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Wei X, Pan Y, Zhang Z, Cui J, Yin R, Li H, Qin J, Li AJ, Qiu R. Biomonitoring of glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid: Current insights and future perspectives. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 463:132814. [PMID: 37890382 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate is one of the most widely used herbicides globally, raising concerns about its potential impact on human health. Biomonitoring studies play a crucial role in assessing human exposure to glyphosate and providing valuable insights into its distribution and metabolism in the body. This review aims to summarize the current trends and future perspectives in biomonitoring of glyphosate and its major degradation product of aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA). A comprehensive literature search was conducted, focusing on studies published between January 2000 and December 2022. The findings demonstrated that glyphosate and AMPA have been reported in different human specimens with urine as the dominance. Sample pretreatment techniques of solid-phase and liquid-liquid extractions coupled with liquid/gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry have achieved matrix elimination and accurate analysis. We also examined and compared the exposure characteristics of these compounds among different regions and various populations, with significantly higher levels of glyphosate and AMPA observed in Asian populations and among occupational groups. The median urinary concentration of glyphosate in children was 0.54 ng/mL, which was relatively higher than those in women (0.28 ng/mL) and adults (0.12 ng/mL). It is worth noting that children may exhibit increased susceptibility to glyphosate exposure or have different exposure patterns compared to women and adults. A number of important perspectives were proposed in order to further facilitate the understanding of health effects of glyphosate and AMPA, which include, but are not limited to, method standardization, combined exposure assessment, attention for vulnerable populations, long-term exposure effects and risk communication and public awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wei
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yanan Pan
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ziqi Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jingyi Cui
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Renli Yin
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Huashou Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Junhao Qin
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Adela Jing Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Rongliang Qiu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Ueyama J, Hayashi M, Hirayama M, Nishiwaki H, Ito M, Saito I, Tsuboi Y, Isobe T, Ohno K. Effects of Pesticide Intake on Gut Microbiota and Metabolites in Healthy Adults. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 20:ijerph20010213. [PMID: 36612532 PMCID: PMC9819155 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20010213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Animal experiments have indicated that pesticides may affect gut microbiota, which is responsible for the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and polyamines. Here, we present a preliminary observation of the relationship between pesticide exposure and fecal SCFAs and polyamines in Japanese adults. In total, 38 healthy adults aged 69 ± 10 years (mean ± SD) were recruited and subjected to stool and spot urine tests. Urinary dialkylphosphates (DAP), 3-phenoxybenzoic acid, and glyphosate were assayed as pesticide exposure markers of organophosphorus insecticide (OP), a pyrethroid insecticide, and glyphosate, respectively. Significant negative correlations (p < 0.05, Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient) were found between urinary DAP, fecal acetate (r = −0.345), and lactate (r = −0.391). Multiple regression analyses revealed that urinary DAP was a significant explanatory variable of fecal acetate concentration (p < 0.001, β = −24.0, SE = 4.9, t = −4.9) with some vegetable intake (adjusted R-square = 0.751). These findings suggest that OP exposure is independently associated with lower fecal acetate levels, which may contribute to human health in middle-aged and older adult groups. Given that the human gut environment has long-term effects on the host, studies on wide-range age groups, including children, are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ueyama
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Field of Radiological and Medical Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-20 Daiko-minami, Higashi-ku, Nagoya 461-8673, Japan
| | - Mai Hayashi
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Field of Radiological and Medical Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-20 Daiko-minami, Higashi-ku, Nagoya 461-8673, Japan
| | - Masaaki Hirayama
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Field of Radiological and Medical Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-20 Daiko-minami, Higashi-ku, Nagoya 461-8673, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishiwaki
- Division of Neurogenetics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Mikako Ito
- Division of Neurogenetics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Isao Saito
