Cordyceps bassiana inhibits smooth muscle cell proliferation via the ERK1/2 MAPK signaling pathway

Flavonoids as Strong Inhibitors of MAPK3: A Computational Drug Discovery Approach

Background

Mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 (MAPK3) mediates the onset, progression, metastasis, drug resistance, and poor prognosis in various malignancies, including glioma, liver, ovarian, thyroid, lung, breast, gastric, and oral cancers. Negative regulation of MAPK3 expression using miRNAs has led to therapeutic effects in cancer.

Objectives

The present study performed molecular docking and dynamics simulation to identify potential MAPK3 inhibitors from natural flavonoids, possibly leading to drug development in cancer therapy.

Methods

A computational drug discovery approach was performed using the AutoDock tool to identify potential MAPK3 inhibitors from 46 plant-based flavonoids. A cross-validation study was executed using the Schrödinger Maestro docking tool. Molecular dynamics (MD) was executed to evaluate the stability of docked poses between the top-ranked compounds and the MAPK3 catalytic domain. Interactions among the most potent MAPK3 inhibitors and residues within the receptor's active site were studied using the BIOVIA Discovery Studio Visualizer before and after 100 ns MD simulations.

Results

Kaempferol 3-rutinoside-4'-glucoside, kaempferol 3-rutinoside-7-sophoroside, rutin, and vicenin-2 exhibited a magnificent binding affinity to the receptor's active site. In addition, the stability of the docked poses of these compounds seemed to be stable after ∼45 ns computer simulations.

Conclusion

The present study suggests that kaempferol 3-rutinoside-4'-glucoside, kaempferol 3-rutinoside-7-sophoroside, rutin, and vicenin-2 could strongly bind to the MAPK3 catalytic site and could be assigned as a potent inhibitor for MAPK3. These findings may be helpful in the treatment of various cancers. However, further validation experiments are needed.

ATF4 promotes brain vascular smooth muscle cells proliferation, invasion and migration by targeting miR-552-SKI axis

Background

Studies have indicated vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) played a crucial role in atherosclerosis and microRNAs (miRNAs) played key roles in biological functions of VSMCs. Whereas, the potential function and mechanism of miR-552 in VSMCs remains unclear. Our aim was to explore the role of miR-552 on VSMCs and underlying mechanism.

Material/Methods

MTT assay and transwell assay were used to measure the proliferation, invasion, and migration of human brain VSMCs (HBVSMCs) and mice VSMCs (mVSMCs), respectively. Bioinformatics tools and luciferase assay were adopted to verify the association between miR-552 and SKI. Rescue experiments were employed to assess the interaction of miR-552 and SKI in modulating biological functions in HBVSMCs and mVSMCs. The expression level of transcription factors (TFs)was measured via qRT-PCR assay. The effect of ATF4 on miR-552 and SKI expression was tested by qRT-PCR or western blot assay. Finally, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay and JASPAR databases were used to analyze the regulatory linkage between ATF4 and miR-552.

Results

We found that miR-552 was upregulated in HBVSMCs treated with PDGF-bb and miR-552 overexpression could promote proliferation, invasion, and migration of HBVSMCs and mVSMCs, whereas, miR-552 knockdown had the opposite impact. In addition, we also found that SKI was a direct target of miR-552, which reversed miR-552-mediated proliferation, invasion, and migration in HBVSMCs and mVSMCs. Furthermore, we also discovered that miR-552 overexpression promoted the effects of ATF4 elevation on proliferation, migration and invasion of HBVSMCs and mVSMCs, but, miR-552 decline had the opposite impact.

Conclusions

ATF4-miR-552-SKI axis played critical roles in the proliferation and migration of HBVSMCs and mVSMCs, which were closely involved in atherosclerosis (AS). Therefore, our findings might offer a novel therapeutic target for AS.

Circulatory Endothelin 1-Regulating RNAs Panel: Promising Biomarkers for Non-Invasive NAFLD/NASH Diagnosis and Stratification: Clinical and Molecular Pilot Study

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the major seeds of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. There is no convenient reliable non-invasive early diagnostic tool available for NAFLD/NASH diagnosis and stratification. Recently, the role of cytosolic sensor, stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling pathway in pathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) has been evidenced in research. We have selected EDN1/TNF/MAPK3/EP300/hsa-miR-6888-5p/lncRNA RABGAP1L-DT-206 RNA panel from bioinformatics microarrays databases related to STING pathway and NAFLD/NASH pathogenesis. We have used reverse-transcriptase real-time polymerase chain reaction to assess the expression of the serum RNAs panel in NAFLD/NASH without suspicion of advanced fibrosis, NAFLD/with NASH patients with suspicion of advanced fibrosis and controls. Additionally, we have assessed the diagnostic performance of the Ribonucleic acid (RNA) panel. We have detected upregulation of the EDN1 regulating RNAs panel expression in NAFLD/NASH cases compared to healthy controls. We concluded that this circulatory RNA panel could enable us to discriminate NAFLD/NASH cases from controls, and also NAFLD/NASH cases (F1, F2) from advanced fibrosis stages (F3, F4).

