1
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Igumbor JO, Bosire EN, Vicente-Crespo M, Igumbor EU, Olalekan UA, Chirwa TF, Kinyanjui SM, Kyobutungi C, Fonn S. Considerations for an integrated population health databank in Africa: lessons from global best practices. Wellcome Open Res 2022; 6:214. [PMID: 35224211 PMCID: PMC8844538 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17000.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The rising digitisation and proliferation of data sources and repositories cannot be ignored. This trend expands opportunities to integrate and share population health data. Such platforms have many benefits, including the potential to efficiently translate information arising from such data to evidence needed to address complex global health challenges. There are pockets of quality data on the continent that may benefit from greater integration. Integration of data sources is however under-explored in Africa. The aim of this article is to identify the requirements and provide practical recommendations for developing a multi-consortia public and population health data-sharing framework for Africa. Methods: We conducted a narrative review of global best practices and policies on data sharing and its optimisation. We searched eight databases for publications and undertook an iterative snowballing search of articles cited in the identified publications. The Leximancer software
© enabled content analysis and selection of a sample of the most relevant articles for detailed review. Themes were developed through immersion in the extracts of selected articles using inductive thematic analysis. We also performed interviews with public and population health stakeholders in Africa to gather their experiences, perceptions, and expectations of data sharing. Results: Our findings described global stakeholder experiences on research data sharing. We identified some challenges and measures to harness available resources and incentivise data sharing. We further highlight progress made by the different groups in Africa and identified the infrastructural requirements and considerations when implementing data sharing platforms. Furthermore, the review suggests key reforms required, particularly in the areas of consenting, privacy protection, data ownership, governance, and data access. Conclusions: The findings underscore the critical role of inclusion, social justice, public good, data security, accountability, legislation, reciprocity, and mutual respect in developing a responsive, ethical, durable, and integrated research data sharing ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jude O Igumbor
- School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, 2193, South Africa
| | - Edna N Bosire
- School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, 2193, South Africa
| | - Marta Vicente-Crespo
- School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, 2193, South Africa.,African Population and Health Research Centre, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ehimario U Igumbor
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria.,School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Uthman A Olalekan
- Warwick-Centre for Applied Health Research and Delivery (WCAHRD), Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Tobias F Chirwa
- School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, 2193, South Africa
| | | | | | - Sharon Fonn
- School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, 2193, South Africa
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2
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Scheibner J, Raisaro JL, Troncoso-Pastoriza JR, Ienca M, Fellay J, Vayena E, Hubaux JP. Revolutionizing Medical Data Sharing Using Advanced Privacy-Enhancing Technologies: Technical, Legal, and Ethical Synthesis. J Med Internet Res 2021; 23:e25120. [PMID: 33629963 PMCID: PMC7952236 DOI: 10.2196/25120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Multisite medical data sharing is critical in modern clinical practice and medical research. The challenge is to conduct data sharing that preserves individual privacy and data utility. The shortcomings of traditional privacy-enhancing technologies mean that institutions rely upon bespoke data sharing contracts. The lengthy process and administration induced by these contracts increases the inefficiency of data sharing and may disincentivize important clinical treatment and medical research. This paper provides a synthesis between 2 novel advanced privacy-enhancing technologies-homomorphic encryption and secure multiparty computation (defined together as multiparty homomorphic encryption). These privacy-enhancing technologies provide a mathematical guarantee of privacy, with multiparty homomorphic encryption providing a performance advantage over separately using homomorphic encryption or secure multiparty computation. We argue multiparty homomorphic encryption fulfills legal requirements for medical data sharing under the European Union's General Data Protection Regulation which has set a global benchmark for data protection. Specifically, the data processed and shared using multiparty homomorphic encryption can be considered anonymized data. We explain how multiparty homomorphic encryption can reduce the reliance upon customized contractual measures between institutions. The proposed approach can accelerate the pace of medical research while offering additional incentives for health care and research institutes to employ common data interoperability standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Scheibner
- Health Ethics and Policy Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- College of Business, Government and Law, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jean Louis Raisaro
- Precision Medicine Unit, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Data Science Group, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Juan Ramón Troncoso-Pastoriza
- Laboratory for Data Security, School of Computer and Communication Sciences, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marcello Ienca
- Health Ethics and Policy Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jacques Fellay
- Precision Medicine Unit, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
- School of Life Sciences, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Host-Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Effy Vayena
- Health Ethics and Policy Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Pierre Hubaux
- Laboratory for Data Security, School of Computer and Communication Sciences, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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3
