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Runa F, Ortiz-Soto G, de Barros NR, Kelber JA. Targeting SMAD-Dependent Signaling: Considerations in Epithelial and Mesenchymal Solid Tumors. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:326. [PMID: 38543112 PMCID: PMC10975212 DOI: 10.3390/ph17030326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
SMADs are the canonical intracellular effector proteins of the TGF-β (transforming growth factor-β). SMADs translocate from plasma membrane receptors to the nucleus regulated by many SMAD-interacting proteins through phosphorylation and other post-translational modifications that govern their nucleocytoplasmic shuttling and subsequent transcriptional activity. The signaling pathway of TGF-β/SMAD exhibits both tumor-suppressing and tumor-promoting phenotypes in epithelial-derived solid tumors. Collectively, the pleiotropic nature of TGF-β/SMAD signaling presents significant challenges for the development of effective cancer therapies. Here, we review preclinical studies that evaluate the efficacy of inhibitors targeting major SMAD-regulating and/or -interacting proteins, particularly enzymes that may play important roles in epithelial or mesenchymal compartments within solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhana Runa
- Department of Biology, California State University Northridge, Northridge, CA 91330, USA
| | | | | | - Jonathan A Kelber
- Department of Biology, California State University Northridge, Northridge, CA 91330, USA
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA
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2
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Zabihi M, Lotfi R, Yousefi AM, Bashash D. Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases: from biology to tumorigenesis and therapeutic opportunities. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023; 149:1585-1606. [PMID: 35781526 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-022-04135-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The discussion on cell proliferation cannot be continued without taking a look at the cell cycle regulatory machinery. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), cyclins, and CDK inhibitors (CKIs) are valuable members of this system and their equilibrium guarantees the proper progression of the cell cycle. As expected, any dysregulation in the expression or function of these components can provide a platform for excessive cell proliferation leading to tumorigenesis. The high frequency of CDK abnormalities in human cancers, together with their druggable structure has raised the possibility that perhaps designing a series of inhibitors targeting CDKs might be advantageous for restricting the survival of tumor cells; however, their application has faced a serious concern, since these groups of serine-threonine kinases possess non-canonical functions as well. In the present review, we aimed to take a look at the biology of CDKs and then magnify their contribution to tumorigenesis. Then, by arguing the bright and dark aspects of CDK inhibition in the treatment of human cancers, we intend to reach a consensus on the application of these inhibitors in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Zabihi
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Lotfi
- Clinical Research Development Center, Tohid Hospital, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Amir-Mohammad Yousefi
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davood Bashash
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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3
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Wen J, Zhang X, Rush E, Panickan VA, Li X, Cai T, Zhou D, Ho YL, Costa L, Begoli E, Hong C, Gaziano JM, Cho K, Lu J, Liao KP, Zitnik M, Cai T. Multimodal representation learning for predicting molecule-disease relations. Bioinformatics 2023; 39:7034101. [PMID: 36805623 PMCID: PMC9940625 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btad085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION Predicting molecule-disease indications and side effects is important for drug development and pharmacovigilance. Comprehensively mining molecule-molecule, molecule-disease and disease-disease semantic dependencies can potentially improve prediction performance. METHODS We introduce a Multi-Modal REpresentation Mapping Approach to Predicting molecular-disease relations (M2REMAP) by incorporating clinical semantics learned from electronic health records (EHR) of 12.6 million patients. Specifically, M2REMAP first learns a multimodal molecule representation that synthesizes chemical property and clinical semantic information by mapping molecule chemicals via a deep neural network onto the clinical semantic embedding space shared by drugs, diseases and other common clinical concepts. To infer molecule-disease relations, M2REMAP combines multimodal molecule representation and disease semantic embedding to jointly infer indications and side effects. RESULTS We extensively evaluate M2REMAP on molecule indications, side effects and interactions. Results show that incorporating EHR embeddings improves performance significantly, for example, attaining an improvement over the baseline models by 23.6% in PRC-AUC on indications and 23.9% on side effects. Further, M2REMAP overcomes the limitation of existing methods and effectively predicts drugs for novel diseases and emerging pathogens. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION The code is available at https://github.com/celehs/M2REMAP, and prediction results are provided at https://shiny.parse-health.org/drugs-diseases-dev/. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wen
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02130, USA
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Everett Rush
- Department of Energy, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Vidul A Panickan
