 expression (P < .05). Overexpression of EZH2 using an adenoviral vector approach significantly downregulated the expression of MSH2 (P < .05). Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay demonstrated that enrichment of H3K27me3 in promoter regions of MSH2 was significantly decreased in DZNep-treated fibroid cells as compared to vehicle control. These data suggest that EZH2-H3K27me3 regulatory mechanism dynamically changes the expression levels of DNA mismatch repair gene MSH2, through epigenetic mark H3K27me3. MSH2 may be considered as a marker for early detection of UFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiwei Yang
- Division of Translational Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Archana Laknaur
- Division of Translational Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Lelyand Elam
- Division of Translational Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Nahed Ismail
- Clinical Microbiology Division, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Larisa Gavrilova-Jordan
- Division of Translational Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - John Lue
- Division of Translational Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Michael P Diamond
- Division of Translational Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Ayman Al-Hendy
- Division of Translational Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
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Gjerstorff MF, Relster MM, Greve KBV, Moeller JB, Elias D, Lindgreen JN, Schmidt S, Mollenhauer J, Voldborg B, Pedersen CB, Brückmann NH, Møllegaard NE, Ditzel HJ. SSX2 is a novel DNA-binding protein that antagonizes polycomb group body formation and gene repression. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:11433-46. [PMID: 25249625 PMCID: PMC4191419 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycomb group (PcG) complexes regulate cellular identity through epigenetic programming of chromatin. Here, we show that SSX2, a germline-specific protein ectopically expressed in melanoma and other types of human cancers, is a chromatin-associated protein that antagonizes BMI1 and EZH2 PcG body formation and derepresses PcG target genes. SSX2 further negatively regulates the level of the PcG-associated histone mark H3K27me3 in melanoma cells, and there is a clear inverse correlation between SSX2/3 expression and H3K27me3 in spermatogenesis. However, SSX2 does not affect the overall composition and stability of PcG complexes, and there is no direct concordance between SSX2 and BMI1/H3K27me3 presence at regulated genes. This suggests that SSX2 antagonizes PcG function through an indirect mechanism, such as modulation of chromatin structure. SSX2 binds double-stranded DNA in a sequence non-specific manner in agreement with the observed widespread association with chromatin. Our results implicate SSX2 in regulation of chromatin structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Frier Gjerstorff
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, DK-5000, Denmark
| | - Mette Marie Relster
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, DK-5000, Denmark
| | - Katrine Buch Viden Greve
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, DK-5000, Denmark
| | - Jesper Bonnet Moeller
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, DK-5000, Denmark
| | - Daniel Elias
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, DK-5000, Denmark
| | - Jonas Nørrelund Lindgreen
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, DK-5000, Denmark
| | - Steffen Schmidt
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, DK-5000, Denmark The Lundbeckfonden Center of Excellence NanoCAN, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, DK-5000, Denmark
| | - Jan Mollenhauer
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, DK-5000, Denmark The Lundbeckfonden Center of Excellence NanoCAN, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, DK-5000, Denmark
| | - Bjørn Voldborg
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Christina Bøg Pedersen
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, DK-5000, Denmark
| | - Nadine Heidi Brückmann
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, DK-5000, Denmark
| | - Niels Erik Møllegaard
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Henrik Jørn Ditzel
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, DK-5000, Denmark The Lundbeckfonden Center of Excellence NanoCAN, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, DK-5000, Denmark Department of Oncology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, DK-5000, Denmark
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10
