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Ahmed MA, Mahmoud SA, Mohamed AA. Nanomaterials-modified reverse osmosis membranes: a comprehensive review. RSC Adv 2024; 14:18879-18906. [PMID: 38873545 PMCID: PMC11167617 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra01796j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Because of its great efficiency and widespread application, reverse osmosis (RO) is a popular tool for water desalination and purification. However, traditional RO membranes have a short lifespan due to membrane fouling, deterioration, decreased salt rejection rate, and the low water flux with aging. As a result, membrane modification has received a lot of attention recently, with nanomaterials being extensively researched to improve membrane efficacy and lifespan. Herein, we present an in-depth analysis of recent advances of RO membranes modification utilizing nanomaterials. An overview of the various nanomaterials used for membrane modification, including metal oxides, zeolites, and carbon nanomaterials, is provided. The synthesis techniques and methods of integrating these nanomaterials into RO membranes are also discussed. The impacts of nanomaterial change on the performance of RO membranes are addressed. The underlying mechanisms responsible for RO membrane enhancements by nanomaterials, such as improved surface hydrophilicity, reduced membrane fouling via surface repulsion and anti-adhesion properties, and enhanced structural stability, are discussed. Furthermore, the review provides a critical analysis of the challenges and limitations associated with the use of nanomaterials to modify RO membranes. Overall, this review provides valuable insights into the modification of RO membranes with nanomaterials, providing a full grasp of the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of this challenging topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud A Ahmed
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University Cairo-11566 Egypt
- Veolia Water Technologies Cairo 11835 Egypt
| | - Safwat A Mahmoud
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Northern Border University Arar 13211 Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashraf A Mohamed
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University Cairo-11566 Egypt
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2
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Nambi Krishnan J, Venkatachalam KR, Ghosh O, Jhaveri K, Palakodeti A, Nair N. Review of Thin Film Nanocomposite Membranes and Their Applications in Desalination. Front Chem 2022; 10:781372. [PMID: 35186879 PMCID: PMC8848102 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.781372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
All over the world, almost one billion people live in regions where water is scarce. It is also estimated that by 2035, almost 3.5 billion people will be experiencing water scarcity. Hence, there is a need for water based technologies. In separation processes, membrane based technologies have been a popular choice due to its advantages over other techniques. In recent decades, sustained research in the field of membrane technology has seen a remarkable surge in the development of membrane technology, particularly because of reduction of energy footprints and cost. One such development is the inclusion of nanoparticles in thin film composite membranes, commonly referred to as Thin Film Nanocomposite Membranes (TFN). This review covers the development, characteristics, advantages, and applications of TFN technology since its introduction in 2007 by Hoek. After a brief overview on the existing membrane technology, this review discusses TFN membranes. This discussion includes TFN membrane synthesis, characterization, and enhanced properties due to the incorporation of nanoparticles. An attempt is made to summarize the various nanoparticles used for preparing TFNs and the effects they have on membrane performance towards desalination. The improvement in membrane performance is generally observed in properties such as permeability, selectivity, chlorine stability, and antifouling. Subsequently, the application of TFNs in Reverse Osmosis (RO) alongside other desalination alternatives like Multiple Effect Flash evaporator and Multi-Stage Flash distillation is covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jegatha Nambi Krishnan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, K.K. Birla Goa Campus, Zuarinagar, India
- *Correspondence: Jegatha Nambi Krishnan,
| | - Kaarthick Raaja Venkatachalam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, K.K. Birla Goa Campus, Zuarinagar, India
| | - Oindrila Ghosh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, K.K. Birla Goa Campus, Zuarinagar, India
| | - Krutarth Jhaveri
- Strategic Engagement and Analysis Group, Rocky Mountain Institute, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Advait Palakodeti
- Process and Environmental Technology Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nikhil Nair
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, K.K. Birla Goa Campus, Zuarinagar, India
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Mehta R, Brahmbhatt H, Bhojani G, Bhattacharya A. Polypyrrole as the interlayer for thin‐film poly(piperazine‐amide) composite membranes: Separation behavior of salts and pesticides. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Romil Mehta
- Membrane Science and Separation Technology Division Council of Scientific and Industrial Research—Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR‐CSMCRI) Bhavnagar, Gujarat India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research—Human Resource Development Centre Campus Ghaziabad Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Harshad Brahmbhatt
