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Singh P, Mohan B, Madaan V, Ranga R, Kumari P, Kumar S, Bhankar V, Kumar P, Kumar K. Nanomaterials photocatalytic activities for waste water treatment: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:69294-69326. [PMID: 35978242 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22550-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Water is necessary for the survival of life on Earth. A wide range of pollutants has contaminated water resources in the last few decades. The presence of contaminants incredibly different dyes in waste, potable, and surface water is hazardous to environmental and human health. Different types of dyes are the principal contaminants in water that need sudden attention because of their widespread domestic and industrial use. The toxic effects of these dyes and their ability to resist traditional water treatment procedures have inspired the researcher to develop an eco-friendly method that could effectively and efficiently degrade these toxic contaminants. Here, in this review, we explored the effective and economical methods of metal-based nanomaterials photocatalytic degradation for successfully removing dyes from wastewater. This study provides a tool for protecting the environment and human health. In addition, the insights into the transformation of solar energy for photocatalytic reduction of toxic metal ions and photocatalytic degradation of dyes contaminated wastewater will open a gate for water treatment research. The mechanism of photocatalytic degradation and the parameters that affect the photocatalytic activities of various photocatalysts have also been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Permender Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science & Technology, Murthal, Sonepat, 131039, Haryana, India
| | - Brij Mohan
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, 185 Yinjiang Road, Jimei District, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Vasundhara Madaan
- Department of Chemistry, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science & Technology, Murthal, Sonepat, 131039, Haryana, India
| | - Rohit Ranga
- Department of Chemistry, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science & Technology, Murthal, Sonepat, 131039, Haryana, India
| | - Parveen Kumari
- Department of Chemistry, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science & Technology, Murthal, Sonepat, 131039, Haryana, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, J. C. Bose University of Science & Technology, YMCA, Faridabad, 126006, Haryana, India
| | - Vinita Bhankar
- Department of Biochemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, 136119, Haryana, India
| | - Parmod Kumar
- Department of Physics, J. C. Bose University of Science & Technology, YMCA, Faridabad, 126006, Haryana, India
| | - Krishan Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science & Technology, Murthal, Sonepat, 131039, Haryana, India.
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Yadav A, Fu B, Bonvicini SN, Ly LQ, Jia Z, Shi Y. β-Ga2O3 Nanostructures: Chemical Vapor Deposition Growth Using Thermally Dewetted Au Nanoparticles as Catalyst and Characterization. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12152589. [PMID: 35957023 PMCID: PMC9370184 DOI: 10.3390/nano12152589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
β-Ga2O3 nanostructures, including nanowires (NWs), nanosheets (NSHs), and nanorods (NRs), were synthesized using thermally dewetted Au nanoparticles as catalyst in a chemical vapor deposition process. The morphology of the as-grown β-Ga2O3 nanostructures depends strongly on the growth temperature and time. Successful growth of β-Ga2O3 NWs with lengths of 7–25 μm, NSHs, and NRs was achieved. It has been demonstrated that the vapor–liquid–solid mechanism governs the NW growth, and the vapor–solid mechanism occurs in the growth of NSHs and NRs. The X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the as-grown nanostructures were highly pure single-phase β-Ga2O3. The bandgap of the β-Ga2O3 nanostructures was determined to lie in the range of 4.68–4.74 eV. Characteristic Raman peaks were observed with a small blue and red shift, both of 1–3 cm−1, as compared with those from the bulk, indicating the presence of internal strain and defects in the as-grown β-Ga2O3 nanostructures. Strong photoluminescence emission in the UV-blue spectral region was obtained in the β-Ga2O3 nanostructures, regardless of their morphology. The UV (374–377 nm) emission is due to the intrinsic radiative recombination of self-trapped excitons present at the band edge. The strong blue (404–490 nm) emissions, consisting of five bands, are attributed to the presence of the complex defect states in the donor (VO) and acceptor (VGa or VGa–O). These β-Ga2O3 nanostructures are expected to have potential applications in optoelectronic devices such as tunable UV–Vis photodetectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (A.Y.); (S.N.B.); (L.Q.L.)
