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Wang Y, Qin X, Chen Y, Xing J, Gao J, Qiu D. Seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii infection in goats in the five northwestern provinces of China. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-11428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - X. Qin
- Liaocheng University, China
| | | | | | | | - D. Qiu
- Tarim University, China; Huazhong Agricultural University, China
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Oliveira GC, de Souza Almeida HM, Sartori RS, Rossi GAM, de Oliveira LG, Langoni H. Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infections in swine of non-tecnified rearing farms of the northeastern region of the state of São Paulo, Brazil and associated risk factors. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2019; 4:e00080. [PMID: 30662965 PMCID: PMC6324011 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2018.e00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is a zoonosis present worldwide. Its protozoal aethiological agent, Toxoplasma gondii, has the ability to infect several homeothermic animals and mainly human beings. The consumption of raw or undercooked meat products containing T. gondii cysts, consumption of vegetables without washing and using non-treated water are risk factors associated to the occurrence of human toxoplasmosis. Furthermore, raw or undercooked pork is an important infection source of T. gondii to humans. Due to the importance of toxoplamosis in public health, this study focused on establish the prevalence of the disease in non-technified swine herds in the northeastern region of the State of São Paulo, Brazil, using Modified Agglutination Test (MAT) and the Indirect Immunofluorescence Assay (IFA) and the risk factors for its occurrence. In addition, the agreement among both diagnostic tests was evaluated. A low prevalence of toxoplasmosis was found at animal level (7.02%). The Fisher's exact test detected correlation between positive cases with the presence of food garden in the farm (p = 0.01) and the use of non-treated water to irrigate the food garden (p = 0.005). The agreement among tests was considered moderate (Kappa index = 0.5). The results show that toxoplasmosis is a risk for humans who consume under cooked pork meat in this region and an acceptable agreement between MAT and IFA tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Capriogli Oliveira
- Departamento de Higiene Veterinária e Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (FMVZ), Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Câmpus de Botucatu, Distrito de Rubião Junior s/n, Botucatu, SP 18618-970, Brazil
| | - Henrique Meiroz de Souza Almeida
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias (FCAV), Universidade Estadual Paulista – UNESP, Câmpus de Jaboticabal, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, São Paulo 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Raissa Saran Sartori
- Departamento de Higiene Veterinária e Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (FMVZ), Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Câmpus de Botucatu, Distrito de Rubião Junior s/n, Botucatu, SP 18618-970, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Augusto Marques Rossi
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias (FCAV), Universidade Estadual Paulista – UNESP, Câmpus de Jaboticabal, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, São Paulo 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Luis Guilherme de Oliveira
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias (FCAV), Universidade Estadual Paulista – UNESP, Câmpus de Jaboticabal, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, São Paulo 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Helio Langoni
- Departamento de Higiene Veterinária e Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (FMVZ), Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Câmpus de Botucatu, Distrito de Rubião Junior s/n, Botucatu, SP 18618-970, Brazil
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3
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Garcia JL, Burrells A, Bartley PM, Bartley K, Innes EA, Katzer F. The use of ELISA, nPCR and qPCR for diagnosis of ocular toxoplasmosis in experimentally infected pigs. Res Vet Sci 2017; 115:490-495. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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4
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In Romania, exposure to Toxoplasma gondii occurs twice as often in swine raised for familial consumption as in hunted wild boar, but occurs rarely, if ever, among fattening pigs raised in confinement. Parasitol Res 2013; 112:2403-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-013-3353-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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5
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Pardini L, Maksimov P, Herrmann D, Bacigalupe D, Rambeaud M, Machuca M, Moré G, Basso W, Schares G, Venturini M. Evaluation of an in-house TgSAG1 (P30) IgG ELISA for diagnosis of naturally acquired Toxoplasma gondii infection in pigs. Vet Parasitol 2012; 189:204-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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6
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Samico Fernandes E, Simões S, Faria E, Samico Fernandes M, Pinheiro Júnior J, Mota R. ANTICORPOS IgG ANTI-TOXOPLASMA GONDII EM SUÍNOS ABATIDOS EM MATADOUROS DA REGIÃO METROPOLITANA DO RECIFE, PERNAMBUCO, BRASIL. ARQUIVOS DO INSTITUTO BIOLÓGICO 2011. [DOI: 10.1590/1808-1657v78p4252011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar a frequência da infecção por Toxoplasma gondii em suínos abatidos para o consumo humano em dois matadouros na Região Metropolitana do Recife, Pernambuco com inspeção Sanitária Estadual. A pesquisa de anticorpos foi realizada por meio da reação de Imunofluorescência indireta, adotando-se o ponto de corte 1:64. Foram analisados 327 animais provenientes de seis cidades, Abreu e Lima, Igarassu e Paulista, Carpina, Paudalho e Tracunhaém. Observou-se frequência de 9,78% de soros positivos, com diluições iguais ou superiores a 1: 64. Os resultados obtidos alertam sobre os riscos de infecção por T. gondii pela ingestão da carne suína crua ou mal cozida, pois é provável que os suínos soropositivos abriguem cistos teciduais, ressaltando a importância de um manejo de criação adequado, visando a diminuição do risco de infecção nesta espécie.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - S.G. Simões
- Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Brasil
| | - E.B. Faria
- Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Brasil
| | | | | | - R.A. Mota
- Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Brasil
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7
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Dubey J. Toxoplasmosis in pigs—The last 20 years. Vet Parasitol 2009; 164:89-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2009] [Revised: 05/13/2009] [Accepted: 05/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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8
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Garcia JL, Gennari SM, Navarro IT, Machado RZ, Headley SA, Vidotto O, da Silva Guimarães Junior J, Bugni FM, Igarashi M. Evaluation of IFA, MAT, ELISAs and immunoblotting for the detection of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in paired serum and aqueous humour samples from experimentally infected pigs. Res Vet Sci 2007; 84:237-42. [PMID: 17582450 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2007.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2006] [Revised: 03/25/2007] [Accepted: 04/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The study evaluated the efficiency of diagnostic laboratory methods to detect anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in paired serum and aqueous humour samples from experimentally infected pigs. 18-mixed breed pigs were used during the experiment; these were divided into two groups, G1 (infected group, n=10) and G2 (uninfected group, n=8). Infection was performed with 4 x 10(4) VEG strain oocysts at day 0 by the oral route in G1 animals. All pigs were euthanized at day 60, when retina, aqueous humour, and blood samples were collected. Anti-T. gondii antibody levels were assessed in serum (s) and aqueous humour (ah) by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA), modified agglutination test (MAT), m-ELISA (using crude membranes from T. gondii tachyzoites as antigen) and r-ELISA (using rhoptries from T. gondii tachyzoites as antigen). Polymerase chain reactions (PCR) of samples from the retina were performed by using Tox4 and Tox5 primers. Antibody titers of G1 animals ranged from 128 to 1024 and from 16 to 256 in serum and aqueous humour, respectively. There were differences in the correlation coefficients between IFA(s) x IFA (ah) (r=0.62, P=0.05), MAT(s) x MAT (ah) (r=0.97, P<0.0001); however, there was no significant difference between r-ELISA(s) x r-ELISA (ah) (r= 0.14, P=0.7). Antibodies present in serum and aqueous humour recognized similar antigens. Samples of retina were positive by PCR in 30% (3/10) of infected pigs. G2 animals remained without antibody levels and were PCR negative throughout the experiment. These results suggest that the use of a combination of tests and immunoblotting for paired aqueous humour and serum samples could improve the sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of ocular toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Luis Garcia
- Laboratório de Protozoologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual de Londrina - UEL, 86050-970, Londrina, PR, Brazil.
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Garcia JL, Navarro IT, Vidotto O, Gennari SM, Machado RZ, da Luz Pereira AB, Sinhorini IL. Toxoplasma gondii: Comparison of a rhoptry-ELISA with IFAT and MAT for antibody detection in sera of experimentally infected pigs. Exp Parasitol 2006; 113:100-5. [PMID: 16458299 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2005.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2005] [Revised: 12/20/2005] [Accepted: 12/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Indirect ELISA and IFAT have been reported to be more sensitive and specific than agglutination tests. However, MAT is cheaper, easier than the others and does not need special equipment. The purpose of this study was to compare an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay using crude rhoptries of Toxoplasma gondii as coating wells (r-ELISA) with indirect fluorescence antibody test (IFAT) and modified agglutination test (MAT) to detect anti-T. gondii antibodies in sera of experimentally infected pigs. Ten mixed breed pigs between 6.5 and 7.5 weeks old were used. All pigs were negative for the presence of T. gondii antibodies by IFAT (titre < 16), r-ELISA (OD < 0.295) and MAT (titre < 16). Animals received 7x10(7) viable tachyzoites of the RH strain by intramuscular (IM) route at day 0. Serum samples were collected at days -6, 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 50, and 57. IFAT detected anti-T. gondii antibodies earlier than r-ELISA and MAT. The average of antibody levels was higher at day 35 in IFAT (Log10=2.9) and in MAT (Log10 = 3.5), and at day 42 in r-ELISA (OD = 0.797). The antibody levels remained high through the 57th day after inoculation in MAT, and there was a decrease tendency in r-ELISA and IFAT. IFAT was used as "gold standard" and r-ELISA demonstrated a higher prevalence (73.3%), sensitivity (94.3%), negative predictive value (83.3%), and accuracy (95.6%) than MAT. Kappa agreements among tests were calculated, and the best results were shown by r-ELISAxIFAT (kappa = 0.88, p < 0.001). Cross-reaction with Sarcocystis miescheriana was investigated in r-ELISA and OD mean was 0.163 +/- 0.035 (n = 65). Additionally, none of the animals inoculated with Sarcocystis reacted positively in r-ELISA. Our results indicate that r-ELISA could be a good method for serological detection of T. gondii infection in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Luis Garcia
- Microbiology and Immunology Laboratory, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Estadual do Centro Oeste-UNICENTRO, R. Simeão Camargo Varela de Sá, Bairro Cascavel, Guarapuava, PR, Brazil.
