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Coordinated dysregulation of cancer progression by the HER family and p21-activated kinases. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2020; 39:583-601. [PMID: 32820388 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-020-09922-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Most epithelial cancer types are polygenic in nature and are driven by coordinated dysregulation of multiple regulatory pathways, genes, and protein modifications. The process of coordinated regulation of cancer promoting pathways in response to extrinsic and intrinsic signals facilitates the dysregulation of several pathways with complementary functions, contributing to the hallmarks of cancer. Dysregulation and hyperactivation of cell surface human epidermal growth factor receptors (HERs) and cytoskeleton remodeling by p21-activated kinases (PAKs) are two prominent interconnected aspects of oncogenesis. We briefly discuss the discoveries and significant advances in the area of coordinated regulation of HERs and PAKs in the development and progression of breast and other epithelial cancers. We also discuss how initial studies involving heregulin signaling via HER3-HER2 axis and HER2-overexpressing breast cancer cells not only discovered a mechanistic role of PAK1 in breast cancer pathobiology but also acted as a bridge in generating a broader cancer research interest in other PAK family members and cancer types and catalyzed establishing the role of PAKs in human cancer, at-large. In addition, growth factor stimulation of the PAK pathway also helped to recognize new facets of PAKs, connecting the PAK pathway to oncogenesis, nuclear signaling, gene expression, mitotic progression, DNA damage response, among other phenotypic responses, and shaped the field of PAK cancer research. Finally, we recount some of the current limitations of HER- and PAK-directed therapeutics in counteracting acquired therapeutic resistance and discuss how cancer's as a polygenic disease may be best targeted with a polygenic approach.
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Pineda B, Diaz-Lagares A, Pérez-Fidalgo JA, Burgués O, González-Barrallo I, Crujeiras AB, Sandoval J, Esteller M, Lluch A, Eroles P. A two-gene epigenetic signature for the prediction of response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in triple-negative breast cancer patients. Clin Epigenetics 2019; 11:33. [PMID: 30786922 PMCID: PMC6381754 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-019-0626-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pathological complete response (pCR) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) varies between 30 and 40% approximately. To provide further insight into the prediction of pCR, we evaluated the role of an epigenetic methylation-based signature. Methods Epigenetic assessment of DNA extracted from biopsy archived samples previous to NAC from TNBC patients was performed. Patients included were categorized according to previous response to NAC in responder (pCR or residual cancer burden, RCB = 0) or non-responder (non-pCR or RCB > 0) patients. A methyloma study was performed in a discovery cohort by the Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip (450K array) from Illumina. The epigenetic silencing of those methylated genes in the discovery cohort were validated by bisulfite pyrosequencing (PyroMark Q96 System version 2.0.6, Qiagen) and qRT-PCR in an independent cohort of TN patients and in TN cell lines. Results Twenty-four and 30 patients were included in the discovery and validation cohorts, respectively. In the discovery cohort, nine genes were differentially methylated: six presented higher methylation in non-responder patients (LOC641519, LEF1, HOXA5, EVC2, TLX3, CDKL2) and three greater methylation in responder patients (FERD3L, CHL1, and TRIP10). After validation, a two-gene (FER3L and TRIP10) epigenetic score predicted RCB = 0 with an area under the ROC curve (AUC) = 0.905 (95% CI = 0.805–1.000). Patients with a positive epigenetic two-gene score showed 78.6% RCB = 0 versus only 10.7% RCB = 0 if signature were negative. Conclusions These results suggest that pCR in TNBC could be accurately predicted with an epigenetic signature of FERD3L and TRIP10 genes. Further prospective validation of these findings is warranted. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13148-019-0626-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Pineda
- Biomedical Research Institute (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Cancer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel Diaz-Lagares
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Cancer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.,Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain.,Present Address: Cancer Epigenomics, Translational Medical Oncology (Oncomet), Health Research Institute of Santiago (IDIS), University Clinical Hospital of Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), CIBERONC, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Alejandro Pérez-Fidalgo
- Biomedical Research Institute (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain.,Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Cancer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.,Oncology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Octavio Burgués
- Biomedical Research Institute (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain.,Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Cancer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.,Pathology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Ana B Crujeiras
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain.,Present Address: Laboratory of Epigenomics in Endocrinology and Nutrition, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS), Santiago de Compostela University (USC) and CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBERobn), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Sandoval
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain.,Biomarkers and Precision Medicne Unit (UByMP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IISLaFeValencia), Valencia, Spain
| | - Manel Esteller
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Cancer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.,Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain.,Physiological Sciences Department, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Badalona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ana Lluch
- Biomedical Research Institute (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain.,Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Cancer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.,Oncology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pilar Eroles
- Biomedical Research Institute (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain. .,Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Cancer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain. .,COST action, CA15204, Brussels, Belgium.