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Field of Radiological and Medical Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-20 Daiko-minami, Higashi-ku, Nagoya 461-8673, Japan
| | - Yoshio Tsuboi
- Department of Neurology, Fukuoka University, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Isobe
- Health and Environmental Risk Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | - Kinji Ohno
- Division of Neurogenetics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
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Campbell G, Mannetje A, Keer S, Eaglesham G, Wang X, Lin CY, Hobson P, Toms LM, Douwes J, Thomas KV, Mueller JF, Kaserzon S. Characterization of glyphosate and AMPA concentrations in the urine of Australian and New Zealand populations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 847:157585. [PMID: 35882334 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate is the most used herbicide globally, but our understanding of human exposure and how different uses affect exposure is not well understood. The aim of this study was to obtain the first data on glyphosate and its primary degradation product aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) concentrations in pooled and individual urine from the Australia and New Zealand region using a sensitive direct injection method and compare results with studies from elsewhere. Pooled urine samples from the Australian general population (n = 125 pools representing >1875 individuals) and individual urine samples (n = 27) from occupationally exposed New Zealand farmers were analysed by LC-MS/MS. Glyphosate was detected above the LOD (0.20-1.25 μg/L) in 8 % of the Australian population pooled urine samples with most detections in the 45-60 years age group. Furthermore, glyphosate (0.85 to 153 μg/L) and AMPA (0.50 to 3.35 μg/L) were detected in 96 % and 33 % of farmers, respectively. The maximum glyphosate urine concentration was 1.7 times above the recommended acceptable daily intake (ADI), when assuming a urinary excretion rate of 1 %. The pooled sampling and analysis approach proved effective for rapid large-scale screening of populations and could be used to determine where targeted and more specific individual sampling may be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garth Campbell
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia.
| | - Andrea Mannetje
- Research Centre for Hauora and Health, Massey University, New Zealand
| | - Samuel Keer
- Research Centre for Hauora and Health, Massey University, New Zealand
| | - Geoff Eaglesham
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Xianyu Wang
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Chun-Yin Lin
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Peter Hobson
- Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Fortitude Valley, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Leisa-Maree Toms
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia
| | - Jeroen Douwes
- Research Centre for Hauora and Health, Massey University, New Zealand
| | - Kevin V Thomas
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Sarit Kaserzon
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
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Taniguchi M, Takamura N, Watanabe T, Ishimaru R, Chinaka S, Miki A, Miyazaki H, Tsuchihashi H, Zaitsu K. Easily Operable Quantification Method of 21 Plant-Derived Alkaloids in Human Serum by Automatic Sample Preparation and Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Chromatographia 2022; 85:1051-1063. [PMID: 36341308 PMCID: PMC9617228 DOI: 10.1007/s10337-022-04212-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we developed an easily operable quantification method for 21 plant-derived alkaloids in human serum by automatic sample preparation and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. We designed to perform parallel sample preparation by a developed apparatus, which increased sample throughput. We conducted an automatic sample preparation through de-proteinization with 0.1% formic acid in methanol and achieved recovery rates of 89-107% (2.0-14% RSD) for all targeted analytes, demonstrating its high repeatability. The method validation results were satisfactory as follows: the linearity (r 2) of each calibration curve ranged from 0.978 to 1.000; the inter- and intra-day accuracies were 89.0-125% and 82.1-110%, respectively; the inter- and intra-day precisions were below 13% and 10%, respectively. Additionally, the lower limits of detection and quantification were 0.0044-0.047 and 0.013-0.14 ng/mL, respectively. Finally, the developed method was applied to pseudo-protoveratrine A poisoning serum and pseudo-colchicine poisoning serum, which were prepared by diluting acute-poisoning mice serum with human serum. Our method successfully quantitated protoveratrine A (0.15-0.25 ng/mL) and colchicine (4.8-6.0 ng/mL). Thus, our method is essential for prompt clinical treatment and critical care on patient in acute intoxication cases caused by plant-derived alkaloids. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10337-022-04212-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Taniguchi
- Nagoya City Public Health Research Institute, 2266-132 Anagahora, Shimoshidami, Moriyama-Ku, Nagoya, 463-8585 Japan
| | - Naoki Takamura
- Shimadzu Engineering Inc., 1 Nishinokyo Kuwabara-Cho, Nakagyo-Ku, Kyoto, 604-8511 Japan