Cordyceps spp.: A Review on Its Immune-Stimulatory and Other Biological Potentials

In recent decades, interest in the Cordyceps genus has amplified due to its immunostimulatory potential. Cordyceps species, its extracts, and bioactive constituents have been related with cytokine production such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, phagocytosis stimulation of immune cells, nitric oxide production by increasing inducible nitric oxide synthase activity, and stimulation of inflammatory response via mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Other pharmacological activities like antioxidant, anti-cancer, antihyperlipidemic, anti-diabetic, anti-fatigue, anti-aging, hypocholesterolemic, hypotensive, vasorelaxation, anti-depressant, aphrodisiac, and kidney protection, has been reported in pre-clinical studies. These biological activities are correlated with the bioactive compounds present in Cordyceps including nucleosides, sterols, flavonoids, cyclic peptides, phenolic, bioxanthracenes, polyketides, and alkaloids, being the cyclic peptides compounds the most studied. An organized review of the existing literature was executed by surveying several databanks like PubMed, Scopus, etc. using keywords like Cordyceps, cordycepin, immune system, immunostimulation, immunomodulatory, pharmacology, anti-cancer, anti-viral, clinical trials, ethnomedicine, pharmacology, phytochemical analysis, and different species names. This review collects and analyzes state-of-the-art about the properties of Cordyceps species along with ethnopharmacological properties, application in food, chemical compounds, extraction of bioactive compounds, and various pharmacological properties with a special focus on the stimulatory properties of immunity.

4-Methoxyphenyl (E)-3-(Furan-3-yl) Acrylate Inhibits Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation

The Cordyceps extract exhibits antiproliferative potential in vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) through the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. In this study, we aimed to identify the active compounds in the Cordyceps extract and analyze their role in remodeling the arterial wall. On investigation, we discovered the following active compound: 4-methoxyphenyl (E)-3-(furan-3-yl) acrylate and synthesized it. We performed antiproliferation and antimigration assays in addition to an in vivo vessel wall remodeling experiment. Investigation of the mechanism adopted by the active compound to remodel the vessel was performed. The newly synthesized compound inhibited the proliferation and migration of SMCs. Treatment with the synthesized compound reduced neointima formation in the balloon-injured Sprague-Dawley rat model. In addition, this compound inhibited the activation of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 in type I collagen-activated SMCs. Moreover, this compound suppressed the expression of cycloxygenase-2 (COX-2) in SMCs. Therefore, this compound can exert potential antiarteriosclerotic effects by modulating vessel wall remodeling. In conclusion, the newly synthesized 4-methoxyphenyl (E)-3-(furan-3-yl) acrylate might be an alternative therapeutic intervention for the treatment of atherosclerosis.

Downregulation of miR-637 promotes vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration via regulation of insulin-like growth factor-2

Background

Dysregulation of the proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is a crucial cause of atherosclerosis. MiR-637 exerts an antiproliferative effect on multiple human cells. Its impact on atherosclerosis remains largely unexplored.

Methods

Real-time PCR was used to determine miR-637 expression in samples from atherosclerosis patients and animal models. Its expression in VSMC dysfunction models (induced by ox-LDL) was also measured. The proliferation and migration of VSMCs were respectively tested using CCK-8 and Transwell assays, and apoptosis was measured using flow cytometry. The Targetscan database was used to predict the target genes of miR-637. Interaction between miR-637 and the potential target gene was validated via real-time PCR, western blotting and a luciferase reporter assay.

Results

MiR-637 expression was significantly lower in atherosclerosis patient and animal model samples. It also decreased in a dose- and time-dependent manner in animal models with ox-LDL-induced atherosclerosis. Transfection with miR-637 mimics suppressed the proliferation and migration of VSMCs while promoting apoptosis, while transfection with miR-637 inhibitors had the opposite effects. We also validated that insulin-like growth factor-2 (IGF-2), a crucial factor in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, serves as a target gene for miR-637.

Conclusion

MiR-637 targeting IGF-2 contributes to atherosclerosis inhibition and could be a potential target for this disease.