- Analytical and Environmental Science Division and Centralized Instrument Facility Council of Scientific and Industrial Research—Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR‐CSMCRI) Bhavnagar, Gujarat India
| | - Gopal Bhojani
- Membrane Science and Separation Technology Division Council of Scientific and Industrial Research—Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR‐CSMCRI) Bhavnagar, Gujarat India
| | - Amit Bhattacharya
- Membrane Science and Separation Technology Division Council of Scientific and Industrial Research—Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR‐CSMCRI) Bhavnagar, Gujarat India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research—Human Resource Development Centre Campus Ghaziabad Uttar Pradesh India
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Mn 3O 4 nanoparticles: Synthesis, characterization and their antimicrobial and anticancer activity against A549 and MCF-7 cell lines. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:1196-1202. [PMID: 33613047 PMCID: PMC7878830 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.11.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to their inexpensive and eco-friendly nature, and existence of manganese in various oxidation states and their natural abundance have attained significant attention for the formation of Mn3O4 nanoparticles (Mn3O4 NPs). Herein, we report the preparation of Mn3O4 nanoparticles using manganese nitrate as a precursor material by utilization of a precipitation technique. The as-prepared Mn3O4 nanoparticles (Mn3O4 NPs) were characterized by using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), UV-Visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), High-Resolution Transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The antimicrobial properties of the as-synthesized Mn3O4 nanoparticles were investigated against numerous bacterial and fungal strains including S. aureus, E. coli, B. subtilis, P. aeruginosa, A. flavus and C. albicans. The Mn3O4 NPs inhibited the growth of S. aureus with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 40 μg/ml and C. albicans with a MIC of 15 μg/ml. Furthermore, the Mn3O4 NPs anti-cancer activity was examined using MTT essay against A549 lung and MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines. The Mn3O4 NPs revealed significant activity against the examined cancer cell lines A549 and MCF-7. The IC50 values of Mn3O4 NPs with A549 cell line was found at concentration of 98 µg/mL and MCF-7 cell line was found at concentration of 25 µg/mL.
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Alshahrani AA, Alsuhybani M, Algamdi MS, Alquppani D, Mashhour I, Alshammari MS, Alsohaimi IH, Alraddadi TS. Evaluating the performance of chitosan and chitosan-palm membrane for water treatment: preparation, characterization and purification study. JOURNAL OF TAIBAH UNIVERSITY FOR SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/16583655.2021.1885192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dewihi Alquppani
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim Mashhour
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Thamer S. Alraddadi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences and Arts-Alkamil, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Maalige R N, Aruchamy K, Polishetti V, Halakarni M, Mahto A, Mondal D, Sanna Kotrappanavar N. Restructuring thin film composite membrane interfaces using biopolymer as a sustainable alternative to prevent organic fouling. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 254:117297. [PMID: 33357865 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Replacing polyamide (PA) layer in commercially successful thin film composite (TFC) membranes prepared via interfacial polymerization has been challenging task. Lately, PA is under scrutiny due to its increasing fouling propensity for highly contaminated waters. To mitigate the bio and organic fouling on PA layer in nanofiltration (NF) membranes in a long run, present study attempts to create a new interfacial thin film asymmetric structure using biopolymer chitosan as sustainable alternative. Herein, the effect of chitosan-silver on porous support structure and filtration performance were systematically investigated. Further, the membranes were characterized for their functionality and surface characteristics using ATR-IR, FESEM, AFM, UV-vis spectroscopy and contact angle measurements, respectively. New asymmetric membrane performances in cross flow process were evaluated in terms of pure water flux, NaCl (∼40 %), red brown/organic dye (>98 %) and tannery wastewater flux and rejection (>98 %). With a higher pure water flux (>100 L m-2 h-1) compared to control (40 L m-2 h-1) at 4 bar, membrane showed exceptional antifouling behaviors in comparison to commercial PA membrane. Further, surface characteristics of the membranes before and after rigorous testing were evaluated using AFM micrographs and SEM imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Maalige R
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Jain Global Campus, Kanakapura, Ramanagara, Bangalore, 562112, India
| | - Kanakaraj Aruchamy
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Jain Global Campus, Kanakapura, Ramanagara, Bangalore, 562112, India
| | - Veerababu Polishetti
- CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), B.G. Marg, Bhavnagar, 364002, India
| | - Mahaveer Halakarni
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Jain Global Campus, Kanakapura, Ramanagara, Bangalore, 562112, India
| | - Ashesh Mahto
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Jain Global Campus, Kanakapura, Ramanagara, Bangalore, 562112, India
| | - Dibyendu Mondal
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Jain Global Campus, Kanakapura, Ramanagara, Bangalore, 562112, India.
