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Mayer K, Klek S, García-de-Lorenzo A, Rosenthal MD, Li A, Evans DC, Muscaritoli M, Martindale RG. Lipid Use in Hospitalized Adults Requiring Parenteral Nutrition. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2021; 44 Suppl 1:S28-S38. [PMID: 32049396 DOI: 10.1002/jpen.1733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In hospitalized patients, lipid emulsions are an integral part of balanced parenteral nutrition. Traditionally, a single lipid source, soybean oil, has been given to patients and was usually regarded as just a source of energy and to prevent essential fatty-acid deficiency. However, mixtures of different lipid emulsions have now become widely available, including mixtures of soybean oil, medium-chain triglycerides, olive oil, and fish oil. Fish oil is high in the ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). There is a growing body of evidence that these ω-3 fatty acids can exert beneficial immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and inflammation-resolution effects across a wide range of patient groups including surgical, cancer, and critically ill patients. At least in part, these effects are realized via potent specialized pro-resolution mediators (SPMs). Moreover, parenteral nutrition including ω-3 fatty acids can result in additional clinical benefits over the use of standard lipid emulsions, such as reductions in infection rates and length of hospital and intensive care unit stay. Clinical and experimental evidence is reviewed regarding lipid emulsion use in a variety of hospitalized patient groups, including surgical, critically ill, sepsis, trauma, and acute pancreatitis patients. Practical aspects of lipid emulsion use in critically ill patients are also considered, such as how to determine and fulfill energy expenditure, how and when to consider parenteral nutrition, duration of infusion, and safety monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Mayer
- ViDia Kliniken Karlsruhe, Medizinische Klinik IV, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stanislaw Klek
- Department of General and Oncology Surgery with Intestinal Failure Unit, Stanley Dudrick's Memorial Hospital, Skawina, Poland
| | | | - Martin D Rosenthal
- Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Ang Li
- Department of General Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - David C Evans
- Department of Surgery, Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Robert G Martindale
- Department of Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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Santos DS, Morais JAV, Vanderlei ÍAC, Santos AS, Azevedo RB, Muehlmann LA, Júnior ORP, Mortari MR, da Silva JR, da Silva SW, Longo JPF. Oral delivery of fish oil in oil-in-water nanoemulsion: development, colloidal stability and modulatory effect on in vivo inflammatory induction in mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 133:110980. [PMID: 33249282 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
To improve the oral absorption of fish oil and test its anti-inflammatory effect, a fish oil nanoemulsion was developed using cis-4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic fatty acid as a biomarker for oral administration. The colloidal stability tests of the fish oil nanoemulsion showed an average size of 155.44 nm ± 6.46 (4 °C); 163.04 nm ± 9.97 (25 °C) and polydispersity index 0.22 ± 0.02 (4 °C), 0.21 ± 0.02 (25 °C), indicating systems with low polydispersity and stable droplets. The fish oil nanoemulsion did not alter the cell viability of the RAW 264.7 macrophages and, at a concentration of 0.024 mg/mL, was kinetically incorporated into the cells after 18 h of contact. The nanoemulsion was maintained in the gastrointestinal region for a significantly shorter period of time (p ≤ 0.05) compared to the intake of fish oil in free form. Inflammatory tests demonstrated that nanoemulsion and fish oil showed less (p ≤ 0.05) neutrophil infiltration after 24h of sepsis induction and there was a significant reduction (p ≤ 0.05) in the volume of paw edema in female adult Balb/c mice who received the nanoemulsion diet compared to the other experimental groups (control, formalin, fish oil and sunflower oil). These results indicate that the fish oil nanoemulsion was significantly effective in the dietary conditions tested here, presenting satisfactory responses in the modulation of inflammatory disorders, demonstrating interesting and beneficial nutraceutical effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora S Santos
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Genetics & Morphology Department, Institute of Biological Science, University of Brasilia, Brasília, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - José Athayde V Morais
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Genetics & Morphology Department, Institute of Biological Science, University of Brasilia, Brasília, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Ísis A C Vanderlei
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Physiological Sciences Department, Institute of Biological Science, University of Brasilia, Brasília, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Alexandre S Santos
- Optical Spectroscopy Laboratory, Institute of Physics, University of Brasilia, Brasília, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Ricardo B Azevedo
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Genetics & Morphology Department, Institute of Biological Science, University of Brasilia, Brasília, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Luís A Muehlmann
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Genetics & Morphology Department, Institute of Biological Science, University of Brasilia, Brasília, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Osmindo R P Júnior
- Toxinology Laboratory, Physiological Sciences Department, Institute of Biological Science, University of Brasilia, Brasília, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Márcia R Mortari
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Physiological Sciences Department, Institute of Biological Science, University of Brasilia, Brasília, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline R da Silva
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Genetics & Morphology Department, Institute of Biological Science, University of Brasilia, Brasília, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Sebastião W da Silva
- Optical Spectroscopy Laboratory, Institute of Physics, University of Brasilia, Brasília, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - João P F Longo
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Genetics & Morphology Department, Institute of Biological Science, University of Brasilia, Brasília, 70910-900, Brazil.