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Beesetti S, Surabhi RP, Rayala SK, Venkatraman G. Mechanics of PAK1-A new molecular player in the arena of skin cancer. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:969-975. [PMID: 30076705 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite regular exposure of skin to solar UV-B irradiation, most individuals enjoy cancer-free existence, which is a testimony of the inherent capacity of human keratinocytes to either repair or restore cells damged by UV exposure. In this manuscript, we focus on delineating the mechanistic role of p21 activated kinase (Pak1) in UV-B provoked skin lesions. Molecular mechanistic studies revealed that Pak1 is triggered as a consequence to UV-B exposure via epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD) pathways, and both these membranous (EGFR) and nuclear (CPDs) events converge at Pak1 activation and contribute in a coordinated manner for yielding a complete response to UV-B via upregulating Ataxia-Telangiectasia and Rad3 related (ATR). This is the first study that evaluates the mechanistic role of a signaling molecule, Pak1, in premalignant skin lesions caused by sun exposure and designate that expression and instigation of Pak1 could operate as an alarming indicator of succession towards aggressive form of skin cancer, if neglected.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rohan P Surabhi
- Department of Biotechnology, IIT Madras, Chennai, India.,Department of Human Genetics, College of Biomedical Sciences, Technology & Research, Sri Ramachandra Medical College & Research Institute (Deemed to be University), Chennai, India
| | | | - Ganesh Venkatraman
- Department of Human Genetics, College of Biomedical Sciences, Technology & Research, Sri Ramachandra Medical College & Research Institute (Deemed to be University), Chennai, India
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Seo HH, Lee SY, Lee CY, Kim R, Kim P, Oh S, Lee H, Lee MY, Kim J, Kim LK, Hwang KC, Chang W. Exogenous miRNA-146a Enhances the Therapeutic Efficacy of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells by Increasing Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Secretion in the Ischemia/Reperfusion-Injured Heart. J Vasc Res 2017; 54:100-108. [DOI: 10.1159/000461596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Martinez-De Luna RI, Ku RY, Lyou Y, Zuber ME. Maturin is a novel protein required for differentiation during primary neurogenesis. Dev Biol 2013; 384:26-40. [PMID: 24095902 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Proliferation and differentiation are tightly controlled during neural development. In the embryonic neural plate, primary neurogenesis is driven by the proneural pathway. Here we report the characterization of Maturin, a novel, evolutionarily conserved protein that is required for normal primary neurogenesis. Maturin is detected throughout the early nervous system, yet it is most strongly expressed in differentiating neurons of the embryonic fish, frog and mouse nervous systems. Maturin expression can be induced by the proneural transcription factors Neurog2, Neurod1, and Ebf3. Maturin overexpression promotes neurogenesis, while loss-of-function inhibits the differentiation of neuronal progenitors, resulting in neural plate expansion. Maturin knockdown blocks the ability of Neurog2, Neurod1, and Ebf3 to drive ectopic neurogenesis. Maturin and Pak3, are both required for, and can synergize to promote differentiation of the primary neurons in vivo. Together, our results suggest that Maturin functions during primary neurogenesis and is required for the proneural pathway to regulate neural differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyna I Martinez-De Luna
- Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, United States; The Center for Vision Research and SUNY Eye Institute, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, 13210, United States