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Kalkman S, Mostert M, Gerlinger C, van Delden JJM, van Thiel GJMW. Responsible data sharing in international health research: a systematic review of principles and norms. BMC Med Ethics 2019; 20:21. [PMID: 30922290 PMCID: PMC6437875 DOI: 10.1186/s12910-019-0359-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Large-scale linkage of international clinical datasets could lead to unique insights into disease aetiology and facilitate treatment evaluation and drug development. Hereto, multi-stakeholder consortia are currently designing several disease-specific translational research platforms to enable international health data sharing. Despite the recent adoption of the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), the procedures for how to govern responsible data sharing in such projects are not at all spelled out yet. In search of a first, basic outline of an ethical governance framework, we set out to explore relevant ethical principles and norms. METHODS We performed a systematic review of literature and ethical guidelines for principles and norms pertaining to data sharing for international health research. RESULTS We observed an abundance of principles and norms with considerable convergence at the aggregate level of four overarching themes: societal benefits and value; distribution of risks, benefits and burdens; respect for individuals and groups; and public trust and engagement. However, at the level of principles and norms we identified substantial variation in the phrasing and level of detail, the number and content of norms considered necessary to protect a principle, and the contextual approaches in which principles and norms are used. CONCLUSIONS While providing some helpful leads for further work on a coherent governance framework for data sharing, the current collection of principles and norms prompts important questions about how to streamline terminology regarding de-identification and how to harmonise the identified principles and norms into a coherent governance framework that promotes data sharing while securing public trust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shona Kalkman
- Department of Medical Humanities, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584, CG, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Menno Mostert
- Department of Medical Humanities, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584, CG, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Christoph Gerlinger
- Statistics and Data Insights, Bayer AG, Berlin, Germany
- Clinic for Gynecology, Obstetrics and Reproductive Medicine, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Saarland, Germany
| | - Johannes J M van Delden
- Department of Medical Humanities, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584, CG, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ghislaine J M W van Thiel
- Department of Medical Humanities, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584, CG, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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4
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Lipworth W, Mason PH, Kerridge I, Ioannidis JPA. Ethics and Epistemology in Big Data Research. JOURNAL OF BIOETHICAL INQUIRY 2017; 14:489-500. [PMID: 28321561 DOI: 10.1007/s11673-017-9771-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Biomedical innovation and translation are increasingly emphasizing research using "big data." The hope is that big data methods will both speed up research and make its results more applicable to "real-world" patients and health services. While big data research has been embraced by scientists, politicians, industry, and the public, numerous ethical, organizational, and technical/methodological concerns have also been raised. With respect to technical and methodological concerns, there is a view that these will be resolved through sophisticated information technologies, predictive algorithms, and data analysis techniques. While such advances will likely go some way towards resolving technical and methodological issues, we believe that the epistemological issues raised by big data research have important ethical implications and raise questions about the very possibility of big data research achieving its goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Lipworth
- Centre for Values, Ethics and the Law in Medicine, University of Sydney, Medical Foundation Building (K25), Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Paul H Mason
- Centre for Values, Ethics and the Law in Medicine, University of Sydney, Medical Foundation Building (K25), Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Ian Kerridge
- Centre for Values, Ethics and the Law in Medicine, University of Sydney, Medical Foundation Building (K25), Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Haematology Department, Royal North Shore Hospital, Reserve Rd, St Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia
| | - John P A Ioannidis
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford University School of Humanities and Sciences, Stanford, CA, USA
- Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford, Stanford, CA, USA
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5
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Lewis JR, Kerridge I, Lipworth W. Use of Real-World Data for the Research, Development, and Evaluation of Oncology Precision Medicines. JCO Precis Oncol 2017; 1:1-11. [DOI: 10.1200/po.17.00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although randomized controlled trials remain the scientific ideal for determining the efficacy and safety of new treatments, they are sometimes insufficient to address the evidentiary requirements of regulators and payers. This is particularly the case when it comes to precision medicines because trials are often small, deliver incomplete insights into outcomes of most interest to policymakers (eg, overall survival), and may fail to address other complex diagnostic and treatment-related questions. Additional methods, both experimental and observational, are increasingly being used to fill critical evidentiary gaps. A number of modified early- and late-phase trial designs have been proposed to better support earlier biomarker validation, patient identification, and selection for regulatory studies, but there is still a need for confirmatory evidence from real-world data sources. These data are usually provided through observational, postapproval, phase IIIB and IV studies, which rely heavily on registries and other electronic data sets—most notably data from electronic health records. It is, therefore, crucial to understand what ethical, practical, and scientific challenges are raised by the use of electronic health records to generate evidence about precision medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan R.R. Lewis