| | - Nataraj Sanna Kotrappanavar
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Jain Global Campus, Kanakapura, Ramanagara, Bangalore, 562112, India; IMDEA Water Institute, Avenida Punto Com, 2, Parque Cientıfco Tecnoĺogico de la Universidad de Alcala, Alcal ́a de Henares, 28805, Madrid, Spain.
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7
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Vetrivel S, Saraswathi MSSA, Rana D, Divya K, Nagendran A. Cellulose acetate ultrafiltration membranes customized with copper oxide nanoparticles for efficient separation with antifouling behavior. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Selvaraj Vetrivel
- Polymeric Materials Research Lab, PG & Research Department of Chemistry Alagappa Government Arts College Karaikudi India
| | | | - Dipak Rana
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University of Ottawa Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Kumar Divya
- Polymeric Materials Research Lab, PG & Research Department of Chemistry Alagappa Government Arts College Karaikudi India
| | - Alagumalai Nagendran
- Polymeric Materials Research Lab, PG & Research Department of Chemistry Alagappa Government Arts College Karaikudi India
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Jahan Sajib MS, Wei Y, Mishra A, Zhang L, Nomura KI, Kalia RK, Vashishta P, Nakano A, Murad S, Wei T. Atomistic Simulations of Biofouling and Molecular Transfer of a Cross-linked Aromatic Polyamide Membrane for Desalination. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:7658-7668. [PMID: 32460500 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c01308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Reverse osmosis through a polyamide (PA) membrane is an important technique for water desalination and purification. In this study, molecular dynamics simulations were performed to study the biofouling mechanism (i.e., protein adsorption) and nonequilibrium steady-state water transfer of a cross-linked PA membrane. Our results demonstrated that the PA membrane surface's roughness is a key factor of surface's biofouling, as the lysozyme protein adsorbed on the surface's cavity site displays extremely low surface diffusivity, blocking water passage, and decreasing water flux. The adsorbed protein undergoes secondary structural changes, particularly in the pressure-driven flowing conditions, leading to strong protein-surface interactions. Our simulations were able to present water permeation close to the experimental conditions with a pressure difference as low as 5 MPa, while all the electrolytes, which are tightly surrounded by hydration water, were effectively rejected at the membrane surfaces. The analysis of the self-intermediate scattering function demonstrates that the dynamics of water molecules coordinated with hydrogen bonds is faster inside the pores than during the translation across the pores. The pressure difference applied shows a negligible effect on the water structure and content inside the membrane but facilitates the transportation of hydrogen-bonded water molecules through the membrane's sub-nanopores with a reduced coordination number. The linear relationship between the water flux and the pressure difference demonstrates the applicability of continuum hydrodynamic principles and thus the stability of the membrane structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Symon Jahan Sajib
- Chemical Engineering Department, Howard University, 2366 Sixth Street NW, Washington, District of Columbia 20059, United States
| | - Ying Wei
- School of Information Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Tan Kah Kee College, 422 Siming South Road, Zhangzhou, Fujian 363105, China
| | - Ankit Mishra
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Southern California, 925 Bloom Walk, HED 216, Los Angeles, California 90007, United States
| | - Lin Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Membrane and Water Treatment of MOE, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zhe Da Road, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Ken-Ichi Nomura
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Southern California, 925 Bloom Walk, HED 216, Los Angeles, California 90007, United States
- Collaboratory for Advanced Computing and Simulations, University of Southern California, 3651 Watt Way, VHE 608, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Rajiv K Kalia
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Southern California, 925 Bloom Walk, HED 216, Los Angeles, California 90007, United States
- Collaboratory for Advanced Computing and Simulations, University of Southern California, 3651 Watt Way, VHE 608, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Southern California, 825 Bloom Walk, ACB 439, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- Department of Computer Science, University of Southern California, 941 Bloom Walk, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Priya Vashishta
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Southern California, 925 Bloom Walk, HED 216, Los Angeles, California 90007, United States
- Collaboratory for Advanced Computing and Simulations, University of Southern California, 3651 Watt Way, VHE 608, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Southern California, 825 Bloom Walk, ACB 439, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- Department of Computer Science, University of Southern California, 941 Bloom Walk, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Aiichiro Nakano
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Southern California, 925 Bloom Walk, HED 216, Los Angeles, California 90007, United States
