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Yıldırım Dişli Ş, Özdöver AC, Yüce E, Dişli AK, Fidan E. Evaluation of digit ratio (2D:4D) in breast cancer patients. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13722. [PMID: 38877071 PMCID: PMC11178796 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64692-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a hormone-dependent cancer. Hormonal exposure begins in the intrauterine period and continues in later years of life. 2D:4D ratio is accepted as an indicator of this exposure. The aim of this study was to investigate whether there is a difference in 2D:4D ratio between pathological subgroups of breast cancer and healthy control group. In this study, 204 participants, 154 breast cancer patients and 50 healthy control volunteers with similar age distribution, were included. Both hands of all participants were scanned using a digital scanner. The second and fourth finger lengths were measured using a digital measuring ruler with an accuracy of 0.05 mm. The 2D:4D ratio was calculated as the length of the second finger divided by the length of the fourth finger. A total of 204 patients (55 triple negative, 52 luminal B, 33 luminal A, 14 HER2-overexpessing and 50 healthy control volunteers) were subjected to finger scanning. There was no statistically significant difference in mean age between the groups. The right hand 2D:4D ratio was significantly lower in the Luminal A group compared to the other groups (p < 0.048). Although prenatal hormonal exposure is accepted as a risk factor for breast cancer, no study has evaluated patients in pathological subgroups. The 2D:4D ratio may be associated with breast cancer especially in the luminal A group in which hormone receptors are strongly positive and which has a better prognosis compared to the other groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Caner Özdöver
- Department of Medical Oncology, Kanuni Research and Education Hospital, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Elif Yüce
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tekirdağ City Hospital, Tekirdağ, Turkey
| | | | - Evren Fidan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
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van Lohuizen R, Paungarttner J, Lampl C, MaassenVanDenBrink A, Al-Hassany L. Considerations for hormonal therapy in migraine patients: a critical review of current practice. Expert Rev Neurother 2023; 24:1-21. [PMID: 38112066 PMCID: PMC10791067 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2023.2296610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Migraine, a neurovascular headache disorder, is a leading cause of disability worldwide. Within the multifaceted pathophysiology of migraine, hormonal fluctuations play an evident triggering and exacerbating role, pointing toward the need for identification and proper usage of both existing and new hormonal targets in migraine treatment. AREAS COVERED With a threefold higher incidence of migraine in women than in men, the authors delve into sex hormone-related events in migraine patients. A comprehensive overview is given of existing hormonal therapies, including oral contraceptives, intrauterine devices, transdermal and subcutaneous estradiol patches, gnRH-agonists, oral testosterone, and 5α reductase inhibitors. The authors discuss their effectiveness and risks, noting their suitability for different patient profiles. Next, novel evolving hormonal treatments, such as oxytocin and prolactin, are explored. Lastly, the authors cover hormonal conditions associated with migraine, such as polycystic ovary syndrome, endometriosis, and transgender persons receiving gender affirming hormone therapy, aiming to provide more personalized and effective solutions for migraine management. EXPERT OPINION Rigorous research into both existing and new hormonal targets, as well as the underlying pathophysiology, is needed to support a tailored approach in migraine treatment, in an ongoing effort to alleviate the impact of migraine on individuals and society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romy van Lohuizen
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Christian Lampl
- Headache Medical Center Linz, Linz, Austria
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Unit, Koventhospital Barmherzige Brüder Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Antoinette MaassenVanDenBrink
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Linda Al-Hassany
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Kobus M, Sitek A, Antoszewski B, Rożniecki JJ, Pełka J, Żądzińska E. The impact of exposure to tobacco smoking and maternal trauma in fetal life on risk of migraine. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1191091. [PMID: 37456999 PMCID: PMC10338879 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1191091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Prenatal period is the key time in human development. Many prenatal factors are well-known and increase the risk of developing diseases' after birth. Few studies indicated the link between the prenatal period and the prevalence of migraine in childhood and adolescence so far. We decided to broaden current knowledge and investigate whether the prenatal factors influence the prevalence of migraine in adulthood. The objective of this study is to provide evidence of relationship between in utero environment and risk of migraine. Methods In total 266 females (136 in the migraine group, 130 in the control group) and 80 males (35 in the migraine group, 45 in the control group), aged 18-65 participated in the study. The quality of prenatal environment was characterized on the basis of mother's and father's education, tobacco smoke exposure, alcohol consumption, and traumatic event during pregnancy, which are considered as prenatal factors and affect on fetal development. Results Migraine occurrence in adulthood was significantly associated with maternal tobacco smoking during pregnancy (OR 3.42, 95% CI 1.54-7.61, p = 0.036) and traumatic event during pregnancy (OR 2.27, 95% CI 1.24-4.13, p = 0.020). Discussion Our study suggests that the fetal programming effect of tobacco smoking exposure and maternal trauma is not limited to prenatal life and is suggested as having a role in adulthood. Our findings support evidence that migraine adulthood can be partly influenced by early life conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kobus
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Aneta Sitek
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Bogusław Antoszewski
