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Madrigal Y, Alzate JF, Pabón-Mora N. Evolution of major flowering pathway integrators in Orchidaceae. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2024; 37:85-109. [PMID: 37823912 PMCID: PMC11180029 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-023-00482-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
The Orchidaceae is a mega-diverse plant family with ca. 29,000 species with a large variety of life forms that can colonize transitory habitats. Despite this diversity, little is known about their flowering integrators in response to specific environmental factors. During the reproductive transition in flowering plants a vegetative apical meristem (SAM) transforms into an inflorescence meristem (IM) that forms bracts and flowers. In model grasses, like rice, a flowering genetic regulatory network (FGRN) controlling reproductive transitions has been identified, but little is known in the Orchidaceae. In order to analyze the players of the FRGN in orchids, we performed comprehensive phylogenetic analyses of CONSTANS-like/CONSTANS-like 4 (COL/COL4), FLOWERING LOCUS D (FD), FLOWERING LOCUS C/FRUITFULL (FLC/FUL) and SUPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS 1 (SOC1) gene lineages. In addition to PEBP and AGL24/SVP genes previously analyzed, here we identify an increase of orchid homologs belonging to COL4, and FUL gene lineages in comparison with other monocots, including grasses, due to orchid-specific gene lineage duplications. Contrariwise, local duplications in Orchidaceae are less frequent in the COL, FD and SOC1 gene lineages, which points to a retention of key functions under strong purifying selection in essential signaling factors. We also identified changes in the protein sequences after such duplications, variation in the evolutionary rates of resulting paralogous clades and targeted expression of isolated homologs in different orchids. Interestingly, vernalization-response genes like VERNALIZATION1 (VRN1) and FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) are completely lacking in orchids, or alternatively are reduced in number, as is the case of VERNALIZATION2/GHD7 (VRN2). Our findings point to non-canonical factors sensing temperature changes in orchids during reproductive transition. Expression data of key factors gathered from Elleanthus auratiacus, a terrestrial orchid in high Andean mountains allow us to characterize which copies are actually active during flowering. Altogether, our data lays down a comprehensive framework to assess gene function of a restricted number of homologs identified more likely playing key roles during the flowering transition, and the changes of the FGRN in neotropical orchids in comparison with temperate grasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yesenia Madrigal
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Juan F Alzate
- Facultad de Medicina, Centro Nacional de Secuenciación Genómica, Sede de Investigación Universitaria, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Natalia Pabón-Mora
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
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2
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Rehman S, Bahadur S, Xia W. An overview of floral regulatory genes in annual and perennial plants. Gene 2023; 885:147699. [PMID: 37567454 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
The floral initiation in angiosperms is a complex process influenced by endogenous and exogenous signals. With this approach, we aim to provide a comprehensive review to integrate this complex floral regulatory process and summarize the regulatory genes and their functions in annuals and perennials. Seven primary paths leading to flowering have been discovered in Arabidopsis under several growth condition that include; photoperiod, ambient temperature, vernalization, gibberellins, autonomous, aging and carbohydrates. These pathways involve a series of interlinked signaling pathways that respond to both internal and external signals, such as light, temperature, hormones, and developmental cues, to coordinate the expression of genes that are involved in flower development. Among them, the photoperiodic pathway was the most important and conserved as some of the fundamental loci and mechanisms are shared even by closely related plant species. The activation of floral regulatory genes such as FLC, FT, LFY, and SOC1 that determine floral meristem identity and the transition to the flowering stage result from the merging of these pathways. Recent studies confirmed that alternative splicing, antisense RNA and epigenetic modification play crucial roles by regulating the expression of genes related to blooming. In this review, we documented recent progress in the floral transition time in annuals and perennials, with emphasis on the specific regulatory mechanisms along with the application of various molecular approaches including overexpression studies, RNA interference and Virus-induced flowering. Furthermore, the similarities and differences between annual and perennial flowering will aid significant contributions to the field by elucidating the mechanisms of perennial plant development and floral initiation regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shazia Rehman
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institution, Hainan University, Haikou 572025, China; College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Saraj Bahadur
- College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228 China
| | - Wei Xia
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institution, Hainan University, Haikou 572025, China; College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
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Liu B, Woods DP, Li W, Amasino RM. INDETERMINATE1-mediated expression of FT family genes is required for proper timing of flowering in Brachypodium distachyon. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2312052120. [PMID: 37934817 PMCID: PMC10655584 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2312052120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The transition to flowering is a major developmental switch in plants. In many temperate grasses, perception of indicators of seasonal change, such as changing day-length and temperature, leads to expression of FLOWERING LOCUS T1 (FT1) and FT-Like (FTL) genes that are essential for promoting the transition to flowering. However, little is known about the upstream regulators of FT1 and FTL genes in temperate grasses. Here, we characterize the monocot-specific gene INDETERMINATE1 (BdID1) in Brachypodium distachyon and demonstrate that BdID1 is a regulator of FT family genes. Mutations in ID1 impact the ability of the short-day (SD) vernalization, cold vernalization, and long-day (LD) photoperiod pathways to induce certain FTL genes. BdID1 is required for upregulation of FTL9 (FT-LIKE9) expression by the SD vernalization pathway, and overexpression of FTL9 in an id1 background can partially restore the delayed flowering phenotype of id1. We show that BdID1 binds in vitro to the promoter region of FTL genes suggesting that ID1 directly activates FTL expression. Transcriptome analysis shows that BdID1 is required for FT1, FT2, FTL12, and FTL13 expression under inductive LD photoperiods, indicating that BdID1 is a regulator of the FT gene family. Moreover, overexpression of FT1 in the id1 background results in rapid flowering similar to overexpressing FT1 in the wild type, demonstrating that BdID1 is upstream of FT family genes. Interestingly, ID1 negatively regulates a previously uncharacterized FTL gene, FTL4, and we show that FTL4 is a repressor of flowering. Thus, BdID1 is critical for proper timing of flowering in temperate grasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI53706