| | - Bo Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China; (B.F.); (Z.J.)
| | | | - Linh Quy Ly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (A.Y.); (S.N.B.); (L.Q.L.)
| | - Zhitai Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China; (B.F.); (Z.J.)
| | - Yujun Shi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (A.Y.); (S.N.B.); (L.Q.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-403-2108674
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Wu Y, Feng S, Zhang M, Kang S, Zhang K, Tao Z, Fan Y, Lu W. Self-catalyst β-Ga 2O 3 semiconductor lateral nanowire networks synthesis on the insulating substrate for deep ultraviolet photodetectors. RSC Adv 2021; 11:28326-28331. [PMID: 35480721 PMCID: PMC9038025 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra04663b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclinic gallium oxide (β-Ga2O3) is a super-wide bandgap semiconductor with excellent chemical and thermal stability, which is an ideal candidate for detecting deep ultraviolet (DUV) radiation (100-280 nm). The growth of β-Ga2O3 is challenging and most methods require Au as the catalyst and a long reacting time (more than 1 hour). In this work, the self-catalyst β-Ga2O3 lateral nanowire networks were synthesized on an insulating substrate rapidly by a simple low-cost Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) method. A thin film of β-Ga2O3 nanowire networks was synthesized within a reacting time of 15 minutes, which possesses a huge possibility for the rapid growth of β-Ga2O3 metal oxide nanowires networks and application in the future solar-blind photodetector. MSM (metal-semiconductor-metal) photodetectors based on the β-Ga2O3 nanowire networks revealed fast response (on-off ratios is about 103), which is attributed to the unique cross-junction barrier-dominated conductance of the nanowire networks. In addition, the self-catalyst β-Ga2O3 nanowires grown on insulating SiO2 are achieved and could be expected to find important applications in a bottom-up way of fabricating the next generation semiconductor nanoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Wu
- Key Laboratory of In-Fiber Integrated Optics, Ministry Education of China, Harbin Engineering University Harbin 150001 PR China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Multi-Scale Manufacturing Technology, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Chongqing 400714 PR China
| | - Shuanglong Feng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Multi-Scale Manufacturing Technology, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Chongqing 400714 PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Miaomiao Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Multi-Scale Manufacturing Technology, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Chongqing 400714 PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Shuai Kang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Multi-Scale Manufacturing Technology, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Chongqing 400714 PR China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of In-Fiber Integrated Optics, Ministry Education of China, Harbin Engineering University Harbin 150001 PR China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Multi-Scale Manufacturing Technology, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Chongqing 400714 PR China
| | - Zhiyong Tao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Wireless Wideband Communication and Signal Processing Guilin 541004 China
| | - Yaxian Fan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Wireless Wideband Communication and Signal Processing Guilin 541004 China
| | - Wenqiang Lu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Multi-Scale Manufacturing Technology, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Chongqing 400714 PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
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Shi F, Qiao H. Preparations, properties and applications of gallium oxide nanomaterials – A review. NANO SELECT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/nano.202100149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Shi
- Key Laboratory of Processing and Testing Technology of Glass & Functional Ceramics of Shandong Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan China
- School of Material Science & Engineering Shandong University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Hengyang Qiao
- School of Material Science & Engineering Shandong University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
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Morphology of Ga 2O 3 Nanowires and Their Sensitivity to Volatile Organic Compounds. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11020456. [PMID: 33670141 PMCID: PMC7916880 DOI: 10.3390/nano11020456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Gas sensitive structures made of nanowires exhibit extremally large specific surface area, and a great number of chemically active centres that can react with the ambient atmosphere. This makes the use of nanomaterials promising for super sensitive gas sensor applications. Monoclinic β-Ga2O3 nanowires (NWs) were synthesized from metallic gallium at atmospheric pressure in the presence of nitrogen and water vapor. The nanowires were grown directly on interdigitated gold electrodes screen printed on Al2O3 substrates, which constituted the gas sensor structure. The observations made with transmission electron microscope (TEM) have shown that the nanowires are monocrystalline and their diameters vary from 80 to 300 nm with the average value of approximately 170 nm. Au droplets were found to be anchored at the tips of the nanowires which may indicate that the nanowires followed the Vapor-Liquid-Solid (VLS) mechanism of growth. The conductivity of β-Ga2O3 NWs increases in the presence of volatile organic compounds (VOC) even in the temperature below 600 °C. The gas sensor based on the synthesized β-Ga2O3 NWs shows peak sensitivity to 100 ppm of ethanol of 75.1 at 760 °C, while peak sensitivity to 100 ppm of acetone is 27.5 at 690 °C.