- All authors: Sydney Health Ethics, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ian Kerridge
- All authors: Sydney Health Ethics, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Wendy Lipworth
- All authors: Sydney Health Ethics, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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6
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Groth SW, Dozier A, Demment M, Li D, Fernandez ID, Chang J, Dye T. Participation in Genetic Research: Amazon's Mechanical Turk Workforce in the United States and India. Public Health Genomics 2016; 19:325-335. [PMID: 27811475 DOI: 10.1159/000452094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genomic research has innumerable benefits. However, if people are unwilling to participate in genomic research, application of knowledge will be limited. This study examined the likelihood of respondents from a high- and a low- to middle-income country to participate in genetic research. METHODS Cross-sectional data were collected using Amazon's Mechanical Turk workforce to ascertain attitudes toward participation in genetic research. Registered country of residence was either the US (n = 505) or India (n = 505). Multiple logistic regression models were used to assess adjusted effects of demographic characteristics, health, social status, beliefs and concerns on 4 genetic research outcomes. RESULTS Participants from India who believed chance and powerful others influenced their health were more likely to participate in genetic research (OR = 1.0, 95% CI 1.0-1.1) and to agree with sharing of DNA data (OR = 1.1, 95% CI 1.1-1.2). US participants were more likely to be concerned about protection of family history, which they indicated would affect participation (OR = 3.6, 95% CI 2.1-6.0). Commonalities for the likelihood of participation were beliefs that genetic research could help find new treatments (India OR = 2.3, 95% CI 1.0-5.4; US OR = 4.7, 95% CI 2.0-11.2) and descendants would benefit (India OR = 2.6, 95% CI 1.2-5.5; US OR = 3.0, 95% CI 1.3-7.1). CONCLUSIONS Concurrence of beliefs on benefits and concerns about genetic research suggest they may be common across countries. Consideration of commonalities may be important to increase global participation in genetic research.
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7
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Wallace SE. What Does Anonymization Mean? DataSHIELD and the Need for Consensus on Anonymization Terminology. Biopreserv Biobank 2016; 14:224-30. [PMID: 27219861 DOI: 10.1089/bio.2015.0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Anonymization is a recognized process by which identifiers can be removed from identifiable data to protect an individual's confidentiality and is used as a standard practice when sharing data in biomedical research. However, a plethora of terms, such as coding, pseudonymization, unlinked, and deidentified, have been and continue to be used, leading to confusion and uncertainty. This article shows that this is a historic problem and argues that such continuing uncertainty regarding the levels of protection given to data risks damaging initiatives designed to assist researchers conducting cross-national studies and sharing data internationally. DataSHIELD and the creation of a legal template are used as examples of initiatives that rely on anonymization, but where the inconsistency in terminology could hinder progress. More broadly, this article argues that there is a real possibility that there could be possible damage to the public's trust in research and the institutions that carry it out by relying on vague notions of the anonymization process. Research participants whose lack of clear understanding of the research process is compensated for by trusting those carrying out the research may have that trust damaged if the level of protection given to their data does not match their expectations. One step toward ensuring understanding between parties would be consistent use of clearly defined terminology used internationally, so that all those involved are clear on the level of identifiability of any particular set of data and, therefore, how that data can be accessed and shared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Wallace
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester , Centre for Medicine, Leicester, United Kingdom
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8
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Rahimzadeh V, Knoppers BM. How mutually recognizable is mutual recognition? An international terminology index of research ethics review policies in the USA, Canada, UK and Australia. Per Med 2016; 13:101-105. [PMID: 29749902 DOI: 10.2217/pme.15.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Rahimzadeh
- Department of Family Medicine, Centre of Genomics & Policy, 740 Ave Dr. Penfield Suite 5200, Montreal, QC, H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Bartha M Knoppers
- Faculty of Medicine, Centre of Genomics & Policy, 740 Ave. Dr., Penfield Suite 5200, Montreal, QC, H3A 0G1, Canada
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9
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How Data Are Transforming the Landscape of Biomedical Ethics: The Need for ELSI Metadata on Consent. LAW, GOVERNANCE AND TECHNOLOGY SERIES 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-33525-4_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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10
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Zawati MH, Junker A, Knoppers BM, Rahimzadeh V. Streamlining review of research involving humans: Canadian models. J Med Genet 2015; 52:566-9. [PMID: 26041760 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2014-102640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ma'n H Zawati
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Human Genetics, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anne Junker
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Bartha Maria Knoppers
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Human Genetics, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Vasiliki Rahimzadeh