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Esthetic Surgery, Institute of Surgery, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Jacek J. Rożniecki
- Department of Neurology, Stroke and Neurorehabilitation, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Jacek Pełka
- Department of Neurology, Norbert Barlicki Memory University Teaching Hospital, Lodz, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Żądzińska
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
- Biological Anthropology and Comparative Anatomy Research Unit, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Arazi H, Birak Olia RB, Eghbali E. Are the digit ratio (2D:4D) and hand grip strength related to Parkinson disease in elderly males? BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2023; 15:34. [PMID: 36941653 PMCID: PMC10026433 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00642-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sex hormones affect the pathogenesis of Parkinson patients and it has been suggested that gender is the most important factor in the development and progression of Parkinson's disease. Studies have shown that the second to fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) is affected by the prenatal testosterone and estrogen levels and can predict predisposition to disease. In addition, decreased muscle strength in people with Parkinson's has been repeatedly reported. Hand grip strength (HGS) is a suitable measure to evaluate the musculoskeletal system among the elderly and it is considered as an indicator of the overall strength of the body. This study aimed at investigating the relationship between Parkinson's disease and HGS and 2D:4D ratio. METHODS In this study 117 elderly men with Parkinson disease (mean age of 61.66 ± 11.28 years) and 156 healthy control subjects (mean age of 61.86 ± 6.29 years) participated. After determining the level of disability of Parkinson patients by a neurologist (level of disability in the range of 1-4), anthropometric indices (height, weight, length of the second and fourth fingers) and maximum HGS were measured. RESULTS Although 2D:4D ratios (right and left hand) of male patients with Parkinson's disease were higher than those of healthy males, this difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.12, P = 0.40; respectively). Conversely, HGS for the right and left hands of Parkinson patients were significantly lower than those of healthy males (P = 0.02, P = 0.03; respectively). The results showed a significant negative relationship between Parkinson disease and the right and left HGS (R = -0.16, P = 0.005; R = -0.17, P = 0.003; respectively). Parkinson disease had no significant relationship with 2D:4D of the right hand, left hand, mean finger ratio and DR-L 2D:4D (P > 0.05). The regression results showed that the right and left HGS were not able to predict Parkinson disease (P = 0.25, P = 0.16; respectively). CONCLUSION We concluded that HGS was negatively associated with the Parkinson disease, but conversely, 2D:4D may not be a valuable biomarker of elevated risk of Parkinson in elderly males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Arazi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, P.O. Box: 41635-1438, Rasht, Iran.
| | - Roghayeh Bavafa Birak Olia
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, P.O. Box: 41635-1438, Rasht, Iran
| | - Ehsan Eghbali
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, P.O. Box: 41635-1438, Rasht, Iran
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Wang X, Na W, Yang Y, Zhang W, Zhao J, Zhang T, Zhou Y, Liu H, Zhao D, Yu S. Should migraine without aura be further divided? A study of 1444 female patients with migraine without aura. J Headache Pain 2023; 24:20. [PMID: 36859169 PMCID: PMC9976374 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-023-01540-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
To explore the possibility of further dividing migraine without aura (MWA), 1444 female patients fulfilled the criterion were recruited, and grouped basing on the association of MWA onset with menarche and childbirth (group J1, onset before menarche; group J2, onset between menarche and childbirth; group J3, onset after childbirth). By comparing migraine (side, location, aggravated by routine physical activity, NRS score, frequency, accompanying symptoms, with premonitory symptom (PS) and trigger, sum of PS and trigger) and migraine-related factors [chronic daily headache, medicine overused headache, body mass index (BMI), education level, exercise status, sleep status, consumption of tea/coffee/alcohol, patient health questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) score and generalized anxiety disorder-7, (GAD-7) score)] among groups, it was found that the J1 group and the J2 group presented more typical migraine features than the J3 group; 2) the J3 group was more prone to emotion and sleep disorders, weight management issues, frequent migraine attacks and medication overuse. This study provided a basis for further dividing MWA. Genetic research should be conducted and treatment should be prescribed accordingly because the underlying pathogenesis may be different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Wang
- grid.414252.40000 0004 1761 8894Department of Neurology, The First Medical Center, The Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Weinan Na
- grid.414252.40000 0004 1761 8894Department of Neurology, The First Medical Center, The Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Yang
- grid.414252.40000 0004 1761 8894Department of Neurology, The First Medical Center, The Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wenwen Zhang
- grid.414252.40000 0004 1761 8894Department of Neurology, The First Medical Center, The Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Junxia Zhao
- grid.414252.40000 0004 1761 8894Department of Neurology, The First Medical Center, The Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- grid.414252.40000 0004 1761 8894Department of Neurology, The First Medical Center, The Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanji Zhou
- grid.414252.40000 0004 1761 8894Department of Neurology, The First Medical Center, The Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Liu
- grid.414252.40000 0004 1761 8894Department of Neurology, The First Medical Center, The Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The First Medical Center, The Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Shengyuan Yu
- Department of Neurology, The First Medical Center, The Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China.