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Alhalaili B, Bunk RJ, Mao H, Cansizoglu H, Vidu R, Woodall J, Islam MS. Gallium oxide nanowires for UV detection with enhanced growth and material properties. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21434. [PMID: 33293565 PMCID: PMC7722892 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78326-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, interest in the use of beta gallium oxide (β-Ga2O3) as a semiconductor for high power/high temperature devices and deep-UV sensors has grown. Ga2O3 has an enormous band gap of 4.8 eV, which makes it well suited for these applications. Compared to thin films, nanowires exhibit a higher surface-to-volume ratio, increasing their sensitivity for detection of chemical substances and light. In this work, we explore a simple and inexpensive method of growing high-density gallium oxide nanowires at high temperatures. Gallium oxide nanowire growth can be achieved by heating and oxidizing pure gallium at high temperatures (~ 1000 °C) in the presence of trace amounts of oxygen. This process can be optimized to large-scale production to grow high-quality, dense and long Ga2O3 nanowires. We show the results of morphological, structural, electrical and optical characterization of the β-Ga2O3 nanowires including the optical bandgap and photoconductance. The influence of density on these Ga2O3 nanowires and their properties will be examined in order to determine the optimum configuration for the detection of UV light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badriyah Alhalaili
- Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Program, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait City, Kuwait. .,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, USA.
| | - Ryan James Bunk
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, USA
| | - Howard Mao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, USA
| | - Hilal Cansizoglu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, USA
| | - Ruxandra Vidu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, USA.,Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Politehnica of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Jerry Woodall
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, USA
| | - M Saif Islam
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, USA
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Influence of Silver as a Catalyst on the Growth of β-Ga 2O 3 Nanowires on GaAs. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13235377. [PMID: 33256254 PMCID: PMC7730707 DOI: 10.3390/ma13235377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A simple and inexpensive thermal oxidation process was performed to synthesize gallium oxide (Ga2O3) nanowires using Ag thin film as a catalyst at 800 °C and 1000 °C to understand the effect of the silver catalyst on the nanowire growth. The effect of doping and orientation of the substrates on the growth of Ga2O3 nanowires on single-crystal gallium arsenide (GaAs) wafers in atmosphere were investigated. A comprehensive study of the oxide film and nanowire growth was performed using various characterization techniques including XRD, SEM, EDS, focused ion beam (FIB), XPS and STEM. Based on the characterization results, we believe that Ag thin film produces Ag nanoparticles at high temperatures and enhances the reaction between oxygen and gallium, contributing to denser and longer Ga2O3 nanowires compared to those grown without silver catalyst. This process can be optimized for large-scale production of high-quality, dense, and long nanowires.