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Hui T, A P, Zhao Y, Wang C, Gao B, Zhang P, Wang J, Zhou X, Ye L. EZH2, a potential regulator of dental pulp inflammation and regeneration. J Endod 2014; 40:1132-8. [PMID: 25069920 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2014.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dental pulp has limited capability to regenerate, which happens in the early stage of pulpitis. An ambiguous relationship exists; inflammation may impair or support pulp regeneration. Epigenetics, which is involved in cell proliferation and inflammation, could regulate human dental pulp cell (HDPCs) regeneration. The aim of this study was to determine the role of the epigenetic mark, enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), in the inflammation, proliferation, and regeneration of dental pulp. We used trimethylated histone H3 lysine 27(H3K27me3) and its lysine demethylase 6B (KDM6B) to monitor functional effects of altered EZH2 levels. METHODS We detected epigenetic marks (EZH2, H3K27me3, and KDM6B) in pulp tissue by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. EZH2 levels in HDPCs in inflammatory responses or differentiation were analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to assess the effects of EZH2 inhibition on interleukins in HDPCs upon tumor necrosis factor alpha stimulation. Cell proliferation was tested by cell counting kit-8, cell cycle, and apoptosis analysis. HDPC differentiation was investigated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction, alkaline phosphatase activity, and oil red O staining. RESULTS EZH2 and H3K27me3 were decreased, whereas KDM6B was increased in infected pulp tissue and cells, which were similar to HDPC differentiation. EZH2 inhibition suppressed IL-1b, IL-6, and IL-8 messenger RNA (mRNA) in HDPCs upon inflammatory stimuli and impeded HDPC proliferation by decreasing cell number, arresting cell cycle, and increasing apoptosis. Suppressed EZH2 impaired adipogenesis, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor r (PPAR-r), and CCAAT-enhancer binding protein a (CEBP/a) mRNA in adipogenic induction while enhancing alkaline phosphatase activity, Osx, and bone sialoprotein (BSP) mRNA in mineralization induction of HDPCs. CONCLUSIONS EZH2 inhibited HDPC osteogenic differentiation while enhancing inflammatory response and proliferation, suggesting its role in pulp inflammation, proliferation, and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqian Hui
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Peng A
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Chenglin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Bo Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Ling Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China.
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11
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Neureiter D, Jäger T, Ocker M, Kiesslich T. Epigenetics and pancreatic cancer: Pathophysiology and novel treatment aspects. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:7830-7848. [PMID: 24976721 PMCID: PMC4069312 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i24.7830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
An improvement in pancreatic cancer treatment represents an urgent medical goal. Late diagnosis and high intrinsic resistance to conventional chemotherapy has led to a dismal overall prognosis that has remained unchanged during the past decades. Increasing knowledge about the molecular pathogenesis of the disease has shown that genetic alterations, such as mutations of K-ras, and especially epigenetic dysregulation of tumor-associated genes, such as silencing of the tumor suppressor p16ink4a, are hallmarks of pancreatic cancer. Here, we describe genes that are commonly affected by epigenetic dysregulation in pancreatic cancer via DNA methylation, histone acetylation or miRNA (microRNA) expression, and review the implications on pancreatic cancer biology such as epithelial-mesenchymal transition, morphological pattern formation, or cancer stem cell regulation during carcinogenesis from PanIN (pancreatic intraepithelial lesions) to invasive cancer and resistance development. Epigenetic drugs, such as DNA methyltransferases or histone deactylase inhibitors, have shown promising preclinical results in pancreatic cancer and are currently in early phases of clinical development. Combinations of epigenetic drugs with established cytotoxic drugs or targeted therapies are promising approaches to improve the poor response and survival rate of pancreatic cancer patients.