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Human Genetics, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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11
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Chalmers D, Nicol D, Nicolás P, Zeps N. A role for research ethics committees in exchanges of human biospecimens through material transfer agreements. JOURNAL OF BIOETHICAL INQUIRY 2014; 11:301-306. [PMID: 24965440 DOI: 10.1007/s11673-014-9552-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
International transfers of human biological material (biospecimens) and data are increasing, and commentators are starting to raise concerns about how donor wishes are protected in such circumstances. These exchanges are generally made under contractual material transfer agreements (MTAs). This paper asks what role, if any, should research ethics committees (RECs) play in ensuring legal and ethical conduct in such exchanges. It is recommended that RECs should play a more active role in the future development of best practice MTAs involving exchange of biospecimens and data and in monitoring compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald Chalmers
- Centre for Law and Genetics, Law Faculty, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 89, Hobart, Tas, 7001, Australia
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12
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Kosseim P, Dove ES, Baggaley C, Meslin EM, Cate FH, Kaye J, Harris JR, Knoppers BM. Building a data sharing model for global genomic research. Genome Biol 2014; 15:430. [PMID: 25221857 PMCID: PMC4282015 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-014-0430-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Data sharing models designed to facilitate global business provide insights for improving transborder genomic data sharing. We argue that a flexible, externally endorsed, multilateral arrangement, combined with an objective third-party assurance mechanism, can effectively balance privacy with the need to share genomic data globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Kosseim
- />Office of the Privacy Commissioner of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 1H3 Canada
| | - Edward S Dove
- />Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G1 Canada
| | - Carman Baggaley
- />Office of the Privacy Commissioner of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 1H3 Canada
| | - Eric M Meslin
- />IU Center for Bioethics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
- />Center for Law, Ethics, and Applied Research in Health Information, Bloomington, IN 47408 USA
| | - Fred H Cate
- />Center for Law, Ethics, and Applied Research in Health Information, Bloomington, IN 47408 USA
- />Maurer School of Law, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA
| | - Jane Kaye
- />HeLEX-Centre for Health, Law and Emerging Technologies, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford, OX3 7LF UK
| | - Jennifer R Harris
- />Division of Epidemiology, Department of Genes and Environment, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 4404, Nydalen, Oslo 0403 Norway
| | - Bartha M Knoppers
- />Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G1 Canada
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13
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Knoppers BM, Harris JR, Budin-Ljøsne I, Dove ES. A human rights approach to an international code of conduct for genomic and clinical data sharing. Hum Genet 2014; 133:895-903. [PMID: 24573176 PMCID: PMC4053599 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-014-1432-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fostering data sharing is a scientific and ethical imperative. Health gains can be achieved more comprehensively and quickly by combining large, information-rich datasets from across conventionally siloed disciplines and geographic areas. While collaboration for data sharing is increasingly embraced by policymakers and the international biomedical community, we lack a common ethical and legal framework to connect regulators, funders, consortia, and research projects so as to facilitate genomic and clinical data linkage, global science collaboration, and responsible research conduct. Governance tools can be used to responsibly steer the sharing of data for proper stewardship of research discovery, genomics research resources, and their clinical applications. In this article, we propose that an international code of conduct be designed to enable global genomic and clinical data sharing for biomedical research. To give this proposed code universal application and accountability, however, we propose to position it within a human rights framework. This proposition is not without precedent: international treaties have long recognized that everyone has a right to the benefits of scientific progress and its applications, and a right to the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from scientific productions. It is time to apply these twin rights to internationally collaborative genomic and clinical data sharing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartha M. Knoppers
- Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, 740 Dr. Penfield Avenue, Suite 5200, Montreal, H3A 0G1 Canada
| | - Jennifer R. Harris
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Genes and Environment, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 4404, Nydalen, 0403 Oslo Norway
| | - Isabelle Budin-Ljøsne
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Genes and Environment, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 4404, Nydalen, 0403 Oslo Norway
| | - Edward S. Dove
- Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, 740 Dr. Penfield Avenue, Suite 5200, Montreal, H3A 0G1 Canada
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14
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Knoppers BM. International ethics harmonization and the global alliance for genomics and health. Genome Med 2014; 6:13. [PMID: 25031613 PMCID: PMC3979077 DOI: 10.1186/gm530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bartha M Knoppers
- Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, 740 Dr. Penfield Avenue, Suite 5200, Montreal H3A 0G1, Canada
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15
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Dove ES, Ozdemir V. Glocal bioethics: When international IRB collaboration confronts local politics. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOETHICS : AJOB 2014; 14:20-23. [PMID: 24766116 DOI: 10.1080/15265161.2014.892178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
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