| | - Tsutomu Watanabe
- Shimadzu Engineering Inc., 1 Nishinokyo Kuwabara-Cho, Nakagyo-Ku, Kyoto, 604-8511 Japan
| | - Reiko Ishimaru
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Ishikawa Prefectural Police Headquarters, 1-1 Kuratsuki, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8553 Japan
| | - Satoshi Chinaka
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Ishikawa Prefectural Police Headquarters, 1-1 Kuratsuki, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8553 Japan
| | - Akihiro Miki
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Osaka Prefectural Police Headquarters, 1-3-18 Hommachi, Chuo-Ku, Osaka, 541-0053 Japan
| | - Hitoshi Miyazaki
- Nagoya City Public Health Research Institute, 2266-132 Anagahora, Shimoshidami, Moriyama-Ku, Nagoya, 463-8585 Japan
| | - Hitoshi Tsuchihashi
- Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-Cho, Showa-Ku, Nagoya, 466-8550 Japan
| | - Kei Zaitsu
- Multimodal Informatics and Wide-Data Analytics Laboratory, Department of Computational Systems Biology, Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, 930 Nishi Mitani, Kinokawa, Wakayama, 649-6493 Japan
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Nomura H, Hamada R, Wada K, Saito I, Nishihara N, Kitahara Y, Watanabe S, Nakane K, Nagata C, Kondo T, Kamijima M, Ueyama J. Temporal trend and cross-sectional characterization of urinary concentrations of glyphosate in Japanese children from 2006 to 2015. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2022; 242:113963. [PMID: 35364446 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2022.113963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the past two decades, domestic shipments of glyphosate (Gly), in the form of an ionic salt, have been increasing steadily in Japan. This increase has raising concerns about the effects of chemical exposure on children. The International Agency for Research on Cancer classified Gly as a "probably carcinogenic to humans (Group 2A)" in 2015. The purpose of the current study was to analyze Gly in urine samples of Japanese children to determine temporal changes, seasonal changes, and gender differences. METHOD First-morning urine samples were obtained from 50 Japanese children (4-6-year-old) in October of 2006, 2011, and 2015 (total = 150) to investigate the temporal trends in urinary Gly concentrations. Additionally, first-morning urine samples were collected from 3-year-old children in August-September of 2012 (summer; n = 42) and in February of 2013 (winter; n = 42) to investigate the seasonal and gender differences, and the correlations between urinary Gly concentrations and insecticide exposure biomarkers. Urine samples were analyzed to measure for Gly using a liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). RESULTS Detectable Gly concentrations were found in 41% of the 234 children. The 75th percentile and maximum concentrations of urinary Gly were 0.20 and 1.33 μg/L, respectively. The urinary Gly concentration in 2015 was significantly higher than in 2006, suggesting that the Gly exposure levels have been increasing. No seasonal or gender-specific differences in urinary Gly concentrations were observed, and no correlation with insecticide exposure biomarkers was found. CONCLUSION This study revealed that Gly exposure trends show an increase between 2006 and 2015, and that season and gender were not the exposure-determining factors. Overall, urinary concentrations of Gly were comparable with studies from other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Nomura
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Field of Omics Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 1-1-20 Daiko-minami, Higashi-ku, 461-8673, Japan
| | - Risa Hamada
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Field of Omics Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 1-1-20 Daiko-minami, Higashi-ku, 461-8673, Japan
| | - Keiko Wada
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan
| | - Isao Saito
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Field of Omics Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 1-1-20 Daiko-minami, Higashi-ku, 461-8673, Japan
| | - Nanami Nishihara
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Field of Omics Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 1-1-20 Daiko-minami, Higashi-ku, 461-8673, Japan
| | - Yugo Kitahara
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Field of Omics Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 1-1-20 Daiko-minami, Higashi-ku, 461-8673, Japan
| | - Satoru Watanabe
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Field of Omics Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 1-1-20 Daiko-minami, Higashi-ku, 461-8673, Japan
| | - Kunihiko Nakane
- Okazaki City Public Health Center, 2-1-1 Wakamiya-cho, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8545, Japan
| | - Chisato Nagata
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan
| | - Takaaki Kondo
- Division of Interactive Medical and Healthcare Systems, Field of Healthcare Informatics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-20 Daiko-minami, Higashi-ku, Nagoya, 461-8673, Japan
| | - Michihiro Kamijima
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Jun Ueyama
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Field of Omics Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 1-1-20 Daiko-minami, Higashi-ku, 461-8673, Japan.