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02130, USA
| | - Xingyu Li
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tianrun Cai
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02130, USA.,Mass General Brigham, Boston, MA 02130, USA
| | - Doudou Zhou
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Yuk-Lam Ho
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02130, USA
| | - Lauren Costa
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02130, USA
| | - Edmon Begoli
- Department of Energy, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Chuan Hong
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02130, USA.,Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - J Michael Gaziano
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02130, USA.,Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kelly Cho
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02130, USA.,Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Junwei Lu
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02130, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Katherine P Liao
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02130, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Marinka Zitnik
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Harvard Data Science Initiative, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Tianxi Cai
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02130, USA.,Mass General Brigham, Boston, MA 02130, USA
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4
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Ghafouri-Fard S, Khoshbakht T, Hussen BM, Dong P, Gassler N, Taheri M, Baniahmad A, Dilmaghani NA. A review on the role of cyclin dependent kinases in cancers. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:325. [PMID: 36266723 PMCID: PMC9583502 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02747-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) class of serine/threonine kinases has crucial roles in the regulation of cell cycle transition and is mainly involved in the pathogenesis of cancers. The expression of CDKs is controlled by a complex regulatory network comprised of genetic and epigenetic mechanisms, which are dysregulated during the progression of cancer. The abnormal activation of CDKs results in uncontrolled cancer cell proliferation and the induction of cancer stem cell characteristics. The levels of CDKs can be utilized to predict the prognosis and treatment response of cancer patients, and further understanding of the function and underlying mechanisms of CDKs in human tumors would pave the way for future cancer therapies that effectively target CDKs. Defects in the regulation of cell cycle and mutations in the genes coding cell-cycle regulatory proteins lead to unrestrained proliferation of cells leading to formation of tumors. A number of treatment modalities have been designed to combat dysregulation of cell cycle through affecting expression or activity of CDKs. However, effective application of these methods in the clinical settings requires recognition of the role of CDKs in the progression of each type of cancer, their partners, their interactions with signaling pathways and the effects of suppression of these kinases on malignant features. Thus, we designed this literature search to summarize these findings at cellular level, as well as in vivo and clinical levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tayyebeh Khoshbakht
- Men's Health and Reproductive Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bashdar Mahmud Hussen
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq.,Center of Research and Strategic Studies, Lebanese French University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Peixin Dong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Nikolaus Gassler
- Section of Pathology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
| | - Aria Baniahmad
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
| | - Nader Akbari Dilmaghani
- Skull Base Research Center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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ZL-n-91, a specific Phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor, suppresses the growth of triple-negative breast cancer. Invest New Drugs 2022; 40:875-883. [PMID: 35674866 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-022-01258-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive subtype of breast cancer that frequently develops resistance to chemotherapy. A new approach to treating TNBC is required to improve patient survival. Phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) is an enzyme that is predominantly involved in the modulation of intracellular signaling mediated by cAMP. Although the efficacy of PDE4 inhibitors in several human inflammatory diseases is well documented, their clinical utility has been limited by side effects, including nausea and emesis. Recently, PDE4 has been used as a potential therapeutic target for different cancer types. In the present study, we investigated the anticancer effects of a novel PDE4 inhibitor ZL-n-91 on TNBC and the underlying mechanism. We showed that ZL-n-91 inhibited the proliferation of TNBC cells, induced cell apoptosis, and caused cell cycle arrest. Western blot analysis showed that ZL-n-91 increased Bax level and reduced Bcl-2 expression. Furthermore, downregulation of the cell cycle-related proteins, such as CDK2, CDK4, cyclin D1, PCNA, p-RB, and ZL-n-91, significantly inhibited the transcription of DNA repair genes and triggered an intracellular DNA damage response. Moreover, ZL-n-91 prevented the growth of the transplanted MDA-MB-231 tumor xenograft in nude mice and increased the γ-H2AX expression. These data demonstrate the anticancer effects of ZL-n-91 on TNBC cells and suggest its potential use in anticancer therapy.