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Minho AP, Freire RL, Vidotto O, Gennari SM, Marana EM, Garcia JL, Navarro IT. Evaluation of the indirect fluorescent antibody test and modified agglutination test for detection of antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii in experimentally infected pigs. PESQUISA VETERINÁRIA BRASILEIRA 2004. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2004000400005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The study determined the sensitivity and specificity of the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and modified agglutination test (MAT) for anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibody detection by analyzing sera from 46 experimentally infected pigs. Values for sensitivity were 95.7% (confidence interval 95%: 84.0-99.2%) and for specificity 97.8% (confidence interval 95%: 87.0-99.9%) in both tests. There was an optimum agreement of results between IFAT and MAT evidenced by a Kappa test of 0.86. These results validate these tests for the detection of T. gondii infection in pigs. IFAT and MAT despite methodologies with different characteristics and readings have similar accuracy in pig serum samples.
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11
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Damriyasa IM, Bauer C, Edelhofer R, Failing K, Lind P, Petersen E, Schares G, Tenter AM, Volmer R, Zahner H. Cross-sectional survey in pig breeding farms in Hesse, Germany: seroprevalence and risk factors of infections with Toxoplasma gondii, Sarcocystis spp. and Neospora caninum in sows. Vet Parasitol 2004; 126:271-86. [PMID: 15567591 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2003] [Revised: 07/13/2004] [Accepted: 07/25/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A cross-sectional survey was performed to estimate the prevalences of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii (ELISA, IFAT), Sarcocystis spp. (ELISA, using S. miescheriana as antigen) and Neospora caninum (ELISA, immunoblotting) in sows from breeding farms in southern Hesse, Germany. A total of 2041 plasma samples of sows from 94 randomly selected farms was examined. Data on farm profiles, husbandry management and sows were collected by a questionnaire and exploratively analysed. For T. gondii the ELISA results agreed well with the results obtained by IFAT (kappa=0.71). Antibodies to T. gondii were detected by ELISA in 19% of the sows. Sixty-nine percent of the farms had at least one seropositive sow, and a within-farm seroprevalence of >or=50% was observed in 14% of all farms. The prevalence of anti-T. gondii antibodies was positively correlated with the age of sows. The within-herd seroprevalence was significantly higher in farms with reproductive disorders than in those without such problems. On the farm level, the farm type 'piglet production' (versus 'pedigree breeding' or 'farrow-to-finish') was the only risk factor associated with the presence of T. gondii-seropositive sows. Antibodies to Sarcocystis spp. were found in 29% of the sows. Seventy-two percent of the farms harboured at least one seropositive sow, and a within-farm seroprevalence of >or=50% was detected in 23% of all farms. The seroprevalence increased significantly with the age of sows. On the farm level, only the farm type 'piglet production' (versus 'pedigree breeding') and the replacement of sows by purchasing (versus raising on the own farm) were identified as risk factors for seropositivity. Antibodies to N. caninum were detected in one sow using both the screening ELISA and the confirmatory immunoblotting technique. This may indicate the first natural N. caninum infection in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Damriyasa
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Rudolf-Buchheim-Strasse 2, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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van der Puije WN, Bosompem KM, Canacoo EA, Wastling JM, Akanmori BD. The prevalence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in Ghanaian sheep and goats. Acta Trop 2000; 76:21-6. [PMID: 10913761 DOI: 10.1016/s0001-706x(00)00084-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in 1258 small ruminants (732 sheep and 526 goats) sampled from 28 different locations in the three ecological zones of Ghana. The animals sampled had an overall seroprevalence of 30.5% (384 of the total). Sheep had a higher overall prevalence (33.2%) compared to the goats (26.8%). Animals sampled from the Coastal Savannah and the Forest zones had prevalences of 39.4% and 39.1%, respectively, which were significantly higher (P<0.01) than the prevalence recorded for the drier Guinea Savannah zone (20%). Prevalence of antibodies in female animals (35.8%) was significantly higher (P<0.01) than that for males (21.1%). Significant differences were also observed between breeds and age groups. The ELISA was found to be both highly sensitive (92%) and specific (91%) when compared to the IFAT, which was used as a reference test.
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Affiliation(s)
- W N van der Puije
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Legon, Accra, Ghana
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Abstract
A total of 1847 swine sera obtained from the 10 largest abattoirs slaughtering swine in Finland were examined by ELISA for toxoplasma antibodies. The sample represented 0.64% of the total number of swine slaughtered in these abattoirs over a period of 2 months. The prevalence of toxoplasma antibodies in swine sera was 2.5%.
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Hirvelä-Koski V. The prevalence of toxoplasma antibodies in swine sera in Finland. Acta Vet Scand 1992; 33:21-5. [PMID: 1598854 PMCID: PMC8117867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 1847 swine sera obtained from the 10 largest abattoirs slaughtering swine in Finland were examined by ELISA for toxoplasma antibodies. The sample represented 0.64% of the total number of swine slaughtered in these abattoirs over a period of 2 months. The prevalence of toxoplasma antibodies in swine sera was 2.5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Hirvelä-Koski
- National Veterinary Institute, Department of Food Hygiene, Finland
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