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Li ZM, Kannan K. A Method for the Analysis of Glyphosate, Aminomethylphosphonic Acid, and Glufosinate in Human Urine Using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:4966. [PMID: 35564359 PMCID: PMC9104544 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19094966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
The extensive use of herbicides, such as glyphosate and glufosinate, in crop production during recent decades has raised concerns about human exposure. Nevertheless, analysis of trace levels of these herbicides in human biospecimens has been challenging. Here, we describe a method for the determination of urinary glyphosate, its degradation product aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), and glufosinate using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC−MS/MS). The method was optimized using isotopically labelled internal standards (13C2, 15N-glyphosate, 13C, 15N, D2-AMPA, and D3-glufosinate) and solid-phase extraction (SPE) with cation-exchange and anion-exchange cartridges. The method provides excellent chromatographic retention, resolution and peak shape of target analytes without the need for strong acidic mobile phases and derivatization steps. The instrument linearity was in the range of 0.1−100 ng/mL, with R > 0.99 in the matrix for all analytes. The method detection limits (MDLs) and the method quantification limits (MQLs) were in the ranges of 0.12 (AMPA and glufosinate)−0.14 (glyphosate) ng/mL and 0.40 (AMPA)−0.48 (glyphosate) ng/mL, respectively. The recoveries of analytes spiked into urine matrix ranged from 79.1% to 119%, with coefficients of variation (CVs) of 4−10%. Repeated analysis of samples for over 2 weeks showed intra-day and inter-day analytical variations of 3.13−10.8% and 5.93−12.9%, respectively. The matrix effects for glyphosate, AMPA, and glufosinate spiked into urine matrix averaged −14.4%, 13.2%, and 22.2%, respectively. The method was further validated through the analysis of external quality assurance proficiency test (PT) urine samples. The method offers optimal sensitivity, accuracy, and precision for the urine-based assessment of human exposure to glyphosate, AMPA, and glufosinate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Min Li
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA;
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA;
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 80200, Saudi Arabia
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Yang Y, Sun X, Hu Q, Yan H, Li J, Zhao C, Zuo Z. Molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction of Chikusetsu saponin IVa from Panacis majoris Rhizoma. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:3665-3676. [PMID: 34329523 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
As the main active component of Panacis majoris Rhizoma, Chikusetsu saponin IVa has the activity of anti-oxidation, anti-inflammatory pain, and so on. Obtaining high purity Chikusetsu saponin IVa by simple purification steps is a prerequisite for its deep development. In this paper, the separation and purification of Chikusetsu saponin IVa were studied by molecular imprinting technique. By ultraviolet and visible spectrophotometry and computer molecular simulation, it was concluded that water-soluble 3-(2-carboxyethyl)-1-vinylimidazolium bromide ionic liquid was the best functional monomer compared with acrylic acid and acrylamide. The molecularly imprinted polymers were prepared by precipitation polymerization at 60℃ with Chikusetsu saponin IVa as template molecule, 3-(2-carboxyethyl)-1-vinylimidazolium bromide as functional monomer, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as cross-linker, 2, 2'-azobisisobutyronitrile as initiator, and ethanol as porogen. The properties of molecularly imprinted polymers were studied by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermo-gravimetric analysis, nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherm, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The maximum adsorption capacity was 171.33 mg/g, and the imprinting factor was 2.6. Finally, the polymers can be successfully used in the purification of Chikusetsu saponin IVa from Panacis majoris Rhizoma through a simple procedure, the content was significantly increased. The recoveries of the spiked samples for the CS-IVa ranged from 94.05 to 99.95% with relative standard deviation values lower than 2.67%. The results showed that the polymers demonstrated good adsorption capacity for Chikusetsu saponin IVa. Meanwhile, the polymers showed great stability and reusability during the application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Xuan Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Qiao Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Hao Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Jin Li
- Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Chongbo Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Zhenyu Zuo
- Department of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, P. R. China.,Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Basic and New Herbal Medicament Research, Xi'an, P. R. China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi, P. R. China
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