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Liu S, Wen C. miR-141-3p promotes retinoblastoma progression via inhibiting sushi domain-containing protein 2. Bioengineered 2022; 13:7410-7424. [PMID: 35259051 PMCID: PMC8973658 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2048770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma, often referred to as eye cancer, is a common primary pediatric intraocular malignancy. In this framework, micro ribose nucleic acids (miRNAs) play essential roles in retinoblastoma oncogenesis and development. However, the function and mechanism of the miR-141-3p/sushi domain-containing protein 2 (SUSD2) axis in retinoblastoma are unclear. To address these issues, miR-141-3p and SUSD2 expressions between the retinoblastoma patients and the normal control are identified by analyzing the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets. Moreover, bioinformatics analysis, a dual-luciferase reporter assay, functional loss, and gain together with rescue experiments are employed to explore the biological function and molecular mechanisms of the miR-141-3p/SUSD2 axis in retinoblastoma oncogenesis and development. Our data showed that SUSD2 levels are considerably decreased in retinoblastoma cells and tissues. SUSD2 overexpression inhibited viability, promoting apoptosis of retinoblastoma cells and inhibiting tube formation of primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in vitro. The bioinformatics analysis and dual-luciferase reporter tests showed that SUSD2 is directly regulated by miR-141-3p. The miR-141-3p inhibition suppressed retinoblastoma growth and angiogenesis, while miR-141-3p overexpression increased retinoblastoma growth and angiogenesis, which is partially reversed when SUSD2 is over-expressed both in vivo and in vitro. In conclusion, SUSD2 is a tumor-suppressor in retinoblastoma. miR-141-3p/SUSD2 axis played an essential role in regulating angiogenesis and retinoblastoma progression, serving as a new biomarker for management of retinoblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiliang Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chenting Wen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Eighth People's Hospital, Shanghai, Hubei, China
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Wang J, Wei B, Thakur K, Wang CY, Li KX, Wei ZJ. Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Anti-cancerous Mechanism of Licochalcone A on Human Hepatoma Cell HepG2. Front Nutr 2022; 8:807574. [PMID: 34988109 PMCID: PMC8720858 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.807574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma is a malignancy with a low survival rate globally, and there is imperative to unearth novel natural phytochemicals as effective therapeutic strategies. Licochalcone A is a chalcone from Glycyrrhiza that displayed various pharmacological efficacy. A globally transcriptome analysis was carried out to reveal the gene expression profiling to explore Licochalcone A's function as an anti-cancer phytochemical on HepG2 cells and investigate its potential mechanisms. Altogether, 6,061 dysregulated genes were detected (3,414 up-regulated and 2,647 down-regulated). SP1 was expected as the transcription factor that regulates the functions of most screened genes. GO and KEGG analysis was conducted, and the MAPK signaling pathway and the FoxO signaling pathway were two critical signal pathways. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis based on STRING platform to discover the hub genes (MAPK1, ATF4, BDNF, CASP3, etc.) in the MAPK signaling pathway and (AKT3, GADD45A, IL6, CDK2, CDKN1A, etc.) the FoxO signaling pathway. The protein level of essential genes that participated in significant pathways was consistent with the transcriptome data. This study will provide an inclusive understanding of the potential anti-cancer mechanism of Licochalcone A on hepatocellular, signifying Licochalcone A as a promising candidate for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- School of Biological Food and Environment, Hefei University, Hefei, China
| | - Bo Wei
- School of Biological Food and Environment, Hefei University, Hefei, China
| | - Kiran Thakur
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China.,School of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Chu-Yan Wang
- School of Biological Food and Environment, Hefei University, Hefei, China
| | - Ke-Xin Li
- School of Biological Food and Environment, Hefei University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhao-Jun Wei
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China.,School of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, China
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8