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8
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Bomhard EM. The toxicology of gallium oxide in comparison with gallium arsenide and indium oxide. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 80:103437. [PMID: 32565349 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2020.103437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Gallium arsenide (GaAs) and indium oxide (In2O3) are used in electronic industries at high and increasing tonnages since decades. Gallium oxide (Ga2O3) is an emerging wide-bandgap transparent conductive oxide with as yet little industrial use. Since GaAs has received critical attention due to the arsenic ion, it seemed reasonable to compare its toxicology with the respective endpoints of Ga2O3 and In2O3 toxicology in order to find out if and to what extent arsenic contributes. In addition, the toxicology of Ga2O3 has not yet been adequately reviewed, Therefore, this review provides the first evaluation of all available toxicity data on Ga2O3. The acute toxicity of all three compounds is rather low. Subchronic inhalation studies in rats and mice revealed persistent pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) and/or alveolar histiocytic infiltrates down to the lowest tested concentration in rats and mice, i.e. 0.16 mg Ga2O3/m3. These are also the predominant effects after GaAs and In2O3 exposure at similarly low levels, i.e. 0.1 mg/m3 each. Subchronic Ga2O3 exposure caused a minimal microcytic anemia with erythrocytosis in rats (at 6.4 mg/m3 and greater) and mice (at 32 and 64 mg/m3), a decrease in epididymal sperm motility and concentration as well as testicular degeneration at 64 mg/m3. At comparable concentrations the hematological effects and male fertility of GaAs were much stronger. The stronger effects of GaAs are due to its better solubility and presumed higher bioavailability. The database for In2O3 is too small and subchronic testing was at very low levels to allow conclusive judgements if blood/blood forming or degrading and male fertility organs/tissues would also be targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernst M Bomhard
- REACh ChemConsult GmbH, Strehlener Str. 14, D-01069 Dresden, Germany.
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Tauc-plot scale and extrapolation effect on bandgap estimation from UV–vis–NIR data – A case study of β-Ga2O3. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2020.121576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Catalyst-Assisted Large-Area Growth of Single-Crystal β-Ga 2O 3 Nanowires on Sapphire Substrates by Metal-Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10061031. [PMID: 32481612 PMCID: PMC7353159 DOI: 10.3390/nano10061031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we have achieved synthesizing large-area high-density β-Ga2O3 nanowires on c-plane sapphire substrate by metal–organic chemical vapor deposition assisted with Au nanocrystal seeds as catalysts. These nanowires exhibit one-dimensional structures with Au nanoparticles on the top of the nanowires with lengths exceeding 6 μm and diameters ranging from ~50 to ~200 nm. The β-Ga2O3 nanowires consist of a single-crystal monoclinic structure, which exhibits strong (2¯01) orientation, confirmed by transmission electronic microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. The PL spectrum obtained from these β-Ga2O3 nanowires exhibits strong emissions centered at ~360 and ~410 nm, respectively. The energy band gap of the β-Ga2O3 nanowires is estimated to be ~4.7 eV based on an optical transmission test. A possible mechanism for the growth of β-Ga2O3 nanowires is also presented.
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Li JS, Zhang XD, Cao X, Xu K, Zhang L, Fan YM, Zhang BS. Self-catalyzed metal organic chemical vapor deposition growth of vertical β-Ga 2O 3 nanowire arrays. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:02LT01. [PMID: 31550691 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab4774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Self-catalyzed metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) growth of Ga2O3 nanowires on GaN layers prepared on a sapphire substrate has been studied. Nanowire orientations are found to be growth temperature dominated. The vertical yields over total (VOT) curve shows a maximum peak beyond 70% around 480 °C, based on scanning electron microscope observations. X-ray diffraction patterns revealed a primary β-(-201) normal orientation of as grown nanowires all over the studied temperature interval. Further transmission electron microscopy characterization had confirmed β-(-201) normal axial orientation of these vertical nanowires, which have well crystallinity. The β-(010)//GaN(110) in-plane epitaxial relationship is consistent with reported Ga2O3 film/nanowire growth. Nanowires crystallized in β-[001] axial orientation were considered to be the inclined ones. Based on contrast experiments, the temperature dominated growth behavior is considered a thermodynamic process. The two observed crystalline orientation might have distinguishable but similar system energy, which results in coexistence of multi orientation nanowires over a large temperature span and an optimum temperature window for vertical β-(-201) normal orientation. The presented optimized β-Ga2O3 nanowire arrays with highest VOT close to 90% should effectively promote development of reliable high performance devices based on Ga2O3 nanowires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Shuai Li
- Nano Fabrication Facility, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
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