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Yang Y, Du J, Hu Z, Liu J, Tian Y, Zhu Y, Wang L, Gu L. Activation of Rac1-PI3K/Akt is required for epidermal growth factor-induced PAK1 activation and cell migration in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. J Biomed Res 2013; 25:237-45. [PMID: 23554696 PMCID: PMC3597073 DOI: 10.1016/s1674-8301(11)60032-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) may increase cell motility, an event implicated in cancer cell invasion and metastasis. However, the underlying mechanisms for EGF-induced cell motility remain elusive. In this study, we found that EGF treatment could activate Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1), PI3K/Akt and p21-actived kinase (PAK1) along with cell migration. Ectopic expression of PAK1 K299R, a dominant negative PAK1 mutant, could largely abolish EGF-induced cell migration. Blocking PI3K/Akt signalling with LY294002 or Akt siRNA remarkably inhibited both EGF-induced PAK1 activation and cell migration. Furthermore, expression of dominant-negative Rac1 (T17N) could largely block EGF-induced PI3K/Akt-PAK1 activation and cell migration. Interestingly, EGF could induce a significant production of ROS, and N-acetyl-L-cysteine, a scavenger of ROS which abolished the EGF-induced ROS generation, cell migration, as well as activation of PI3K/Akt and PAK, but not Rac1. Our study demonstrated that EGF-induced cell migration involves a cascade of signalling events, including activation of Rac1, generation of ROS and subsequent activation of PI3K/Akt and PAK1.
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LU WEN, QU JUNJIE, LI BILAN, LU CONG, YAN QIN, WU XIAOMEI, CHEN XIAOYU, WAN XIAOPING. Overexpression of p21-activated kinase 1 promotes endometrial cancer progression. Oncol Rep 2013; 29:1547-55. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Tao J, Oladimeji P, Rider L, Diakonova M. PAK1-Nck regulates cyclin D1 promoter activity in response to prolactin. Mol Endocrinol 2011; 25:1565-78. [PMID: 21719533 DOI: 10.1210/me.2011-0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolactin (PRL) is critical for alveolar proliferation and differentiation in normal mammary development and is also implicated in breast cancer. PRL influences cell proliferation and growth by altering the expression of cyclin D1. Cyclin D1 expression is directly regulated by PRL through the Janus kinase 2 (JAK2)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 5-mediated transcriptional activation of the cyclin D1 promoter. A p21-activated serine-threonine kinase (PAK)1 has also been implicated in the regulation of cyclin D1 gene expression. We have previously demonstrated that JAK2 directly phosphorylates PAK1 and extend these data here to demonstrate that PAK1 activates the cyclin D1 promoter in response to PRL. We show that mutation of PAK1 Tyr 153, 201, and 285 (sites of JAK2 phosphorylation; PAK1 Y3F) decreases both PAK1 nuclear translocation in response to PRL and PRL-induced cyclin D1 promoter activity by 55%. Mutation of the PAK1 nuclear localization signals decreases PRL-induced cyclin D1 promoter activity by 46%. A PAK1 Y3F mutant lacking functional nuclear localization signals decreases PRL-induced cyclin D1 activity by 68%, suggesting that there is another PAK1-dependent mechanism to activate the cyclin D1 promoter. We have found that adapter protein Nck sequesters PAK1 in the cytoplasm and that coexpression of both PAK1 and Nck inhibits the amplifying effect of PRL-induced PAK1 on cyclin D1 promoter activity (95% inhibition). This inhibition is partially abolished by disruption of PAK1-Nck binding. We propose two PAK1-dependent mechanisms to activate cyclin D1 promoter activity in response to PRL: via nuclear translocation of tyrosyl-phosphorylated PAK1 and via formation of a Nck-PAK1 complex that sequesters PAK1 in the cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Tao
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606-3390, USA
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Rimmele S, Gierschik P, Joos TO, Schneiderhan-Marra N. Bead-based protein-protein interaction assays for the analysis of Rho GTPase signaling. J Mol Recognit 2010; 23:543-50. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.1051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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10
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Wai SC, Gerber SA, Li R. Multisite phosphorylation of the guanine nucleotide exchange factor Cdc24 during yeast cell polarization. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6563. [PMID: 19668330 PMCID: PMC2718613 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2009] [Accepted: 07/08/2009] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cell polarization is essential for processes such as cell migration and asymmetric cell division. A common regulator of cell polarization in most eukaryotic cells is the conserved Rho GTPase, Cdc42. In budding yeast, Cdc42 is activated by a single guanine nucleotide exchange factor, Cdc24. The mechanistic details of Cdc24 activation at the onset of yeast cell polarization are unclear. Previous studies have suggested an important role for phosphorylation of Cdc24, which may regulate activity or function of the protein, representing a key step in the symmetry breaking process. Methodology/Principal Findings Here, we directly ask whether multisite phosphorylation of Cdc24 plays a role in its regulation. We identify through mass spectrometry analysis over thirty putative in vivo phosphorylation sites. We first focus on sites matching consensus sequences for cyclin-dependent and p21-activated kinases, two kinase families that have been previously shown to phosphorylate Cdc24. Through site-directed mutagenesis, yeast genetics, and light and fluorescence microscopy, we show that nonphosphorylatable mutations of these consensus sites do not lead to any detectable consequences on growth rate, morphology, kinetics of polarization, or localization of the mutant protein. We do, however, observe a change in the mobility shift of mutant Cdc24 proteins on SDS-PAGE, suggesting that we have indeed perturbed its phosphorylation. Finally, we show that mutation of all identified phosphorylation sites does not cause observable defects in growth rate or morphology. Conclusions/Significance We conclude that lack of phosphorylation on Cdc24 has no overt functional consequences in budding yeast. Yeast cell polarization may be more tightly regulated by inactivation of Cdc42 by GTPase activating proteins or by alternative methods of Cdc24 regulation, such as conformational changes or oligomerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie C. Wai
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Scott A. Gerber
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Rong Li
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Xie Y, Wolff DW, Wei T, Wang B, Deng C, Kirui JK, Jiang H, Qin J, Abel PW, Tu Y. Breast cancer migration and invasion depend on proteasome degradation of regulator of G-protein signaling 4. Cancer Res 2009; 69:5743-51. [PMID: 19549919 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-3564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant signaling through G-protein coupled receptors promotes metastasis, the major cause of breast cancer death. We identified regulator of G-protein signaling 4 (RGS4) as a novel suppressor of breast cancer migration and invasion, important steps of metastatic cascades. By blocking signals initiated through G(i)-coupled receptors, such as protease-activated receptor 1 and CXC chemokine receptor 4, RGS4 disrupted Rac1-dependent lamellipodia formation, a key step involved in cancer migration and invasion. RGS4 has GTPase-activating protein (GAP) activity, which inhibits G-protein coupled receptor signaling by deactivating G-proteins. An RGS4 GAP-deficient mutant failed to inhibit migration and invasion of breast cancer cells in both in vitro assays and a mouse xenograft model. Interestingly, both established breast cancer cell lines and human breast cancer specimens showed that the highest levels of RGS4 protein were expressed in normal breast epithelia and that RGS4 down-regulation by proteasome degradation is an index of breast cancer invasiveness. Proteasome blockade increased endogenous RGS4 protein to levels that markedly inhibit breast cancer cell migration and invasion, which was reversed by an RGS4-targeted short hairpin RNA. Our findings point to the existence of a mechanism for posttranslational regulation of RGS4 function, which may have important implications for the acquisition of a metastatic phenotype by breast cancer cells. Preventing degradation of RGS4 protein should attenuate aberrant signal inputs from multiple G(i)-coupled receptors, thereby retarding the spread of breast cancer cells and making them targets for surgery, radiation, and immune treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xie
- Department of Pharmacology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska 68178, USA