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A network pharmacology approach to investigate the anticancer mechanism of cinobufagin against hepatocellular carcinoma via downregulation of EGFR-CDK2 signaling. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2021; 431:115739. [PMID: 34619160 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the deadliest cancers with high mortality and poor prognosis, and the investigation on new approaches and effective drugs for HCC therapy is of great significance. In our study, we demonstrate that treatment with cinobufagin, a natural compound isolated from traditional chinese medicine Chansu, reduces proliferation and the colony formation capacity of the human hepatoma cells in vitro, in addition, cinobufagin induces mitotic arrest in human hepatoma cells. The results of a network pharmacology-based analysis show that EGFR, MAPK1, PTK2, CDK2, MAPK3, ESR1, CDK1, PRKCA, AR, and CSNK2A1 are the key targets involved in the anti-tumor activities of cinobufagin, additionally, several signaling pathways such as proteoglycans in cancer, pathways in cancer, HIF-1 signaling pathway, VEGF signaling pathway, ErbB signaling pathway, and PI3K-AKT signaling pathway are identified as the potential pathways involved in the inhibitory effects of cinobufagin against HCC. Furthermore, at the molecular level, we find that cinobufagin decreases EGFR expression and CDK2 activity in human hepatoma cells. Inhibition of EGFR or CDK2 expression could not only suppress the growth of tumor cells but also enhance the inhibitory effects of cinobufagin on the proliferative potential of human hepatoma cells. We also demonstrate that EGFR positively regulates CDK2 expression. Furthermore, EGFR inhibitor gefitinib or CDK2 inhibitor CVT-313 synergistically enhances anticancer effects of cinobufagin in human hepatoma cells. Taken together, these findings indicate that cinobufagin may exert antitumor effects by suppressing EGFR-CDK2 signaling, and our study suggests that cinobufagin may be a novel, promising anticancer agent for the treatment of HCC.
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Huang Z, Su G, Bi X, Zhang L, Xu Z, Wang G. Over-expression of long non-coding RNA insulin-like growth factor 2-antisense suppressed hepatocellular carcinoma cell proliferation and metastasis by regulating the microRNA-520h/cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A signaling pathway. Bioengineered 2021; 12:6952-6966. [PMID: 34516353 PMCID: PMC8806836 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1975016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary liver cancer is the sixth most common cancer and the third leading cause of malignancy-related death worldwide in 2020, with 75–85% of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Evidences have verified that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play key roles in HCC onset and development. However, the function and mechanism of lncRNA insulin-like growth factor 2-antisense (IGF2-AS) in HCC remain unclear. Herein, IGF2-AS expression profile in HCC patients was first investigated based on The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and local HCC patients, followed by prognostic value evaluation using Kaplan–Meier method; then, the bioinformatics analysis, dual-luciferase reporter assay, Spearman correlation assay, function gain, and loss with rescue experiments were applied to investigate the biological function and the involved molecular mechanisms of IGF2-AS in HCC oncogenesis and development. Our results showed that IGF2-AS expression was significantly down-regulated in HCC cells and tissues; lower IGF2-AS expression was significantly associated with poor prognosis of HCC patients; IGF2-AS over-expression inhibited the viability, colony formation, invasion, and migration, while promoted apoptosis in vitro, and inhibited HCC xenograft growth in vivo; IGF2-AS sponged microRNA-520h (miR-520h) to up-regulate IGF2-AS expression, and miR-520h over-expression or cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (CDKN1A) silencing reversed IGF2-AS reduced aggressive behaviors of HCC cells. In conclusion, IGF2-AS is a tumor-suppressor in HCC, and lower IGF2-AS expression is associated with poor prognosis of HCC patients; IGF2-AS inhibits HCC oncogenesis and development by IGF2-AS/miR-520h/CDKN1A pathway. Therefore, IGF2-AS may serve as a new biomarker for HCC management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Huang
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Huizhou First Hospital, Guangdong, China
| | - Guofeng Su
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Huizhou First Hospital, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoxia Bi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Huizhou First Hospital, Guangdong, China
| | - Libo Zhang
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Huizhou First Hospital, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhuohui Xu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Huizhou First Hospital, Guangdong, China
| | - Ge Wang
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Huizhou First Hospital, Guangdong, China
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