- Collaboratory for Advanced Computing and Simulations, University of Southern California, 3651 Watt Way, VHE 608, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Southern California, 825 Bloom Walk, ACB 439, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- Department of Computer Science, University of Southern California, 941 Bloom Walk, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3616 Trousdale Parkway, AHF 107, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Sohail Murad
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, 10 West 35th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60616, United States
| | - Tao Wei
- Chemical Engineering Department, Howard University, 2366 Sixth Street NW, Washington, District of Columbia 20059, United States
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Kowalik-Klimczak A, Woskowicz E, Kacprzyńska-Gołacka J. The surface modification of polyamide membranes using graphene oxide. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.124281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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10
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Adsorption of phosphorus from slaughterhouse wastewater by carboxymethyl konjac glucomannan loaded with lanthanum. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 119:105-115. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.07.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Shaik MR, Albalawi GH, Khan ST, Khan M, Adil SF, Kuniyil M, Al-Warthan A, Siddiqui MRH, Alkhathlan HZ, Khan M. "Miswak" Based Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles: Evaluation and Comparison of Their Microbicidal Activities with the Chemical Synthesis. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21111478. [PMID: 27827968 PMCID: PMC6274424 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21111478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbicidal potential of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) can be drastically improved by improving their solubility or wettability in the aqueous medium. In the present study, we report the synthesis of both green and chemical synthesis of Ag-NPs, and evaluate the effect of the dispersion qualities of as-prepared Ag-NPs from both methods on their antimicrobial activities. The green synthesis of Ag-NPs is carried out by using an aqueous solution of readily available Salvadora persica L. root extract (RE) as a bioreductant. The formation of highly crystalline Ag-NPs was established by various analytical and microscopic techniques. The rich phenolic contents of S. persica L. RE (Miswak) not only promoted the reduction and formation of NPs but they also facilitated the stabilization of the Ag-NPs, which was established by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis. Furthermore, the influence of the volume of the RE on the size and the dispersion qualities of the NPs was also evaluated. It was revealed that with increasing the volume of RE the size of the NPs was deteriorated, whereas at lower concentrations of RE smaller size and less aggregated NPs were obtained. During this study, the antimicrobial activities of both chemically and green synthesized Ag-NPs, along with the aqueous RE of S. persica L., were evaluated against various microorganisms. It was observed that the green synthesized Ag-NPs exhibit comparable or slightly higher antibacterial activities than the chemically obtained Ag-NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Rafi Shaik
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ghadeer H Albalawi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
- Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, P.O. Box 741, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Shams Tabrez Khan
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Merajuddin Khan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Syed Farooq Adil
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mufsir Kuniyil
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdulrahman Al-Warthan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammed Rafiq H Siddiqui
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Hamad Z Alkhathlan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mujeeb Khan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
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New RO TFC Membranes by Interfacial Polymerization in n-Dodecane with Various co-Solvents. MEMBRANES 2016; 6:membranes6020024. [PMID: 27136591 PMCID: PMC4931519 DOI: 10.3390/membranes6020024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this research is to prepare and characterize a new and highly efficient polyamide TFC RO membrane by interfacial polymerization in dodecane solvent mixed with co-solvents. Three co-solvents were tested namely; acetone, ethyl acetate, and diethyl ether of concentration of 0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 5 wt %. The modified membranes were characterized by SEM, EDX, AFM and contact angle techniques. The results showed that addition of co-solvent results in a decrease in the roughness, pore size and thickness of the produced membranes. However, as the concentration of the co-solvent increases the pore size of the membranes gets larger. Among the three co-solvents tested, acetone was found to result in membranes with the largest pore size and contact angle followed by diethyl ether then ethyl acetate. Measured contact angle increases as the concentration of the co-solvent increases reaching a constant value except for ethyl acetate where it was found to drop. Investigating flux and salt rejection by the formulated membranes showed that higher flux was attained when acetone was used as a co-solvent followed by diethyl ether then ethyl acetate. However, the highest salt rejection was achieved with diethyl ether.
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