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Immunomodulation by an Omega-6 Fatty Acid Reduced Mixed Lipid Emulsion in Murine Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9072048. [PMID: 32610690 PMCID: PMC7408915 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9072048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is associated with both high morbidity and mortality in intensive care units worldwide. Patients with ARDS often require parenteral nutrition with lipid emulsions as essential components. In the present study, we assessed the immunomodulatory and apoptotic effects of a modern, n-6-reduced lipid emulsion mixture in murine ARDS. Methods: Mice received an infusion of either normal saline solution, pure long-chain triglyceride (LCT) emulsion, or SMOF (soybean oil, medium-chain triglycerides, olive oil, and fish oil) before a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. Mice were sacrificed at different time points (0, 24, or 72 h) after ARDS induction, and an analysis of inflammatory cytokines, protein concentrations, and the cellular composition of the alveolar and interstitial compartments was performed with special focus on alveolar apoptosis and necrosis. Results: Mice infused with SMOF showed decreased leukocyte invasion, protein leakage, myeloperoxidase activity, and cytokine production in alveolar spaces after LPS challenge compared to animals that received LCT. There were fewer cells in the lung interstitium of the SMOF group compared to the LCT group. Both lipid emulsions exerted pro-apoptotic and pro-necrotic properties on alveolar immune cells, with significantly increased necrosis in mice infused with LCT compared to SMOF. Conclusion: SMOF has both anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving influences in murine ARDS. Partial replacement of n-6 fatty acids with n-3/n-9 fatty acids may therefore benefit critically ill patients at risk for ARDS who require parenteral nutrition.
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Mayer K, Sommer N, Hache K, Hecker A, Reiche S, Schneck E, Weissmann N, Seeger W, Hecker M. Resolvin E1 Improves Mitochondrial Function in Human Alveolar Epithelial Cells during Severe Inflammation. Lipids 2019; 54:53-65. [DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Mayer
- Medical Clinic II, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC); Justus-Liebig-University; Klinikstr. 33, 35392 Giessen Germany
| | - Natascha Sommer
- Medical Clinic II, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC); Justus-Liebig-University; Klinikstr. 33, 35392 Giessen Germany
| | - Karl Hache
- Medical Clinic II, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC); Justus-Liebig-University; Klinikstr. 33, 35392 Giessen Germany
| | - Andreas Hecker
- Department of General and Thoracic Surgery; University Hospital of Giessen, Rudolf-Buchheim-Str. 7; 35392 Giessen Germany
| | - Sylvia Reiche
- Medical Clinic II, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC); Justus-Liebig-University; Klinikstr. 33, 35392 Giessen Germany
| | - Emmanuel Schneck
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine; University Hospital of Giessen, Rudolf-Buchheim-Str. 7; 35392 Giessen Germany
| | - Norbert Weissmann
- Medical Clinic II, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC); Justus-Liebig-University; Klinikstr. 33, 35392 Giessen Germany
| | - Werner Seeger
- Medical Clinic II, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC); Justus-Liebig-University; Klinikstr. 33, 35392 Giessen Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Ludwigstr. 43; 61231 Bad Nauheim Germany
| | - Matthias Hecker
- Medical Clinic II, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC); Justus-Liebig-University; Klinikstr. 33, 35392 Giessen Germany
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Hecker M, Sommer N, Foch S, Hecker A, Hackstein H, Witzenrath M, Weissmann N, Seeger W, Mayer K. Resolvin E1 and its precursor 18R-HEPE restore mitochondrial function in inflammation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1863:1016-1028. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Espiritu MM, Lin H, Foley E, Tsang V, Rhee E, Perlman J, Cunningham-Rundles S. Omega-3 fatty acids modulate neonatal cytokine response to endotoxin. J Perinat Med 2016; 44:711-21. [PMID: 26812855 DOI: 10.1515/jpm-2015-0248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal immune response is characterized by an uncompensated pro-inflammatory response that can lead to inflammation-related morbidity and increased susceptibility to infection. We investigated the effects of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) or eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) pre-treatment on cytokine secretion to low-concentration endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) in THP-1 monocytes and neonatal cord blood (CB) from healthy full-term infants. Pre-treatment of THP-1 cells, with either n-3 PUFA at 25 or 100 μM significantly reduced IL-6, IL-10, and IL-12 secretion while DHA, but not EPA, reduced TNF-α response to LPS. DHA inhibition was stronger compared to EPA and effective at the low concentration. The same concentrations of n-3 PUFAs inhibited IL-12 but not IL-10 cytokine response in whole CB from 9 infants pre-treated for 24 h. To assess clinical relevance for acute response to LPS, the effects of low-concentration DHA at 25 μM or 12.5 μM were assessed before and after LPS exposure of isolated CB mononuclear cells from 20 infants for 1 h. When added before or after LPS, physiologic DHA treatment produced significant concentration-dependent inhibition of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-8 secretion. The results demonstrate prophylactic and therapeutic modulation of neonatal cytokine response to LPS and provide proof-of-concept that low-concentration administration of n-3 PUFA could attenuate or resolve neonatal inflammatory response.