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Todd CM, Yu A, Lay C, Lagman-Bartolome AM. Effect of testosterone therapy on migraine frequency and disability in two transgender patients: a case report. BMJ Case Rep 2023; 16:e251895. [PMID: 36693705 PMCID: PMC9884870 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2022-251895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
With an increasing number of patients seeking gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT), the clinical impact of testosterone treatments on headache needs to be determined. Our case report looks at the potential effect of testosterone on migraine among transgender patients. We present two transmasculine patients who used masculinising hormone therapy with testosterone. Both patients described their headache as moderate-to-severe pain with features that fulfilled the criteria for chronic migraine without aura. Following GAHT, one patient improved in both frequency and intensity of headache symptoms while the other noted improvement in headache intensity alone. Our report postulates that testosterone therapy may have a positive impact on headaches in individuals participating in GAHT, highlighting the need for further research on the role of testosterone therapy on headache in transmasculine individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice Marie Todd
- Centre for Headache, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Neurology, Adult Neurology Fellowship Program, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amy Yu
- Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christine Lay
- Centre for Headache, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ana Marissa Lagman-Bartolome
- Centre for Headache, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Neurology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Ernsten L, Körner LM, Schaper ML, Lawrenz J, Richards G, Heil M, Schaal NK. The association of prenatal amniotic sex hormones and digit ratio (2D:4D) in children aged 5 to 70 months: A longitudinal study. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0282253. [PMID: 36952430 PMCID: PMC10035896 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The sex difference of the 2D:4D digit ratio (female > male)-a proposed marker for prenatal testosterone exposure-is well established. Studies suggest it already exists in utero and is of moderate effect size in adulthood. However, evidence for the claim that 2D:4D reflects prenatal androgen action is limited, and the sex difference may exhibit lability during childhood. In the present study, 244 mothers were recruited in the course of an amniocentesis examination (performed between gestational weeks 14 and 18). Prenatal testosterone (T) and estradiol (E) levels were determined from amniotic fluid for boys and girls. The majority (97.4%, n = 114) of available female T levels (n = 117) were found below the level of quantification. Therefore, only male amniotic fluid data (n = 117) could be included for the analysis of associations between amniotic sex hormones (T levels and T to E ratio (T/E)) and 2D:4D. The families were then invited to each of the five consecutive follow-ups (ages: 5, 9, 20, 40, and 70 months) where children's 2D:4D was measured for both hands. The alternative marker D[r-l] reflects the directional asymmetry of 2D:4D (right subtracted by left 2D:4D) and was subsequently calculated as an additional measure for prenatal T exposure. No significant correlations between amniotic T or the T/E ratio (measured between week 14 and 18 of gestation) with 2D:4D respectively D[r-l] were observed for any time point. There was a significant sex difference (females > males) and a significant age effect with moderate correlations of 2D:4D between time points. 2D:4D increased between 20 and 40 months and between 40 and 70 months of age. The findings raise questions regarding the applicability of 2D:4D as a marker for prenatal androgen action and are discussed in terms of the reliability of obtained digit ratio data as well as in terms of the developmental timing of amniocentesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Ernsten
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lisa M Körner
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marie Luisa Schaper
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Judith Lawrenz
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gareth Richards
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Heil
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nora K Schaal
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Primary Headaches and Physical Performance: A Professional Youth Female Soccer Team Study. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12121702. [PMID: 36552162 PMCID: PMC9776109 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12121702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The vast majority of the research on acute post-traumatic incidents in athletes focuses on migraines. Physical exercise might reduce the frequency of migraines as well as trigger a migraine attack. The objectives of the study were to evaluate primary headache prevalence in professional young female soccer players and to assess whether headaches are related to physical performance. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that has considered the relationship between primary headaches and physical performance assessment. The research was conducted in 19 females aged 12-17 from a professional youth soccer academy. Players completed a questionnaire about health status and then performed laboratory physical tests (e.g., cardiopulmonary tests, countermovement and squat jumps, handgrip, sit-and-reach tests). Subsequently, players were separated into a headache group and a headache-free control group. In the analysed group, eight female players (42%) suffered from primary headaches. Among the performance parameters, a significant result was found in terms of flexibility. Females from the headache group had higher results in the sit-and-reach test than females from the control group (p = 0.029). Flexibility as well as mobility in migraine patients is an area with significant potential for further investigation, as little research has been conducted to date.
