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Alsalman O, Crowe I. A Design of a Novel Silicon Photonics Sensor with Ultra-Large Free Spectral Range Based on a Directional Coupler-Assisted Racetrack Resonator (DCARR). SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:s23115332. [PMID: 37300058 DOI: 10.3390/s23115332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A novel refractive index-based sensor implemented within a silicon photonic integrated circuit (PIC) is reported. The design is based on a double-directional coupler (DC) integrated with a racetrack-type resonator (RR) to enhance the optical response to changes in the near-surface refractive index via the optical Vernier effect. Although this approach can give rise to an extremely large 'envelope' free spectral range (FSRVernier), we restrict the design geometry to ensure this is within the traditional silicon PIC operating wavelength range of 1400-1700 nm. As a result, the exemplar double DC-assisted RR (DCARR) device demonstrated here, with FSRVernier = 246 nm, has a spectral sensitivity SVernier = 5 × 104 nm/RIU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamah Alsalman
- Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Iain Crowe
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Photon Science Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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Milenov TI, Dimov DA, Avramova IA, Kolev SK, Trifonov DV, Avdeev GV, Karashanova DB, Georgieva BC, Ivanov KV, Valcheva EP. Modification of micro-crystalline graphite and carbon black by acetone, toluene, and phenol. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:064706. [PMID: 36792504 DOI: 10.1063/5.0133736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemical interactions of two types of graphite and two types of carbon black (CB) with acetone, toluene, and phenol were studied in order to evaluate the influence of chemical treatment on the structure and morphology of the carbon phases. The experimental treatment of carbon phases was carried out at room temperature for 1 hour. The chemical and phase composition were studied by x-ray photoelectron (XP) and Raman spectroscopies, while the morphology and structure were determined by powder x-ray diffraction, as well as transmission electron microscopy techniques. To shed light on the most probable explanation of the observed results, we performed simulations and calculations of the binding energies of acetone, toluene, and phenol with model carbon phases: a perfect graphene sheet and a defective graphene sheet containing various structural defects (vacancies as well as zigzag and armchair edges). Simulations show that all non-covalent and most covalent coupling reactions are exothermic, with acetone coupling having the higher calorimetric effect. Based on the results of the simulations and the XP spectroscopy measurements, the probable reactions taking place during the respective treatments are outlined. The conducted studies (both theoretical and experimental) show that the treatment of graphite powders and CB with acetone, toluene, or phenol can be used as a preliminary stage of their modification and/or functionalization, including their conversion into graphene-like (defective graphene, reduced graphene oxide, and/or graphene oxide) phases. For example, the treatment of SPHERON 5000 with acetone significantly facilitates their subsequent modification with laser radiation to graphene-like phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teodor I Milenov
- "Acad. E. Djakov" Institute of Electronics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Dimitar A Dimov
- "Acad. E. Djakov" Institute of Electronics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ivalina A Avramova
- Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Stefan K Kolev
- "Acad. E. Djakov" Institute of Electronics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Dimitar V Trifonov
- "Acad. E. Djakov" Institute of Electronics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Georgi V Avdeev
- "Acad. R. Kaishev" Institute of Physical Chemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Daniela B Karashanova
- "Acad. J. Malinowski" Institute of Optical Materials and Technologies, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Biliana C Georgieva
- "Acad. J. Malinowski" Institute of Optical Materials and Technologies, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Kamen V Ivanov
- "Acad. E. Djakov" Institute of Electronics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Evgenia P Valcheva
- Faculty of Physics, Sofia University "St. Kl. Ohridski," Sofia, Bulgaria
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Chen L, Tu N, Wei Q, Liu T, Li C, Wang W, Li J, Lu H. Inhibition of cold‐welding and adhesive wear occurring on surface of the 6061 aluminum alloy by graphene oxide/polyethylene glycol composite water‐based lubricant. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.7044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Chen
- Group of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Modern Intelligent Textile Equipment, College of Mechanical & Electronic Engineering Xi'an Polytechnic University Xi'an China
| | - Nan Tu
- Group of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Modern Intelligent Textile Equipment, College of Mechanical & Electronic Engineering Xi'an Polytechnic University Xi'an China
| | - Qianyang Wei
- Shaoxing Xiangu Textile Co., Ltd. Shaoxing China
| | - Tao Liu
- Group of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Modern Intelligent Textile Equipment, College of Mechanical & Electronic Engineering Xi'an Polytechnic University Xi'an China
| | - Chengzhi Li
- Group of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Modern Intelligent Textile Equipment, College of Mechanical & Electronic Engineering Xi'an Polytechnic University Xi'an China
| | - Wenbo Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Inner Mongolia University Hohhot China
| | - Jianhui Li
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory Shantou China
| | - Hailin Lu
- Group of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Modern Intelligent Textile Equipment, College of Mechanical & Electronic Engineering Xi'an Polytechnic University Xi'an China
- Taizhou Medical New & Hi‐tech Industrial Development Zone Taizhou China
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Graphene oxide integrated silicon photonics for detection of vapour phase volatile organic compounds. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9592. [PMID: 32533065 PMCID: PMC7293283 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66389-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The optical response of a graphene oxide integrated silicon micro-ring resonator (GOMRR) to a range of vapour phase Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) is reported. The response of the GOMRR to all but one (hexane) of the VOCs tested is significantly higher than that of the uncoated (control) silicon MRR, for the same vapour flow rate. An iterative Finite Difference Eigenmode (FDE) simulation reveals that the sensitivity of the GO integrated device (in terms of RIU/nm) is enhanced by a factor of ~2, which is coupled with a lower limit of detection. Critically, the simulations reveal that the strength of the optical response is determined by molecular specific changes in the local refractive index probed by the evanescent field of the guided optical mode in the device. Analytical modelling of the experimental data, based on Hill-Langmuir adsorption characteristics, suggests that these changes in the local refractive index are determined by the degree of molecular cooperativity, which is enhanced for molecules with a polarity that is high, relative to their kinetic diameter. We believe this reflects a molecular dependent capillary condensation within the graphene oxide interlayers, which, when combined with highly sensitive optical detection, provides a potential route for discriminating between different vapour phase VOCs.
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