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Wan X, Gao X, Bi J, Tian F, Wang X. Use of n-3 PUFAs can decrease the mortality in patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lipids Health Dis 2015; 14:23. [PMID: 25889853 PMCID: PMC4437444 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-015-0022-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There have been several meta-analyses evaluating the effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in critically ill patients, but of these, none focused on patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). The objective of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the effect of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FAs) on this narrow subset. METHODS All relevant articles were searched on MEDLINE, EMBASE, SpringerLink, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews from 1990 to 2014. Meta-analyses were used to evaluate risk ratios and mean differences with 95% confidence intervals between the n-3 PUFA group and the control group. Subgroup analyses were conducted in terms of the route of fish oil. RESULTS Nine randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with 783 adult patients were included in this study. Compared with control groups, n-3 FA provision can significantly reduce the incidence of mortality (RR: 0.77 [0.60, 0.97]; P=0.03; I2=0%). Secondary outcomes showed no significant differences between groups except for shorter length of hospital stay (weighted mean difference: -10.56 [-19.76, -1.36], p<0.00001, I2=99%). CONCLUSIONS Overall, this meta-analysis from RCTs indicates that provision of n-3 PUFAs has a therapeutic effect on survival rate in patients with SIRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wan
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Xuejin Gao
- Clinical College of South Medical University, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Jingcheng Bi
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Feng Tian
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Xinying Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Hecker M, Sommer N, Voigtmann H, Pak O, Mohr A, Wolf M, Vadász I, Herold S, Weissmann N, Morty RE, Seeger W, Mayer K. Impact of short- and medium-chain fatty acids on mitochondrial function in severe inflammation. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2013; 38:587-94. [PMID: 23703093 DOI: 10.1177/0148607113489833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis is a severe inflammatory disorder with a high mortality in intensive care units mostly due to multiorgan failure. Mitochondrial dysfunction is regarded as a key factor involved in the pathogenesis of septic disorders, leading to a decline in energy supply. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether application of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) could improve mitochondrial function and thus might serve as a potential energy source under inflammatory conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS As an experimental approach, starved human endothelial cells and monocytes were incubated with hexanoic acid, heptanoic acid, octanoic acid, or glucose and subsequently subjected to high-resolution respirometry to assess mitochondrial function under baseline conditions. In a second set of experiments, cells were pretreated with tumor necrosis factor-α to mimic inflammation and sepsis. RESULTS We demonstrated that addition of SCFAs and MCFAs increases mitochondrial respiratory capacity at baseline and inflammatory conditions in both cell types. None of the fatty acids induced changes in mitochondrial DNA content or the generation of proinflammatory cytokines, indicating a beneficial safety profile. CONCLUSION We deduce that SCFAs and MCFAs are suitable and safe sources of energy under inflammatory conditions with the capability to partly restore mitochondrial respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Hecker
- University of Giessen Lung Center (UGLC), Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Natascha Sommer
- University of Giessen Lung Center (UGLC), Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Hans Voigtmann
- University of Giessen Lung Center (UGLC), Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Oleg Pak
- University of Giessen Lung Center (UGLC), Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andrea Mohr
- University of Giessen Lung Center (UGLC), Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | | | - István Vadász
- University of Giessen Lung Center (UGLC), Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Susanne Herold
- University of Giessen Lung Center (UGLC), Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Norbert Weissmann
- University of Giessen Lung Center (UGLC), Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Rory E Morty
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Werner Seeger
- University of Giessen Lung Center (UGLC), Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Konstantin Mayer
- University of Giessen Lung Center (UGLC), Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Kremmyda LS, Tvrzicka E, Stankova B, Zak A. Fatty acids as biocompounds: their role in human metabolism, health and disease: a review. part 2: fatty acid physiological roles and applications in human health and disease. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2012; 155:195-218. [PMID: 22286806 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2011.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This is the second of two review parts aiming at describing the major physiological roles of fatty acids, as well as their applications in specific conditions related to human health. RESULTS The review included the current literature published in Pubmed up to March 2011. In humans, fatty acids are a principle energy substrate and structural components of cell membranes (phospholipids) and second messengers. Fatty acids are also ligands of nuclear receptors affecting gene expression. Longer-chain (LC) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and arachidonic acid are precursors of lipid mediators such as eicosanoids (prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes), resolvins and neuroprotectins. Lipid mediators produced by EPA and DHA (LC n-3 PUFA; mainly found in oily fish) are considered as inflammation-resolving, and thus, fish oil has been characterised as antiinflammatory. Recommendations for EPA plus DHA intake from oily fish vary between 250-450 mg/day. Dietary reference values for fat vary between nutrition bodies, but mainly agree on a low total and saturated fat intake. The existing literature supports the protective effects of LC n-3 PUFA (as opposed to n-6 PUFA and saturated fat) in maternal and offspring health, cardiovascular health, insulin sensitivity, the metabolic syndrome, cancer, critically ill patients, and immune system disorders. CONCLUSION Fatty acids are involved in multiple pathways and play a major role in health. Further investigation and a nutrigenomics approach to the effects of these biocompounds on health and disease development are imperative and highlight the importance of environmental modifications on disease outcome.
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