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Maternal Age and Behavior during Pregnancy Affect the 2D:4D Digit Ratio in Polish Children Aged 6–13 Years. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11091286. [PMID: 36138765 PMCID: PMC9527011 DOI: 10.3390/biology11091286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: The length of the second and fourth finger calculated as a ratio (2D:4D) is a marker of prenatal exposure to sex hormones. Higher exposure to testosterone is related to a lower 2D:4D digit ratio, and inversely, higher exposure to estrogen is related to a higher 2D:4D. The digit ratio in humans (prenatally determined by sex hormone levels and androgen receptor activity) is associated with multiple biological, cognitive, and behavioral traits, as well as health in later life. The aim of this study was to verify if maternal traits during pregnancy are associated with 2D:4D among their children. Methods: We investigated 537 boys, 646 girls, and their mothers. The investigation consisted of a questionnaire and a measurement part. In the questionnaire, we included questions about maternal traits during pregnancy such as: illnesses, active and passive smoking, work activity, psychological trauma (death or serious illness of a loved one, divorce, job loss), and age. We performed length measurements of the second and fourth fingers on both hands for both study groups. Results: The GLM analysis showed that children of smoking mothers were characterized by a higher 2D:4D R as compared to their peers whose mothers did not smoke (β = 0.10, p = 0.0008). In turn, the offspring of women who worked during pregnancy exhibited lower 2D:4D R values than the children of women who did not work (β = −0.07, p = 0.0233). It should be noted, however, that the effects of those maternal factors were small, as each of them explained less than 1% of 2D:4D R in the population, adjusted for child age and sex. Pearson’s linear correlation revealed that maternal age was negatively correlated with 2D:4D R in daughters (r = −0.11, p = 0.0137), but not in sons (r = 0.02, p = 0.6908). The negative correlation of 2D:4D R with maternal age indicates that the daughters of older mothers exhibited lower values of that ratio relative to the same-age daughters of younger mothers. Conclusions: For both study groups, the right-hand digit ratio was positively correlated with maternal smoking and negatively with maternal work during pregnancy. Maternal age during pregnancy was negatively related to right hand 2D:4D only among girls.
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Kobus M, Żądzińska E, Sitek A, Pełka J, Rożniecki JJ, Antoszewski B. Risk of Migraine in Europeans with Low Melanin Levels—A Population Based Case-Control Study. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12050620. [PMID: 35625007 PMCID: PMC9139100 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12050620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Populations with a relatively low concentration of melanin, e.g., inhabitants of Europe, North America, and Australia, are the most vulnerable to the harmful effects of UV radiation. Individuals with fair phototype are at greatest risk of developing skin cancer. Several neurological studies present that light skin may modify the risk of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. However, the relationship between migraine and skin pigmentation has not been investigated yet. The objective of this study is to provide evidence of the relationship between skin pigmentation and migraine prevalence in adults. We examined a group of 148 adults (33 men, 115 women) with migraine and a control group of 107 adults (43 men, 64 women). Parameters of skin pigmentation (melanin index, erythema index, CIElab, and RGB scales) were measured using a DSM II Cortex Technology dermospectrophotometer. Risk of migraine in lightly pigmented adults was elevated. Individuals with a low melanin index had over 3-fold increased risk of migraine (women: OR 3.53, men: OR 3.73). Fair phototype, which results from lightly pigmented skin, was associated with migraine prevalence. Migraineurs should take extra care to protect their skin from the negative effects of solar radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kobus
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland; (E.Ż.); (A.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Elżbieta Żądzińska
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland; (E.Ż.); (A.S.)
- Biological Anthropology and Comparative Anatomy Research Unit, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, SA, Australia
| | - Aneta Sitek
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland; (E.Ż.); (A.S.)
| | - Jacek Pełka
- Department of Neurology, Norbert Barlicki Memory University Teaching Hospital, 90-153 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Jacek J. Rożniecki
- Department of Neurology, Stroke and Neurorehabilitation, Medical University of Lodz, 90-153 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Bogusław Antoszewski
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Institute of Surgery, Medical University of Lodz, 90-153 Lodz, Poland;
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