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Schneider L, Branchini G, Cericatto R, Capp E, Brum IS. Gene and protein expression of p53 and p21 in fibroadenomas and adjacent normal mammary tissue. Endocrine 2009; 35:118-22. [PMID: 19002614 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-008-9124-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2008] [Revised: 10/16/2008] [Accepted: 10/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare p53 and p21 mRNA, and proteins levels between fibroadenomas and adjacent normal mammary tissue of women in reproductive age. A transversal study was performed. Fourteen patients who attended the Breast Service of the Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre were assessed and submitted to surgical resection of fibroadenomas. Fragments of the central area of the fibroadenoma and adjacent normal mammary tissue were obtained. mRNA expression for genes p53 and p21 was evaluated by RT-PCR, and protein expression by the western blot. Paired analyses showed higher gene expression of p53 (P = 0.017) and p21 (P = 0.003), and a higher protein expression of p53 (P = 0.001) in fibroadenomas as compared to normal breast tissue. p21 protein expression was not different (P = 0.97) between the fibroadenoma and the adjacent normal mammary tissue samples. These results suggest the participation of p53 in the formation of fibroadenomas. The role of p21 in fibroadenomas remains to be defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lolita Schneider
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Tchatchou S, Jung A, Hemminki K, Sutter C, Wappenschmidt B, Bugert P, Weber BHF, Niederacher D, Arnold N, Varon-Mateeva R, Ditsch N, Meindl A, Schmutzler RK, Bartram CR, Burwinkel B. A variant affecting a putative miRNA target site in estrogen receptor (ESR) 1 is associated with breast cancer risk in premenopausal women. Carcinogenesis 2008; 30:59-64. [PMID: 19028706 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgn253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) negatively regulate expression of target transcripts by hybridization to complementary sites of their messenger RNA targets. Chen et al. have described several putative functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in miRNA target sites. Here, we selected 11 miRNA target site SNPs located in 3' untranslated regions of genes involved in cancer and breast cancer to analyze their impact on breast cancer risk using a large familial study population. Whereas no association was observed for 10 SNPs, a significant association was revealed for the variant affecting a miRNA target site in the estrogen receptor (ESR) 1. Age stratification showed that the association was stronger in premenopausal women [C versus T: odds ratio (OR) = 0.60, confidence interval (CI) = 0.41-0.89, P = 0.010]. Furthermore, the effect was stronger in high-risk familial cases (C versus T: OR = 0.42, CI = 0.25-0.71, P = 0.0009). Clinical studies have shown that elimination of ESR1 significantly reduces breast cancer risk. Thus, therapies that inhibit ESR1 are used for breast cancer treatment. According to in silico analysis, ESR1_rs2747648 affects the binding capacity of miR-453, which is stronger when the C allele is present. In contrast, the T allele attenuates the binding of miR-453, which might lead to a reduced miRNA-mediated ESR1 repression, in consequence higher ESR1 protein levels and an increased breast cancer risk. Thus, the breast cancer protective effect observed for the C allele in premenopausal women is biologically reasonable. The analysis of large study populations in multicentre collaboration will be needed to verify the association and answer questions regarding the possible impact of this variant on therapeutic and clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Tchatchou
- Helmholtz-University Group Molecular Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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Abstract
After many years of productive study on the signaling networks, posttranslational regulatory control of effector molecules remains an intensely investigated and continuously evolving field of research to connect signaling with phenotypic changes. In recent years, there have been intriguing results on the interaction of critical molecules to control the growth of cancer cells. This review article will focus on two critical convergence signaling nodules, Akt and p21-activated kinase, two integral components of phenotypic signaling during tumorigenesis. Here we will summarize the recent findings on how these master signaling nodules regulate their targets and alter the subcellular localization of their effectors to control their functionality. Based on the laboratory advances in the Akt and p21-activated kinase signaling pathways, it is conceivable to start defining novel avenues to develop targeted anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kumar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030-4009, USA.
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