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI53706
| | - Daniel P. Woods
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI53706
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI53706
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI53706
| | - Weiya Li
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI53706
| | - Richard M. Amasino
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI53706
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI53706
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Zheng R, Meng X, Hu Q, Yang B, Cui G, Li Y, Zhang S, Zhang Y, Ma X, Song X, Liang S, Li Y, Li J, Yu H, Luan W. OsFTL12, a member of FT-like family, modulates the heading date and plant architecture by florigen repression complex in rice. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2023; 21:1343-1360. [PMID: 36719169 PMCID: PMC10281609 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), a florigen in Arabidopsis, plays critical roles in floral transition. Among 13 FT-like members in rice, OsFTL2 (Hd3a) and OsFTL3 (RFT1), two rice homologues of FT, have been well characterized to act as florigens to induce flowering under short-day (SD) and long-day (LD) conditions, respectively, but the functions of other rice FT-like members remain largely unclear. Here, we show that OsFTL12 plays an antagonistic function against Hd3a and RFT1 to modulate the heading date and plant architecture in rice. Unlike Hd3a and RFT1, OsFTL12 is not regulated by daylength and highly expressed in both SD and LD conditions, and delays the heading date under either SD or LD conditions. We further demonstrate that OsFTL12 interacts with GF14b and OsFD1, two key components of the florigen activation complex (FAC), to form the florigen repression complex (FRC) by competing with Hd3a for binding GF14b. Notably, OsFTL12-FRC can bind to the promoters of the floral identity genes OsMADS14 and OsMADS15 and suppress their expression. The osmads14 osmads15 double mutants could not develop panicles and showed erect leaves. Taken together, our results reveal that different FT-like members can fine-tune heading date and plant architecture by regulating the balance of FAC and FRC in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant ResistanceTianjin Normal UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Xiangbing Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, and National Center for Plant Gene ResearchInstitute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Qingliang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, and National Center for Plant Gene ResearchInstitute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Bo Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant ResistanceTianjin Normal UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Guicai Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant BiologyInstitute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yingying Li
- College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant ResistanceTianjin Normal UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Siju Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant ResistanceTianjin Normal UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Yu Zhang
- Institute for Advance StudiesWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Xuan Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant ResistanceTianjin Normal UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Xiaoguang Song
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, and National Center for Plant Gene ResearchInstitute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Shanshan Liang
- College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant ResistanceTianjin Normal UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Yunhai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant BiologyInstitute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jiayang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, and National Center for Plant Gene ResearchInstitute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed LaboratorySanyaChina
| | - Hong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, and National Center for Plant Gene ResearchInstitute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Weijiang Luan
- College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant ResistanceTianjin Normal UniversityTianjinChina
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Gajardo HA, Gómez-Espinoza O, Boscariol Ferreira P, Carrer H, Bravo LA. The Potential of CRISPR/Cas Technology to Enhance Crop Performance on Adverse Soil Conditions. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12091892. [PMID: 37176948 PMCID: PMC10181257 DOI: 10.3390/plants12091892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide food security is under threat in the actual scenery of global climate change because the major staple food crops are not adapted to hostile climatic and soil conditions. Significant efforts have been performed to maintain the actual yield of crops, using traditional breeding and innovative molecular techniques to assist them. However, additional strategies are necessary to achieve the future food demand. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat/CRISPR-associated protein (CRISPR/Cas) technology, as well as its variants, have emerged as alternatives to transgenic plant breeding. This novelty has helped to accelerate the necessary modifications in major crops to confront the impact of abiotic stress on agriculture systems. This review summarizes the current advances in CRISPR/Cas applications in crops to deal with the main hostile soil conditions, such as drought, flooding and waterlogging, salinity, heavy metals, and nutrient deficiencies. In addition, the potential of extremophytes as a reservoir of new molecular mechanisms for abiotic stress tolerance, as well as their orthologue identification and edition in crops, is shown. Moreover, the future challenges and prospects related to CRISPR/Cas technology issues, legal regulations, and customer acceptance will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humberto A Gajardo
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Biología Molecular Vegetal, Instituto de Agroindustria, Departamento de Ciencias Agronómicas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Medioambiente & Center of Plant, Soil Interaction and Natural Resources Biotechnology, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 1145, Chile
| | - Olman Gómez-Espinoza
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Biología Molecular Vegetal, Instituto de Agroindustria, Departamento de Ciencias Agronómicas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Medioambiente & Center of Plant, Soil Interaction and Natural Resources Biotechnology, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 1145, Chile
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología, Escuela de Biología, Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica, Cartago 30101, Costa Rica
| | - Pedro Boscariol Ferreira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo, Piracicaba 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Helaine Carrer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo, Piracicaba 13418-900, Brazil
| | - León A Bravo
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Biología Molecular Vegetal, Instituto de Agroindustria, Departamento de Ciencias Agronómicas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Medioambiente & Center of Plant, Soil Interaction and Natural Resources Biotechnology, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 1145, Chile
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