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Li J, Hart RP, Mallimo EM, Swerdel MR, Kusnecov AW, Herrup K. EZH2-mediated H3K27 trimethylation mediates neurodegeneration in ataxia-telangiectasia. Nat Neurosci 2013; 16:1745-53. [PMID: 24162653 PMCID: PMC3965909 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The symptoms of ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) include a progressive neurodegeneration caused by ATM protein deficiency. We previously found that nuclear accumulation of histone deacetylase-4, HDAC4, contributes to this degeneration; we now report that increased histone H3K27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) mediated by polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) also plays an important role in the A-T phenotype. Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), a core catalytic component of PRC2, is a new ATM kinase target, and ATM-mediated S734 phosphorylation of EZH2 reduces protein stability. Thus, PRC2 formation is elevated along with H3K27me3in ATM deficiency. ChIP-sequencing shows a significant increase in H3K27me3 ‘marks’ and a dramatic shift in their location. The change of H3K27me3 chromatin-binding pattern is directly related to cell cycle re-entry and cell death of ATM-deficient neurons. Lentiviral knockdown of EZH2 rescues Purkinje cell degeneration and behavioral abnormalities in Atm−/− mice, demonstrating that EZH2 hyperactivity is another key factor in A-T neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Li
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
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Lyon D, Elmore L, Aboalela N, Merrill-Schools J, McCain N, Starkweather A, Elswick RK, Jackson-Cook C. Potential epigenetic mechanism(s) associated with the persistence of psychoneurological symptoms in women receiving chemotherapy for breast cancer: a hypothesis. Biol Res Nurs 2013; 16:160-74. [PMID: 23585573 DOI: 10.1177/1099800413483545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Due to recent treatment advances, there have been improvements in the proportion of women surviving a diagnosis of breast cancer (BC). However, many of these survivors report persistent adverse side effects following treatment, such as cognitive dysfunction, depressive symptoms, anxiety, fatigue, sleep disturbances, and pain. Investigators have examined circulating levels of inflammatory markers, particularly serum cytokines, for a potential causal relationship to the development/persistence of these psychoneurological symptoms (PNS). While inflammatory activation, resulting from perceived stress or other factors, may directly contribute to the development of PNS, we offer an alternative hypothesis, suggesting that these symptoms are an early step in a cascade of biological changes leading to epigenetic alterations at the level of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) methylation, histone modifications, and/or chromatin structure/chromosomal instability. Given that epigenetic patterns have plasticity, if this conjectured relationship between epigenomic/acquired genomic alterations and the development/persistence of PNS is confirmed, it could provide foundational knowledge for future research leading to the recognition of predictive markers and/or treatments to alleviate PNS in women with BC. In this article, we discuss an evolving theory of the biological basis of PNS, integrating knowledge related to inflammation and DNA repair in the context of genetic and epigenetic science to expand the paradigm for understanding symptom acquisition/persistence following chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra Lyon
- 1Department of Family and Community Health Nursing, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Nursing, Richmond, VA, USA
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Investigation of the relationship between chromobox homolog 8 and nucleus pulposus cells degeneration in rat intervertebral disc. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2013; 49:279-86. [PMID: 23572236 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-013-9596-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Here, we aimed to investigate the expression of chromobox homolog 8 (CBX8) in nucleus pulposus (NP) cells from rat intervertebral disc (IVD) and its function in DNA damage and repair. NP cells were isolated from healthy rat IVD for immunohistochemistry staining. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) of CBX8 was applied for gene silencing, and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed to determine mRNA levels of CBX8, type II collagen, and proteoglycans. Cell proliferation and cell cycle were evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, colony-forming assay, and flow cytometry. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was added to simulate DNA oxidative damage, and expression of CBX8 was examined using RT-PCR and Western blot. After five passages, mRNA levels of type II collagen and proteoglycans decreased but that of CBX8 increased. When CBX8 was silenced by siRNA, the expressions of CBX8, type II collagen and proteoglycans declined, and the cell growth was inhibited. Besides, cell cycle was slowed down as most cells were arrest in G0/G1 phase. Furthermore, CBX8 expression went up responding to DNA oxidative damage caused by H2O2. The data indicated that CBX8 plays important roles in cell proliferation and DNA damage. Cell proliferation and cell cycle were stimulated by CBX8, which may be associated with INK4A-ARF pathway. Moreover, CBX8 plays a role in DNA damage which made it a potential gene therapy target for treatment of disc degeneration.
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Shen L, Cui J, Liang S, Pang Y, Liu P. Update of research on the role of EZH2 in cancer progression. Onco Targets Ther 2013; 6:321-4. [PMID: 23589697 PMCID: PMC3622432 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s42453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence shows that enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (E2H2) is upregulated in a broad range of cancer types, such as breast cancer, prostate cancer, ovarian cancer, and colon cancer. Therefore, inhibiting EZH2 expression may be a promising strategy for anticancer therapy. This review focuses on the current understanding of the mechanisms underlying EZH2 regulation that are involved in cancer progression. Also, it introduces two EZH2 inhibitors that target EZH2 and could be potentially applied in the treatment of cancer in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Shen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
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Min A, Im SA, Yoon YK, Song SH, Nam HJ, Hur HS, Kim HP, Lee KH, Han SW, Oh DY, Kim TY, O'Connor MJ, Kim WH, Bang YJ. RAD51C-deficient cancer cells are highly sensitive to the PARP inhibitor olaparib. Mol Cancer Ther 2013; 12:865-77. [PMID: 23512992 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-12-0950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A PARP inhibitor is a rationally designed targeted therapy for cancers with impaired DNA repair abilities. RAD51C is a paralog of RAD51 that has an important role in the DNA damage response. We found that cell lines sensitive to a novel oral PARP inhibitor, olaparib, had low levels of RAD51C expression using microarray analysis, and we therefore hypothesized that low expression of RAD51C may hamper the DNA repair process, resulting in increased sensitivity to olaparib. Compared with the cells with normal RAD51C expression levels, RAD51C-deficient cancer cells were more sensitive to olaparib, and a higher proportion underwent cell death by inducing G2-M cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis. The restoration of RAD51C in a sensitive cell line caused attenuation of olaparib sensitivity. In contrast, silencing of RAD51C in a resistant cell line enhanced the sensitivity to olaparib, and the number of RAD51 foci decreased with ablated RAD51C expression. We also found the expression of RAD51C was downregulated in cancer cells due to epigenetic changes and RAD51C expression was low in some gastric cancer tissues. Furthermore, olaparib significantly suppressed RAD51C-deficient tumor growth in a xenograft model. In summary, RAD51C-deficient cancer cells are highly sensitive to olaparib and offer preclinical proof-of-principle that RAD51C deficiency may be considered a biomarker for predicting the antitumor effects of olaparib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahrum Min
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
Understanding the genetic and molecular mechanisms of ovarian cancer has been the focus of research efforts working toward the greater goal of improving cancer therapy for patients with residual disease after initial treatment with conventional surgery and neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The focus of this review will be centered on new therapeutic strategies based on Cancer Stem Cells studies of chemoresistant subpopulations, the prevention of metastasis, and individualized therapy in order to find the most successful combination of treatments to effectively treat human ovarian cancer. We reviewed recent literature (1993-2011) of novel treatment approaches to ovarian cancer stem cells. As the focus of ovarian cancer investigation has centered on the cancer stem cell model and the complexities that it presents in the development of effective treatments, the future of treating ovarian cancer lies in utilizing individualized treatment systems that include enhancing existing treatments, aiming for novel therapy targets, managing the plasticity of stem cells to induce cellular differentiation, and regulating oncogenic signaling pathways.
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Zhou J, Chng WJ. Roles of thioredoxin binding protein (TXNIP) in oxidative stress, apoptosis and cancer. Mitochondrion 2012; 13:163-9. [PMID: 22750447 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2012.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Thioredoxin binding protein (TXNIP) has multiple functions and plays an important role in redox homeostasis. TXNIP increases the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and oxidative stress, resulting in cellular apoptosis. It has been identified as a tumor suppressor gene (TSG) in various solid tumors and hematological malignancies. In the present review, we will first provide an overview of TXNIP protein and function, followed by a summary of the major studies that have demonstrated the frequent repression of TXNIP in cancers. Functional characterization of TXNIP knockout mouse model is summarized. We will then discuss the use of small molecular inhibitors to reactivate TXNIP expression as a novel anticancer strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbiao Zhou
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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